Chem 11
Measurements
1.
Dimensions and Units
Fundamental Dimensions
The physical quantities used to fully describe natural events and our
surroundings are:
╺ Length
╺ Mass
╺ Time
╺ Electric current
╺ Temperature
╺ Amount of substance
╺ Luminous intensity
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Units
Used to measure physical dimensions
Appropriate divisions of physical dimensions to keep numbers
manageable
- 19 years old instead of 612,000,000 seconds old
Common systems of units
- International System (SI) of Units
- British Gravitational (BG) System of Units
- U.S. Customary Units
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Units - SI
╺ Most common system of units used in the world
╺ Examples of SI units are: kg, N, m, cm,
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Fundamental Unit
of Length
?
meter (m) – length of the path
traveled by light in a vacuum during
a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a
second
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Fundamental Unit
of Mass
kilogram (kg) – it is equal to
the mass of the international
prototype of the cylinder of
platinum-iridium alloy preserved at
the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures, at Sevres, near Paris
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Fundamental Unit
of Time
second (s) – duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the
transition between the 2 hyperfine
levels of the ground state of
cesium 133 atom
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Fundamental Unit
of Temperature
kelvin (K) – unit of
thermodynamic temperature, is the
fraction 1/273.16 of thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of
water
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Fundamental
Unit of
Amount of Substance
mole (mol) – the amount of
substance of a system that contains as
many elementary entities as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12
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Fundamental
Unit of
Electric Current
ampere (A) – length constant
current which, if maintained in 2
straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross
section, and placed 1 meter apart in a
vacuum, would produce between these
conductors a force equal to 2x10-7 N/m
length
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Fundamental
Unit of
Luminous Intensity
candela (cd) –in a given
direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency
540x1012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt
per steradian
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Fundamental Dimensions
The physical quantities used to fully describe natural events and our
surroundings are:
╺ Length [L]
╺ Mass [M]
╺ Time [T]
╺ Electric current [A]
╺ Temperature [K]
╺ Amount of substance [N]
╺ Luminous intensity [J]
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Dimensions Of Quantities
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Length 𝑙 L
Engineering Problems
Time 𝑡 T
Mass 𝑚
Frequently Used In
M
Area 𝐴 L2
Volume 𝑉 L3
Force 𝐹 ML/T2
Velocity 𝑈 L/T
Acceleration 𝑎 L/T2
Angular Frequency 𝜔 1/T
Gravity 𝑔 L/T2
Flowrate 𝑄 L3/T
Mass Flux 𝑚̇ M/T
Pressure 𝑃 M/LT2
Stress 𝐓 M/LT2
Work 𝑊 ML2/T2
Power, Heat Flux 𝑃, 𝑞 ML2/T3
Density 𝜌 M/L3
Specific Weight 𝛾 M/L2T2
Viscosity 𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝜂! M/LT
Kinematic Viscosity 𝜈 L2/T
Surface Tension 𝜎 M/T2
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Bulk Modulus 𝐾 M/LT2
Multiplication Factors Prefixes SI Symbol
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1024 yotta Y
SI – Prefix & Symbol 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1021 zetta Z
1,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1018 exa E
1,000,000 000,000,000 = 1015 peta P
1,000, 000,000,000 = 1012 tera T
1,000,000,000 = 109 giga G
1,000,000 = 106 mega M
1000 = 103 kilo K
100 = 102 hecto h
10 = 101 deka da
0.1 = 10-1 deci d
0.01 = 10-2 centi c
0.001 = 10-3 milli m
0.000,001 = 10-6 micro µ
0.000,000,001 = 10-9 nano n
0.000,000,000,001 = 10-12 pico p
0.000,000,000,000,001 = 10-15 femto f
0.000,000,000,000,000,001 = 10-18 atto a
0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001 = 10-21 zepto z
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0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 = 10-24 yocto y
Physical Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Expression in terms of Base Units
Derived Units in Engineering
Unit
Acceleration m/s2
Angle Radian Rad
Angular Acceleration rad/s2
Angular Velocity rad/s
Area m2
Density kg/m3
Energy, Work, Heat Joule J N.m or kg.m2/s2
Force Newton N kg.m/s2
Frequency Hertz Hz S-1
Impulse N.s or kg.m/s
Moment or Torque N.m or kg.m2/s2
Momentum Kh.m/s
Power Watt W J/s or N.m/s or kg.m2/s3
Pressure, stress Pascal Pa N/m2 or kg/m.s2
Velocity m/s
Volume m3
Electric Charge Coulomb C A.S
Inductance Henry H V.s/A
Absorbed dose of radiation Gray Gy J/kg or m2/s2
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British Gravitation (BG) System
╺ Primary units are
- foot (ft) for length (1 ft = 0.3048 m)
- second for time
- pound (lb) for force (1 lb = 4.448 N)
- Fahrenheit (oF) for temperature
! !
