Applied mathematics class 12

Important basic Concepts and Pyq

Numbers Quantification and numerical application
Modulo arithmetic:
When we divide integer a by integer b (≠ 0), we have a = bq + r, where q,r ∈ I , 0≤ 𝑟 < b. Here a is dividend, b is divisor, q is
quotient and r is remainder.
Congruence modulo :
a≡ b(modn) means a-b is divisible by n , where n > 1
Equivalence Class or Congruence class:
The congruence class of a (modn) is denoted by [a]n and is defined as the set of all those integers which are congruent to a
(modn)
Properties of congruence modulo :
1. If a ≡ b (mod n), then a+k ≡ (b+ k) (mod n)
2. If a ≡ b (mod n), then ak ≡ (bk) (mod n)
3. If a ≡ b (mod n), then ak ≡ (bk) (mod n)
Q1. If 100 ≡ x(mod 7), then the least positive value of x is : (2022)

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 4

Q2. The remainder when 561 is divided by 7 is :

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (2022)

Q3. The last (unit) digit of (22)12 is :

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (2023)

Q4. The least non-negative remainder, when 315 is divided by 7 is :

(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (2023)

Q5. What time will it be after 1275 hours, if the present time is 9:00 p.m. ? (2024)

(a) 11 pm (b) 12 pm (c) 9 pm (d) 9 am

Q6. (a) Evaluate (137 + 995) (mod 12). (2024- comptt)

Q7. Find the unit’s digit of 12 12. (2024- comptt)
 Alligation or Mixture
C P of cheaper (c) C P of dearer (d)

Mean price (m)

X= d-m Y= m-c

𝑦
Type II (Repeatd Dilution) “ After n number of repeated dilutions the quantity of pure liquid = x( 1- ) n
𝑥
Q1. 20 litres of a mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 3:1 . The amount of milk , in litres , to be added to the
mixture so as to have milk and water in the 4:1,is :

(a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (2022)

Q2. The ratio in which a grocer mixes two varieties of pulses costing 85 per kg and 100 per kg respectively so as to get a
mixture worth 92 per kg, is :

(a) 7 : 8 (b) 8 : 7 (c) 5 : 7 (d) 7 : 5 (2023)

Q3. A bottle is full of dettol. One-third of its dettol is taken away and an equal amount of water is poured into the bottle to
fill it again. This operation is repeated three times. Find the final ratio of dettol to water in the bottle. (2023)

Q4. A container has 50 l of juice in it. 5 l of juice is taken out and is replaced by 5 l of water. This process is repeated 4 more
times. What is the amount of juice in the container after final replacement? [Use (0·9)5 = 0·59049].
(2023-comptt, 2024)
 𝟐
Q5. In what ratio must water be mixed with milk to gain 𝟏𝟔 % on selling the mixture at cost price
𝟑

(a) 1:6 (b) 6:1 (c) 3:2 (d) 2:3 (2024- comptt)
 Boats and streams
Let speed of boat in still water be x km/h and speed of stream be y km/h, time taken by downstream be t1 and time taken
upstream be t2 , downstream speed be u and upstream speed be v
Downstream speed (u) = (x + y) km/h, Upstream speed (v) = (x - y) km/h
𝒖+𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
Speed of the boat in still water x = and speed of the stream y =
𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝟐 𝒙+𝒚
When the distance covered by the boat in downstream is same as the distance covered by the boat upstream, then, =
𝒕𝟏 𝒙 −𝒚
𝒙 𝒕𝟐+𝒕𝟏
0r =
𝒚 𝒕𝟐 −𝒕𝟏

(𝒙+𝒚)(𝒙 −𝒚) 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐

Average speed downstream speed x upstream speed/ speed in still water = =
𝒙 𝒙
𝒕(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
If a boat takes t hours to row to a certain place d km apart and returns back, then distance between two places (d) =
𝟐𝒙

If a boat takes t hours more in going upstream than downstream for covering the same distance d then
𝒕(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
distance between two places (d) =
𝟐𝒚
Q1. If a man rows 32 km downstream and 14 km upstream in 6 hours each , then the speed of the stream is :

(a) 2 km/h (b) 1.5 km/h (c) 2.5 km/h (d) 2.25 km/h (2022, 2023 comptt))

Q2. A person can row a boat 5 km an hour in still water. It takes him thrice as long to row upstream as to row downstream.
Find the rate at which the stream is flowing. (2023-comptt)
Q3. A man goes 12 km downstream and comes back to the starting point by swimming non-stop in three hours. If the speed
of the stream is 3 kilometer per hour . Find the speed with which the man can swim in Still water. (2024- comptt)
Pipe and cistern
Q1. Pipe A and B can fill a tank 5 hour and 6 hours respectively . pipe C can empty it in 12 hours .If all the three pipes are
opened together, then the time taken to fill the tank is :
𝟑 𝟗
(a) 2 hours (b) 2 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 (c) 3 hours (d) 3 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 (2022)
𝟒 𝟏𝟕

