1.
Program of Tumour Detection in Medical image in python via Google Co
lab Compiler
# Step 1: Install dependencies
!pip install tensorflow opencv-python matplotlib
# Step 2: Import necessary libraries
import cv2
import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt
from [Link] import MobileNetV2
from [Link] import Sequential
from [Link] import Dense, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from [Link] import img_to_array, load_img
from [Link] import files
# Step 3: Upload an MRI image
uploaded = [Link]()
image_path = list([Link]())[0]
# Step 4: Display uploaded image
img = [Link](image_path)
img_rgb = [Link](img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
[Link](img_rgb)
[Link]("Uploaded MRI Image")
[Link]("off")
[Link]()
# Step 5: Preprocess image
def preprocess_image(image_path, target_size=(224, 224)):
image = load_img(image_path, target_size=target_size)
image = img_to_array(image)
image = image / 255.0 # Normalize
image = np.expand_dims(image, axis=0)
return image
# Step 6: Build a simple model using MobileNetV2
def build_model():
base_model = MobileNetV2(weights='imagenet', include_top=False,
input_shape=(224, 224, 3))
base_model.trainable = False
model = Sequential([
base_model,
GlobalAveragePooling2D(),
Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') # Binary classifier: tumor vs no tumor
])
[Link](optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model
model = build_model()
# NOTE: This is a demo. The model isn't trained yet.
# In real use, load trained weights:
# model.load_weights("your_trained_model.h5")
# Step 7: Predict the uploaded image
preprocessed = preprocess_image(image_path)
prediction = [Link](preprocessed)[0][0]
# Step 8: Interpret prediction
label = "Tumor Detected" if prediction > 0.5 else "No Tumor"
color = (0, 0, 255) if prediction > 0.5 else (0, 255, 0)
# Step 9: Display result on image
output_img = [Link]()
[Link](output_img, label, (10, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
1, color, 2, cv2.LINE_AA)
output_img = [Link](output_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
[Link](output_img)
[Link]("Prediction: " + label)
[Link]("off")
[Link]()
OUTPUT
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applications/mobilenet_v2/
mobilenet_v2_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_1.0_224_no_top.h5
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2. Program of Flight detection
2. # ✅ STEP 1: Install dependencies (Ultralytics YOLOv8)
!pip install -q ultralytics
from [Link] import Image, display
from ultralytics import YOLO
import cv2
import [Link] as plt
import os
import torch
from [Link] import files
# ✅ STEP 2: Upload image
uploaded = [Link]()
image_path = next(iter(uploaded)) # get the filename
# ✅ STEP 3: Load YOLOv8 model (pretrained on COCO dataset)
model = YOLO("[Link]") # or '[Link]' for better accuracy
# ✅ STEP 4: Run detection
results = model(image_path)
# ✅ STEP 5: Filter only airplanes (COCO class ID 4)
airplanes = [box for box in results[0].boxes if int([Link][0]) == 4]
num_planes = len(airplanes)
# ✅ STEP 6: Draw bounding boxes
img = [Link](image_path)
for box in airplanes:
x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, [Link][0])
[Link](img, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)
[Link](img, "Airplane", (x1, y1 - 10),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.6, (0, 255, 0), 2)
# ✅ STEP 7: Show result
print(f" Total airplanes detected: {num_planes}")
[Link](figsize=(8, 8))
[Link]([Link](img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
[Link]('off')
[Link]()
OUTPUT
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1.0/1.0 MB 16.6 MB/s eta 0:00:00
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━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 13.8/13.8 MB 31.6 MB/s eta 0:00:00
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━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 127.9/127.9 MB 7.5 MB/s eta 0:00:00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 207.5/207.5 MB 9.9 MB/s eta 0:00:00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 21.1/21.1 MB 81.3 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Creating new Ultralytics Settings v0.0.6 file ✅
View Ultralytics Settings with 'yolo settings' or at
'/root/.config/Ultralytics/[Link]'
Update Settings with 'yolo settings key=value', i.e. 'yolo settings
runs_dir=path/to/dir'. For help see
[Link]
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[Link] to
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100%|██████████| 6.25M/6.25M [00:00<00:00, 73.1MB/s]
image 1/1 /content/[Link]: 448x640 12 airplanes, 295.9ms
Speed: 14.8ms preprocess, 295.9ms inference, 46.3ms postprocess per image at shape
(1, 3, 448, 640)
Total airplanes detected: 12
Original image
Detected image
3. Program for face detection
Step 1: Install OpenCV and matplotlib
!pip install opencv-python-headless matplotlib
# Step 2: Import necessary libraries
import cv2
import [Link] as plt
from [Link] import files
# Step 3: Upload an image
uploaded = [Link]()
image_path = list([Link]())[0]
# Step 4: Load Haar cascade face detector
face_cascade = [Link]([Link] +
'haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml')
# Step 5: Read and process the image
img = [Link](image_path)
gray = [Link](img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Step 6: Detect faces
faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, scaleFactor=1.1, minNeighbors=5)
# Step 7: Draw rectangles around detected faces
for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
[Link](img, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)