- 𝑇 °𝐹 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 32 𝑇 °𝑅 = 𝑇 𝐾
" "
╺ Slug is unit of mass which is derived from Newton’s second law
- 1 lb = (1 slug)(1 ft/s2)
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(CGS) System of Units
╺ This system was first introduced in France.
╺ It is also known as Gaussian system of units.
╺ It is based on centimeter, gram and second as the fundamental units of
length, mass and time.
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(MKS) System of Units
╺ This system was also introduced in France.
╺ It is also known as French system of units.
╺ It is based on meter, kilogram and second as the fundamental units of
length, mass and time.
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Rules for writing SI units
Full name of unit always starts with small letter even
if named after a person.
newton kelvin coulomb ampere
not not not not
Newton kelvin coulomb ampere
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Rules for writing SI units
Symbol for unit named after a scientist should be in
capital letter.
N K C A
for for for for
newton kelvin coulomb ampere
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Rules for writing SI units
Symbols for all other units are written in small letters
m s kg cd
for for for for
meter second kilogram candela
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Rules for writing SI units
One space is left between the last digit of numeral
and the symbol of a unit.
10 kg 5N 15 m 4.5 V
not not not not
10kg 5N 15m 4.5V
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Rules for writing SI units
The units do not have plural forms.
6m 14 kg 20 s 18 K
not not not not
6 ms 14 kgs 20 ss 18 Ks
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Rules for writing SI units
Full stop should not be used after the units.
6m 273.15 K 20 N 18 C
not not not not
6 m. 273.15 K. 20 N. 18 C.
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Unit Conversion
╺ In engineering analysis and design, there may be a need to convert
from one system of units to another
╺ When communicate with engineers outside of U.S.
╺ Important to learn to convert information from one system of units to
another correctly
╺ Always show the appropriate units that go with your calculations
╺ See the conversion tables given in the book
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Example 1.1
Unit Conversion
Given : A person is 6’-1” tall and weighs 185 pound force (lbf).
Find: height and weight in SI units.