Q2. Pipe A can fill tank 6 times faster than a pipe B . If B can fill a tank in 21 minutes , then the time taken by both the pipes
together to fill the tank is :
𝟏
(a) 3 minutes (b) 4 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 (c) 7 minutes (d) 9 minutes (2022)
𝟐
Q3. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 24 minutes and 32 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are opened
simultaneously, after how much time should B be closed so that the tank is full in 18 minutes ? (2023)

Q4. a pipe A can fill a tank in 3 hours. There are two outlet pipes B and C from the tank which can empty it in 7 and 10 hours
respectively. It all the three pipes are opened simultaneously, how long will it take to fill the tank ? (2023)
Q5. A cistern has three pipes A, B and C. Pipes A and B are inlet pipes whereas C is an outlet pipe. Pipes A and B can fill the
cistern separately in 3 hours and 4 hours respectively; while pipe C can empty the completely filled cistern in 1 hour. If the
pipes A, B and C are opened in order at 5, 6 and 7 a.m. respectively, at what time will the cistern be empty ? (2024)
Q6. For providing water to the families of a colony , a large water tank with two inlet pipes A & B is installed. Pipes A & B
can fill the tank in 10 hours and 12 hours respectively , whereas pipe C can empty the tank in 15 hours (2024- comptt)

Based on the above information, answer the following questions :

(i) If both pipes A & B are opened together , then find the time in which the tank will be filled completely.

(ii) If both pipes A & C are opened together , then find the time in which the tank will be filled completely.

(iii) (a) If all the three pipes A ,B and C are opened together then find the time in which the tank will be filled completely

OR

(b) pipes A & B are open together for some time and then pipe B is turned off after some time. If the tank is completely filled
in six hours ,then after how many hours is pipe B turned off ?
Races and games
Q1. In a 2 km race , P can give Q a start of 200 m and R a start of 560 m. Then , in the same race ,Q can give R a start of :

(a) 360 m (b) 380 m (c) 400 m (d) 430 m (2022)

Q2. In a one-kilometre race, A beats B by 30 seconds and B beats C by 15 seconds. If A beats C by 180 metres, then find the
time taken by A to run 1 kilometre . (2023)
Q3. In a kilometer race , A beats B by 50 meters or 10 seconds , The time taken by A to complete the race is :

a) 90 sec b) 120 sec c) 190 sec d) 200 sec (2023-comptt)

Q4. In a 1000 metres race. A, B, and C get the gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively. If A beats B by 100 metres and B
beats C by 100 metres, then by how many metres does A beat C? (2023-comptt)
Q5. In a 1 km race, player P beats player Q by 18 meters or 9 sec. What is P’s time to complete the race ? (2024)

(a) 512 seconds (b) 502 seconds (c) 491 seconds (d) 481 seconds

Q6. In a 100 meter race , A can beat B by 25 meter and B can beat C by 4m. By how much can A beat C in the same race?
(2024- comptt)

(a) 32m (b) 28m (c) 24m (d) 20m

 Numerical inequality
Relation between AM and GM between two numbers a and b
𝑎+𝑏
AM = and GM = √𝑎𝑏 , AM – GM ≥ 0 or AM ≥ GM
2

Inequalities involving modulus are defined as: If l is any positive real number and x ∈ R, then

(i) |x| < l iff -l < x < l i.e. iff x ∈ (-l,l)

(ii) |x| ≤ l iff -l ≤ x ≤ l i.e. iff x ∈ [-l,l].

(iii) |x| >l iff either x < -l or x > l i.e. iff x = (-∞, -l) U (I,∞).

(iv) |x| > l iff either x ≤ -l or x ≥ l i.e. iff x = (-∞, -l] U [I,∞).
 𝒙−𝟑
Q1. The solution of > 0, x ≠-5 , x∈ R is :
𝒙+𝟓

(a) X > 3 (b) X > -5 (c) X< -5 or x>3 (d) No solution (2022)

Q2. The solution set of the in equation | x+2| ≤ 𝟓 is :

(a) ( -7 , 5) (b) (-7 ,3) (c) (-5 ,5) (d) (-7 , 3) (2022)
 |𝒙+𝟏|
Q3. If >0, x∈ R is , then :
𝒙+𝟏

(a) x [ -1,∞ ) (b) x (- 1, ∞) (c) x ( -∞, -1) (d) x ( -∞, -1] (2023)

𝒙+𝟑
Q4. Solve for x : ≤𝟐 (2023)
𝒙−𝟐
Q5. If -3x + 17 < -13 then :

a) x ∈ (𝟏𝟎, ∞) b) x ∈ [𝟏𝟎, ∞) c) x ∈ (−∞, 𝟏𝟎) d) x ∈ [−𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟎]) (2023-comptt)