# Convert image color for displaying in matplotlib
img_rgb = [Link](img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
# Step 8: Display the result
[Link](figsize=(10, 8))
[Link](img_rgb)
[Link]('off')
[Link](f'Detected {len(faces)} face(s)')
[Link]()
OUTPUT
equirement already satisfied: opencv-python-headless in /usr/local/lib/python3.11/dist-packages ([Link])
Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /usr/local/lib/python3.11/dist-packages (3.10.0)
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headless) (2.0.2)
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(1.3.2)
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(0.12.1)
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(4.58.4)
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(1.4.8)
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(24.2)
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>matplotlib) (1.17.0)
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Design of Algorithm Example for play in ground or not according to
weather condition in Python
1 Illustrate and demonstrate the working model and principle of Find-S
Aim algorithm
For a given set of training data examples stored in a .CSV file, implement
Program and demonstrate th algorithm to output a description of play schedule
program
Algorithm
1. Initialize h to the most specific hypothesis in H
2. For each positive training instance x
For each attribute constraint ai in h
If the constraint ai is satisfied by x
Then do nothing
Else replace ai in h by the next more general constraint that is satisfied by x
3. Output hypothesis h
To illustrate this algorithm, assume the learner is given the sequence of training examples
from the EnjoySport task
Example Sky AirTemp Humidity Wind Water Forecast EnjoySport
1 Sunny Warm Normal Strong Warm Same Yes
2 Sunny Warm High Strong Warm Same Yes
3 Rainy Cold High Strong Warm Change No
4 Sunny Warm High Strong Cool Change Yes
The first step of FIND-S is to initialize h to the most specific hypothesis in H
h - (Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø)
Consider the first training example
x1 = <Sunny, Warm, Normal, Strong, Warm, Same>, +
Observing the first training example, it is clear that hypothesis h is too specific. None of
the "Ø" constraints in h are satisfied by this example, so each is replaced by the next
more general constraint that fits the example
h1 = <Sunny, Warm, Normal, Strong, Warm, Same>
Consider the second training example
x2 = <Sunny, Warm, High, Strong, Warm, Same>, +
The second training example forces the algorithm to further generalize h, this time
substituting a "?" in place of any attribute value in h that is not satisfied by the new
example
h2 = <Sunny, Warm, ?, Strong, Warm, Same>
Consider the third training example
x3 = <Rainy, Cold, High, Strong, Warm, Change>, -
Upon encountering the third training the algorithm makes no change to h. The FIND-S
algorithm simply ignores every negative example.
h3 = < Sunny, Warm, ?, Strong, Warm, Same>
Consider the fourth training example
x4 = <Sunny Warm High Strong Cool Change>, +
The fourth example leads to a further generalization of h
h4 = < Sunny, Warm, ?, Strong, ?, ? >
The key property of the FIND-S algorithm
It is incremental learning i.e., algorithm learns by processing one training example at a
time, updating its hypothesis based on each example
FIND-S is computationally efficient, especially for small to medium-sized datasets and
can handle noisy data and incomplete training sets
FIND-S is guaranteed to output the most specific hypothesis within H that is
consistent with the positive training examples
FIND-S algorithm’s final hypothesis will also be consistent with the negative
examples provided the correct target concept is contained in H, and provided the
training examples are correct.
Training Instances: (The below data is saved as [Link] file)
Sky AirTemp Humidity WindWater Forecast EnjoySport
Sunny Warm Normal StrongWarm Same Yes
Sunny Warm High StrongWarm Same Yes
Rainy Cold High StrongWarm Change No
Sunny Warm High StrongCool Change Yes
Program:
import csv
with open('[Link]', 'r') as file:
data = [row for row in [Link](file)]
print("The total number of training instances are:",len(data)-1,'\n',data[1:])
num_attribute = len(data[0])-1
# Initial hypothesis
hypothesis = ['0']*num_attribute
for i in range(0, len(data)):
if data[i][num_attribute] == 'yes':
for j in range(0, num_attribute):
if hypothesis[j] == '0' or hypothesis[j] == data[i][j]:
hypothesis[j] = data[i][j]
else:
hypothesis[j] = '?'
print("\n The hypothesis for the training instance {} is : \n".format(i),hypothesis)
print("\n The Maximally specific hypothesis for the training instances is ", hypothesis)
Output:
The total number of training instances are: 4
['sunny', 'warm', 'normal', 'strong', 'warm', 'same',
'yes']
['sunny', 'warm', 'high', 'strong', 'warm', 'same', 'yes']
['rainy', 'cold', 'high', 'strong', 'warm', 'change', 'no']
['sunny', 'warm', 'high', 'strong', 'cool', 'change',
'yes']
The hypothesis for the training instance 0
is: ['0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0']
The hypothesis for the training instance 1 is:
['sunny', 'warm', 'normal', 'strong', 'warm',
'same']
The hypothesis for the training instance 2
is: ['sunny', 'warm', '?', 'strong',
'warm', 'same']
The hypothesis for the training instance 3
is: ['sunny', 'warm', '?', 'strong',
'warm', 'same']
The hypothesis for the training instance 4
is: ['sunny', 'warm', '?', 'strong', '?',
'?']
The Maximally specific hypothesis for the training instance
is
['sunny', 'warm', '?', 'strong', '?', '?']