Ans: 1.854 m
822.88 N
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Example 1.2
Unit Conversion
Given: a person is driving a car at a speed of 65 miles per hour (mph) over a distance of 25
miles
Find: speed and distance in SI units
Ans: 29.057 m/s
40.233 km 29
Example 1.3
Unit Conversion
Given: outside temperature is 80oF and has a density of 0.0735 pound mass per cubic
foot (lbm/ft3)
Find: temperature and density in SI units
Ans: 26.7 oC
1.176 kg/m3 30
Example 1.4
Unit Conversion
Given: area A = 100 cm2
Find: A in m2
Ans: 0.01 m2 31
Example 1.5
Unit Conversion
Given: atmosphere pressure P = 105 N/m2
Find: P in lb/in2
Ans: 14.5 lbf/in2 or 14.5 psi 32
Example 1.6
Unit Conversion
Given: density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Find: density in lbm/ft3
Ans: 62.5 lbm /ft3 33
Dimension Homogeneity
╺ Given: L = a + b + c
╺ Left hand side of equation should have the same dimension as right
hand side of equation
╺ If L represents dimension length, then a, b, and c must also have the
dimension of length – this is called dimensionally homogeneous
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Example 1.8 Given: 𝒅 =
𝑷𝑳
Dimension where
𝑨𝑬
Homogeneity d = end deflection, in m
P = applied load, in N
L = length of bar, in m
A = cross-sectional area of bar, in m2
E: modulus of elasticity
Find: units for E
Ans: N/m2 35
Example 1.9 Given: 𝒒 = 𝒌𝑨
𝑻𝟏 ' 𝑻𝟐
Dimension Where
𝑳
Homogeneity q = heat transfer rate
k = thermal conductivity of the solid material in W/m●°C
A = area in m2
T1 – T2 = temperature difference, °C
L = thickness of the material, m
Find: units for q
Ans: W
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Example 1.7
Dimension Given:
𝒑𝟏
𝝆𝒈
𝑽𝟐𝟏
+ 𝟐𝒈 + 𝒛𝟏 =
𝒑𝟐
𝝆𝒈
𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒈 + 𝒛𝟐
Homogeneity where
𝒑 =pressure (M/LT2)
𝝆=density (M/L3)
𝒈=acceleration due to gravity(L/T2)
𝑽=velocity (L/T)
𝒛=height (L)
Show: Show that the equation is dimensionally homogenous.
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Example 1.10 Given: hydraulic system shown
Numerical vs. Find: m2
Symbolic
Solutions Ans: 900 kg
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2.
Significant Digits (Figures)
Significant Figures
╺ Engineers make measurements and carry out calculations
╺ Engineers record the results of measurements and calculations using
numbers.
╺ Significant digits (figures) represent (convey) the extent to which
recorded or computed data is dependable.
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Significant Figures–
How to Record a
Measurement
Least count – one half of the
smallest scale division
What should we record for this
temperature measurement?
71 ± 1 oF 41
Significant Figures–
How to Record a
Measurement
Least count – one half of the
smallest scale division
What should we record for this
pressure?
7.5 ± 0.5 in of H2O 42
Significant Figures–
How to Record a
Measurement
Least count – one half of the
smallest scale division
What should we record for this
length?
3.35 ± 0.05 in 43
Significant Figures in
Measured Numbers
Rule
╺ A number is a significant figure if it is
- a nonzero digit
- a zero between nonzero digits
- a zero at the end of a decimal number
- in the coefficient of a number written in scientific notation
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Significant Figures in
Measured Numbers
Rule
╺ A zero is not significant if it is
- at the beginning of a decimal number
- used as a placeholder in a large number without a
decimal point
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1202.35 m
6
4.5 g
2
299,792,458 s
9
46
16.00 V
4
50. L
2
5.008 kg
4
47
4.8 x 105 m
2
850 000 m 0.0008 cc
2 1
5.70 x 10-3 A
3
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Significant Figures Addition And
Subtraction Rules
╺ When adding or subtracting numbers, the result of the calculation
should be recorded with the last significant digit in the result
determined by the position of the last column of digits common to all of
the numbers being added or subtracted
For example,
152.47 or 132. 853
+ 3.9 - 5 .
156.37 127.853 (your calculator will display)
156.4 128 (however, the result should be
recorded this way)
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Significant Figures Multiplication
And Division Rules
╺ When multiplying or dividing numbers, the result of the calculation
should be recorded with the least number of significant digits given by
any of the numbers used in the calculation.
For example,
152.47 or 132. 853
x 3.9 ÷ 3.9 .
594.633 39.0948717949 (your calculator will display)
5.9 x 102 39 (however, the result should be
recorded this way)
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Thanks!
Any questions?
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