𝟑 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Q6. Solve the inequality 𝒙 − > 𝟏,𝒙𝝐𝑾 (2023-comptt)
𝟓 𝟑
 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
Q7. Solve the inequality − < − + 𝟏 ≤ ,𝒙 𝝐 𝑹 (2023-comptt)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Q8. If x > y and z < 0, then : (2024)

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
(a) xz > yz (b) xz ≥ yz (c) > (d) <
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
Q9. (a) Solve 3x + 8 > 2 (2024-comptt)

(i) x is an integer (ii) x is a Natural number (iii) x is a whole number

 MATRICES
Type of matrices::

(i)Row Matrix (ii) Column matrix (iii) Null or zero matrix or void Matrix

(iv) Square Matrix (v) Diagonal matrix (vi) Scalar matrix (vii) Identity matrix

Matrix polynomial

If f(x) = 𝑥 2 - 3x + 2 is a polynimial and A is a square matrix then F(A) = 𝐴2 - 3A + 2I is a matrix polynomial

Properties of transpose

(i) (A’)’ = A (ii) (A±𝐵)’ = A’ ± B’ (iii) (kA’) = kA’ (iv) (AB)’ = B’A’ (v) (ABC)’ = C’B’A’
Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
(i) Symmetric matrix ; A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix if A’ = A
(ii) Skew-symmetric matrices : A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix if A’ = -A
(i) Every element in the principal diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix is always zero
(ii) If A is square matrix then A + A’ is symmetric and A- A’ is skew symmetric matrix
(iii) Every matrix a can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix i.e.
A = ½ (A + A’) + ½ (A - A’)
Q1. If matrix is given by A =[aij]2*2 , where aij = i+j ,then A is equal to :
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ] (2022)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

Q2. If a matrix such that A2 = A , then ( I+ A)2 - 3A is equal to :

(a) I (b) 2A (c) 3I (d) A (2022)

 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐 𝒚
Q3. If A = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎] and B =[𝟎 𝟏 𝟎] and AB =I3 then ( x+y) equals :
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -2 (2022)

𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Q4. If A = [𝟎 𝟎 𝟏] , then al +bA +2A2 equals :
𝒂 𝒃 𝟐
(a) A (b) –A (c) 2abA (d) None of these (2022)
 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟓 𝟏𝟎
Q5. If A = [ ] and B = [ ], then AB is :
−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟓
−𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐𝟓 −𝟓 𝟏𝟎
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ] (2023)
𝟎 −𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟓 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐𝟓

𝒙+𝒚 𝒙+𝟐 𝟖 𝟓
Q6. If [ ]=[ ], then the values of x and y are :
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏
(a) x = 3, y = 5 (b) x = 5, y = 3 (c) x = 2, y = 7 (d) x = 7, y = 2 (2023)
Q7. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = A and BA = B then B2 is equals to :

a) B b) A c) I d) O (2023-comptt)

𝟓 𝒙
Q8. If A = [ ] is a symmetric , then :
𝒚 𝟎
a) x = 0 , y = 5 b) x = 5 , y = 0 c) x = y d) x + y = 0 (2023-comptt)
 𝟕 −𝟑 −𝟑
Q9. Write the matrix [−𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 ] as a sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix (2023-comptt)
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Q10. If AB = A and BA = B, then (B2 + B) equals : (2024)

(a) 𝟐𝑨 (b) 𝑶 (c) 𝟐𝑰 (d) 𝟐𝑩

𝟏 𝟎
Q11. If A = [ ] , find the value of k such that A2 – 8A + kI = 0. (2024)
−𝟏 𝟕
 𝒙−𝒚 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒛 −𝟏 𝟓
Q12. If [ ]=[ ] , find the values of x, y, z and w. . (2024)
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟑𝒛 + 𝒘 𝟎 𝟏𝟑

𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
Q13. If A = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰 = [ ], then (A2 – 6A) equals to : (2024-comptt)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
(a) 𝟑𝑰 (b) −𝟓𝑰 (c) 5𝑰 (d) −𝟑𝑰
 DETERMINANTS

To every square matrix A = [ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of order n , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝜖 𝑅, we can associate a unique real number caller determinant of matrix A and
denoted by det A = |A|

Properties of determinants::
1. If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is zero, then the value of determinant is zero.
2. If each element on one side of the principal diagonal of a determinant is zero, then the value of the determinant is the
product of the diagonal elements.
3. |A|=|A’|
4. If any two rows for columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant changes by minus sign
only.
5. If each element of any (row or columns) of a determinant are identical or proportional , then the value of the determinant
is zero.
6. |KA|n x n = kn |A|
7. The sum of the products of elements of any row (or column) with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of some
other row for column) is zero.
8. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then |AB| = |A||B|.
Corollary: I𝐴𝑛 | = |𝐴|𝑛
 Area of a triangle:
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
Area of a triangle with vertices ( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ( 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and ( 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is given by = ½ |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Area of triangle can’t be negative.

If area of triangle is 0 then given points are collinear.

Properties of adjoint :

(i) adj(AB) = (adjB) (adjA) (ii) Adj (𝐴𝑡 ) = (𝐴𝑑𝑗)𝑡 (iii) Adj(adjA) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 A
(iv) |AdjA| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , |A| ≠ 0 (v) |A adjA| = |𝐴|𝑛 (vi) A(AdjA) = |A|I = (adjA)A

Singular matrix
(i) if |A| = 0 then otherwise A is said to be non singular matrix if |A| ≠ 0
Properties of inverse of a matrix
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1. If A is a non singular matrix, then 𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
5. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is also invertible and
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
6. If A is an invertible matrix, then A’ is also invertible and (𝐴′ )−1 = (𝐴−1 )’
1
7. If A is an invertible matrix, then |𝐴−1 | =
|𝐴|
Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix (Matrix Method)
(i) if A is non-singular i.e.|A| ≠ 0, then given system has a unique solution given by X = 𝐴−1 B and system is called consistent.
(ii) If A is singular i.e. |A] = 0, then we calculate (adj A)B.
case 1: If |A|= 0 and (adj A)B = O, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions
Case 2: If |A|=0 and (adj A) B ≠ O, then the given system has no solution. If system of equations has no solution then system
is called inconsistent.
Cramer Rule
D₁ D₂
(1)If D ≠ 0, the system is consistent and independent, and has a unique solution given by x = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
𝐷 𝐷
(2)If D = 0 and either of D₁ , D₂ is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent and it has no solution.
(3)If D = D₁ = D₂ = 0, then the system is consistent and dependent, and has infinitely many solutions.
Q1. If A is a square matrix of order 3×3 such that |A| = 4 , then | 3A | is equal to :

(a) 27 (b) 81 (c) 108 (d) 256 (2022)

Q2. If A2 – A + I = 0 , then the inverse of matrix A is :

(a) A2 (b) A+I (c) I-A (d) A-I (2022)

Q3. If the points ( 1,3) ,(x,5) and (2,7) are collinear , then the value of X is :
𝟑 𝟑
(a) 2 (b) (c) 𝟏 (d) (2022)
𝟐 𝟒
Q4. Solve the following system of equation by cramer’s rule : 2x - y = 17, 3x + 5y = 6 (2023)

Q. Determine the integral value(s) of x for which the matrix A is singular :

𝒙+𝟏 −𝟑 𝟒
A = [ −𝟓 𝒙+𝟐 𝟐 ] (2023)
𝟒 𝟏 𝒙−𝟔
Q5. A and B are square matrices each of order 3 such that |A| = -1 and |B| = 3. What is the value of |3AB| ?

(a) -9 (b) -18 (c) -27 (d) -81 (2023)

𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
Q6. If |𝒙 𝒙 𝒙| + 𝟑 = 𝟎, then the value of x is :
𝟒 𝟗 𝟏
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3 (2023)
 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Q7. Find the inverse of the matrix : A = [ 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏] and hence show that AA -1 = I. (2023)
−𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
Q8. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations for x, y and z :

x -y + z = 4 , 2x + y -3z = 0 ,x + y + z = 2 (2023)
Q9. The value of x for which the points (2,-1), (-3,4) and (x,5) are collinear , is :

(a) -4 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) -2 (2023-comptt)

Q10. Assertion (A) : If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adjA| = 144 , then the value of |A| is ± 12

Reason (R) : If A is an invertible matrix of order n , then |AdjA| = |A|n-1 (2023-comptt)

Q11. Case study : 10 students were selected from a school on the basis of values for giving awards and were divided into three
groups. The first group comprises hard workers, the second group has honest and law abiding students and the third group
contains vigilant and obedient students. Double the number of students of the first group added to the number in the second
group gives 13, while the combined strength of first and second group is four times that of the third group. Assume that x , y
and z denote the number of student in first , second and third group respectively Based on the above information , answer
the following questions :

(a)Write the system of linear equation that can be formulated from the above described situation.
(b) Write the coefficient matrix , say A
(c) (i) Write the matrix of cofactors of every element of matrix A .
OR

(ii) Determine the number of student of each group (2023-comptt)

 𝟒𝟐 𝟐 𝟓
Q12. The value of ∆ = |𝟕𝟗 𝟕 𝟗| 𝒊𝒔 ∶ (2024)
𝟐𝟗 𝟓 𝟑
(a) 0 (b)1 (c) -3 (d) -15

Q13. Using Cramer’s rule, solve the following system of equations : 2x1 + 3x2 = 5 and 11x1 – 5x2 = 6 (2024)
Q14. On her birthday, Prema decides to donate some money to children of an orphanage home. If there are 8 children less,
everyone gets Rs 10 more. However, if there are 16 children more, everyone gets Rs 10 less. Let the number of children in
the orphanage home be x and the amount to be donated to each child be Rs y. (2024)

Based on the above information, answer the following questions :

(i) Write the system of linear equations in x and y formed of the given situation.

(ii) Write the system of linear equations, obtained in (i) above, in matrix form AX = B.

(iii) (a) Find the inverse of matrix A.

OR

(b) Determine the values of x and y.

 𝟐𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
Q15. If A = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨−𝟏 = [ ], then the value of x 𝒊𝒔 ∶ (2024-comptt)
𝒙 𝒙 −𝟏 𝟐
(a) 1 (b) ½ (c) – ½ (d) 2

𝟎 𝟐 𝟔
𝟏 𝟐
Q16. Assertion (A) : Minor of element a13 in the matrix [𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏] 𝒊𝒔 | | (2024-comptt)
𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
Reason (R) : minor of an element aij of a matrix is the determinant obtained by deleting its jth row and ith column in which
the element lies :
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q17. Evaluate : | 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛| . (2024-comptt)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Q18. Rohini wants to give a rectangular plot of land for his school in her village . When she was asked to mention the
dimension of the plot , she told that if its length is decreased by 50m and breadth is increased by 50m , then its area does
not alter , but if its length is decreased by 10m and breadth is decreased by 20 meter , then its area will decrease by 5300
square meter

Based on the above information, answer the following questions : (2024-comptt)

(i) Assuming X meter and Y meter as the length and breadth of the plot respectively , write the system of linear equations in
x & y.

(ii) Write the system of linear equations, obtained in (i) above, in matrix form AX = B.

(iii) (a) Determine A -1.

OR

(b) Find the area of the plot.

 Differentiation
Some Basic Differentiation::
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
( 𝑥 𝑛 ) = n 𝑥 𝑛−1 (constant) = 0 (x) = 1 ( √𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
( )=- (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 loga
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑
(logx) = (𝑥 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (logx+1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Rules of differentiation
𝑑
1. Addition Rule (( f(x) + g(x)) = f’(x) + g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. Subtraction Rule (( f(x) - g(x)) = f’(x) - g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. Product Rule ( f(x) g(x)) = f’(x) g(x)+ f(x)g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) f’(x) g(x)- f(x)g’(x)
4. Quotient Rule ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔(𝑥))2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
5. Chain Rule (f(t)) = f(t) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Logarithmic Differentiation
𝑚
logb mn= logbm + logbn, Logb ( )= logbm – logbn, Logb mp = Plogbm
𝑛
loga 1 = 0. Logb b = 1 Logb bx = x
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Q1. If Y =Ae5x+Be-5x, then 𝒊𝒔 ∶
𝒅𝒙𝟐
(a) 25y (b) 5y (c) -25y (d) 15y (2022)

𝒅𝟑 𝒚
Q2. If y = e-2x then is equal to : (2024)
𝒅𝒙𝟑

(a) 2e-2x (b) e-4x (c) 4e-4x (d) -8e-2x

 𝒑
Q3. If 𝒚 = (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) , then prove that (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙. 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎 (2024-comptt)
 Application of Derivative

Rate of Change

Q1. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the ordinate is changing 8 times as
fast as abscissa. (2023)
Tangents and normals
Slope of the tangent = dy/dx Slope of normal = - dx/dy
If the tangent is parallel to x-axis, then dy/dx = 0
If the tangent is parallel to y-axis, then dx/dy = 0
Equations of the tangent , y- 𝑦1 = slope of tangent ( x- 𝑥1 )
Equation of the normal is (y- 𝑦1 ) = slope of normal (x- 𝑥1 ).
If two lines are parallel then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
If two lines are perpendicular then 𝑚1 x 𝑚2 = -1
If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then two curves touch each other
If 𝑚1 x 𝑚2 = -1 then two curves are orthogonal.
Q1. The equation of normal at the point (1,1) to the curve 2Y +x2 = 3 is :
(a) x + y =0(b) x - y=0 (c) x + y=1 (d) x - y=1 (2022)

Q2. Assertion (A) : The slope of normal to the curve y = 2x2 – 5x at x = -1 is -1

𝒅𝒚
Reason (R) : The slope of normal to the curve y = f(x) at point (α,β) is given by (x-α) + ( ) .(y-β) = 0 (2023-comptt)
𝒅𝒙 (𝜶,𝜷)
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Sign of f’(x) Nature of function

.
F’(x) > 0 Strictly Increasing

F’(x) ≥ 0 Increasing

F’(x) < 0 Strictly Decreasing

F’(x) ≤ 0 Decreasing
Q1. The function f(x) = ax is increasing on R , if :

(a) a > 0 (b) a < 0 (c) 0 < a < 1 (d) a > 1 (2022)

Q2. The least value ‘a’ such that the function f(x) = x2+ax +1 is increasing on (1,2) :
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) -2 (d) -4 (2022)
Q3. Assertion (A) : The function f(x) = (x + 2) e-x is increasing in the interval (- 1, ∞).

Reason (R) : A function f(x) is increasing, if f ‘(x) > 0. (2023)

Q4. The function f(x) = xx , x>0 is decreasing in the interval :

𝟏 𝟏
a) (−∞, 𝒆) b) (𝟎, 𝒆) c) (0, ) d) [ , ∞) (2023-comptt)
𝒆 𝒆
 𝒙𝟑
Q5. Determine for what values of x , the function f(x) = x4 - is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing . (2023-
𝟑
comptt)
Q6. The function f(x) = x2 – x + 1 is : (2024)

(a) increasing in (0, 1) (b) decreasing in (0, 1)

(c) increasing in (0, ½ ) and decreasing in ( ½ , 1) (d) increasing in ( ½ , 1) and decreasing in (0, ½ )

Q7. Assertion (A) : The function f(x) = x2 – x + 1 is strictly increasing on (– 1, 1). (2024)

Reason (R) : If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and derivable on (a, b), then f(x) is strictly increasing on [a, b] if f’(x) > 0 for all x ∈
(a, b).
Q8. Find the intervals in which the following function f is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing :

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 (2024)

Maxima and Minima
Second Derivative Test
Find the critical point by putting f’(x)= 0. take these points as c
Use second derivative test to find the local maxima or local minima
If f’’(c) > 0 then it has point of local minima
If f’’(c) < 0 then it has point of local maxima
If f’’(c) = 0 and f’’’(x) ≠ 0 then it has point of inflexion

First Derivative Test

Q1. The point of the curve X2 = 2y which is nearest to the point (0,5) is :
(a) (2√𝟐, 𝟒) (b) (2√𝟐, 𝟎) (c) (0,0) (d) (2,2) (2022)

Q2. Find all the points of local maxima and local minima for the function f(x) = x3 -6x2 + 9x -8. (2023)
Q3. Find a point on the curve y2 = 2x which is nearest to the point (1, 4). (2023)
Q4. If x + y = 8 , then the maximum value of xy is :

a) 12 b) 16 c) 20 d) 24 (2023-comptt, 2024-comptt)

Q5. (a) Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function : (2024)
𝟑 𝟒𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟒 𝟐
Q6. A wire of length 36m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made a square and the other a circle. What
should be the length of the two pieces, so that the combined area of the square and the circle is minimum ?
(2024-comptt)
Cost & Revenue Function
C(x) = FC + VC where FC is fixed cost and VC is variable cost
AC = C/x R(x) = x.p AR = R/x = px/x = p P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
at breakeven point R(x)-C(x)=0 ie. P(x)=0.

𝒅 𝒅𝒄
Marginal Cost (MC):: MC = (C) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
Marginal Average Cost (MAC) :: MAC = (AC) = (MC-AC)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝑹
Marginal Revenue (MR):: MR = R=
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Q1. If C(X) and R(X) are respectively cost function and revenue function , then the profit function P(X) is given by :

(a) P(X) =R(X) (b) P(X)=C(X)+R(X) (c) P(X)=R(X)-C(X) (d) P(X)=R(X).C(X) (2022)

Q2. If the total revenue (Rs) received from the sale of x unit of product is given by :
R(X) =𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓, Then the marginal revenue , when X = 15 , is
(a) 116 (b) 96 (c) 90 (d) 126
Q3. The demand function of commodity is given by :X = 82 – p And its total cost function is given by:TC = 100 +60 x. For
maximum profit , the value of X is :
(a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 11 (2022)

Q4. The relation between marginal cost and the average cost of producing x unit of a product is :
𝒅(𝑨𝑪) 𝒅(𝑨𝑪)
(a) = 𝒙(𝑴𝑪 − 𝑨𝑪) (b) = 𝒙(𝑨𝒄 − 𝑴𝑪)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅(𝑨𝑪) 𝟏 𝒅(𝑨𝑪) 𝟏
(c) = (𝑨𝑪 − 𝑴𝑪) (d) = (𝑴𝑪 − 𝑨𝑪) (2023)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Q5. A firm has the following total cost and demand functions :
𝒙𝟑
C(x) = − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟓𝟎 and x = 100-p
𝟑

(i) Find the total revenue function in term of x .

(ii) Find the total profit function P in term of x .
(iii) Find the profit maximizing level of output x .
(iv) What is maximum profit , taking rupee as a unit of money ? (2023-comptt)
Q6. case study : A company notes that higher sale of a particular item , which it produced, is achieved by lowering the price
charged . As a result the total revenue from the sale at first rises as the number of units sold increases , reaches the highest
point , and then falls off . The pattern of revenue is described by the relation y = 40,00,000 – (x – 2000)2 , where y is the total
revenue and x is the number of units sold .

Based on the above information , answer the following questions :

(a)Find what number of units sold maximize total revenue

(b) What is amount of this maximize revenue ?
(c) What would be the total revenue if 2500 units were sold ? (2023-comptt)
Q7. The demand curve for a monopolist is given by x = 100-4p. The value of x for which MR = 0 is :

(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 50 (2024-comptt)

 Integrals
𝑥 𝑛+1 1
• ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = +C ∫ dx = x + C ∫ dx = log|x| + C
𝑛+1 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 1
• ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 dx = 𝑒 𝑥 + C ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 dx = +C ∫ dx = 2 √𝑥 + C
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 √𝑥

Substitution Method
𝐹(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
• If ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C then ∫ f(ax+b) = +C
𝑎
(𝑓(𝑥))𝑛+1
• ∫ (𝑓(𝑥 ))𝑛 f’(x) dx = +C
𝑛+1
𝑓′(𝑥)
• ∫ dx = log|f(x)| + C
𝑓(𝑥)
 Integration By Partial Fraction
Proper rational function Partial fraction

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
, a≠b +
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏

𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
, a≠b≠c + +
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥−𝑎)2
+
𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)2

𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
, a≠b + 2 +
(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎) 𝑥−𝑏

𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
, 𝑥 2 +bx+c can’t 𝑥−𝑎
+
𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)
be factorised
1 1 x−a
• ∫ dx = 2a log|x+a|+ C
𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1 1 a+x
• ∫ dx = log| |+ C
a2 −x2 2a a−x
Integration by Parts
• ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)∫ g(x)dx–∫ {f’(x)∫ g(x)dx}dx +C, Where f(x) is first and g(x) is second function
• ∫ (f(x)+f’(x))𝑒 𝑥 dx = f(x) 𝑒 𝑥 + C
Properties of Definite Integrals
𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = - ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
5. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
6. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎
7. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 if f(2a-x) = f(x)
2𝑎
8. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 if f(2a-x) = -f(x)
𝑎 𝑎
9. ∫−𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 if f(-x) = f(x) or f(x) is even
𝑎
10. ∫−𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 if f(-x) = -f(x) or f(x) is odd
Marginal Functions
𝑐(𝑥)
• C(x) = ∫ 𝑀𝐶 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 , AC =
𝑥

• R(x) = ∫ 𝑀𝑅 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 , R(x) = px

Consumer Surplus & Producer Surplus

𝑥0 𝑥0
• C. S = ∫0 𝐷 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − [Link] , P. S = [Link] − ∫0 𝑆(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

• At Equilibrium D(x) = S(x)

 𝟏 𝒙𝒆𝒙
Q1. Evaluate: ∫𝟎 dx (2022)
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Q2. Find: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (2022)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
Q3. The supply function of a commodity is 100p = (x+20)2. Find the producer’s Surplus (PS), when the market price is Rs 25.
(2022)
 𝟔
Q4. If the marginal revenue function for output x is given by MR = + 𝟓. Find the total revenue function .
(𝒙+𝟐)𝟐
(2022- comptt)
 𝟏
Q5. Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 (2022- comptt)
 𝒙𝟐
Q6. The demand and supply function of a commodity is given by pd = 56- x2 and ps = 8 + . Find the consumer surplus at
𝟑
equillibrium price . (2022- comptt)
Q7. ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒆−𝒙 dx is equal to :

(a) (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒆−𝒙 + C (b) 𝒙𝒆−𝒙 + C (c) −𝒙𝒆−𝒙 + C (d) (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆−𝒙 + C (2023)

𝟏
Q8. 𝑰𝒇 ∫ dx is equals to :
𝒙+𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙

a) 1+logx + C b) x+logx + C c) xlogx(1+logx) + C d) log(1+logx) + C (2023-comptt)

Q9. If the supply function is p = 4 + x, then the producer surplus when 12 units are sold is :

a) 72 b) 64 c) 76 d) 46 (2023-comptt)

𝟐
Q10. Evaluate : ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 and hence show the region on the graph whose area it represent . (2024)
 𝟏 𝒆−𝒙
Q11. Evaluate : ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 (2024)
𝟏+𝒆𝒙

Q12. ∫ 𝟐𝟐𝒙 . 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 is equal to : (2024-comptt)

𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝒙 .𝟑𝒙 𝟒.𝟔𝒙
(a) +𝑪 (b) + 𝑪 (c) +𝑪 (d) 𝟏𝟐𝒙 . 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐.𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟔
 𝒙𝟑
Q13. Find : ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (2024-comptt)
𝒙𝟒 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
 Differential Equation

Equation of line : Ax + By + C = 0 or y = mx + c

Equation of Parabola : y2 = 4ax , if axis lie along x axis

x2 = 4ay , if axis lie along y axis

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of Ellipse :
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
= 1 , if axis lie along x axis

𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
= 1 , if axis lie along y axis

Equation of Circle : (x-h)2 + (y- k)2 = r2

x2 + y2 = r2 , centre at origin
 𝒅𝒚
Q1. Solve the following differential equation: = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 + x2𝒆𝒚 (2022)
𝒅𝒙
Q2. In a certain culture of bacteria, the rate of increase of bacteria is proportional to the number present. It is found that
There are 10,000 bacteria at the end of 3 hours and 40,000 bacteria at the end of 5 hours. Determine the number of
bacteria present in the beginning. (2022)
Q3. It is known that , if the interest is compounded continuously , the principle changes at the rate equal to the product of
the the rate of the bank interest p.a. and the principle
(i) If the interest is compounded continuously at 5% , in how many years will Rs 100 double ?
(ii) At what interest rate will Rs 100 double itself in 10 years ? (Given loge2 = 0.6931) 2021-22(comptt)
 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Q4. The solution of the differential equation + = 𝟎 is :
𝒙 𝒚

𝟏 𝟏
(a) + =c (b) xy = C (c) log x log y = C (d) x + y = C (2023)
𝒙 𝒚

Q5. Assertion (A) : The differential equation representing the family of parabolas y2 = 4ax, where a is a parameter is
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
Reason (R) : If the given family of curves has n parameters, then it is to be differentiated n times to eliminate the parameter
and obtain the nth order differential equation. (2023)
Q6. The order of the differential equation corresponding to family of curves y = Ae3x + Be-3x is :

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 (2023-comptt)

Q7. The order and the degree of the differential equation y dx + x log(y/x) dy -2xdy=0 are respectively : (2024)

(a) 1,1 (b) 1,2 (c) 2,1 (d) 1, not defined

Q8. Find the differential equation of all circles in the first quadrant which touches both the coordinate axes. (2024)
 3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Q9. Assertion (A) : The degree of the differential equation (
𝑑𝑥 2
) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1 = 0 𝑖𝑠 3.

Reason (R) : The highest power of the highest order derivative involved in a differential equation , when it is written as a
polynomial in derivative is called its degree (2024-comptt)
 Probability

Probability distribution of a random variable :

X x1 x2 ……. xn

P(X = xi) p1 p2 ……. pn

where P(X = xi) i.e. pi lies between 0 and 1, and 𝛴pi, = 1.

Mean, variance and standard deviation of a random variable.

E(X) = 𝛴𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑖 Variance = 𝐸 (𝑋 2 ) − (𝐸 (𝑥 ))2 Standard deviation = 𝜎 = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Binomial distribution

It is represented by (q+p)n or B(n,p) and P(X=r)= 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 where r = 0, 1, 2, ….. n

Mean, variance and standard deviation of binomial distribution :

mean = 𝜇= np , variance = 𝜎 2 = npq , standard deviation σ =√𝑛𝑝𝑞

POISSON DISTRIBUTION:
𝜆𝑟
The poisson distribution is the limiting form of Binomial distribution when no. of trials is very large𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑒 −𝜆
𝑟!

Mean and Variance of Poisson Distribution

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜆 , 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜆 , standard deviation σ =√𝑣𝑎𝑟

Normal Distribution
It is used for Continuous random variable . It is also called Gaussian distribution. It is a bell shaped curve symmetric about a
vertical line through the mean. For Normal distribution curve Mean = median = mode
1 𝑥−𝜇
1 −2 ( 𝜎 ) 2
normal density function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 , −∞<𝑥 <∞
𝜎 √2𝜋

Standard Normal Distribution

If 𝜇 = 0, 𝜎 = 1 said to have standard normal probability distribution. The random variable in case of standard normal
distribution is represented by Z.
1 −𝑧 2 𝑋−𝜇
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2 , − ∞ < 𝑧 < ∞, z=
√2𝜋 𝜎
Q1. f ‘m’ is themean of poisson disturbution , then its standard devition is given by :
𝒎
(a) √𝒎 (b) m2 (c) m (d) (2022)
𝟐

Q2. The normal distribution curve is symmetrical about :

𝝁 𝝈
(a) X=𝝁 (b) X= 𝝈 (c) X= (d) X= (2022)
𝝈 𝝁

Q3. Let X be a describe random variable whose probability distribution is given below :
X = xj : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = xj ): 0 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 2k
The value of k is :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝐚) (b) – 1 (c) - (d) (2022)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Q4. In a box of 100 bulbs , 10 are defective . what is the probability that out a sample of 5 bulbs , none is defective ?
𝟗 𝟗 𝟏
(a) ( )5 (b) (c) 10-5 (d) ( )2 (2022)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

𝑿−𝝁
Q5. If X is a normal variate with mean 𝝁 and standard deviation 𝝈 > 𝟎 , then the new random variate Z = is a variate
𝝈
with : (2022)

(a) Mean = 1 , standard deviation =0. (b) Mean = 1 , standard deviation =1.

(c) Mean = 2 , standard deviation =1. (d) Mean = 0 , standard deviation =1.
Q6. The mean E(X) of the number obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on three faces , 2 on two faces and 5 on one
face is :
𝟖
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) (2022)
𝟑

Q7. Let x represent the difference between the number of tails obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times . then the
possible values of x are :

(a) 0,1,3,5 (b) 0,2,4,6 (c) 0,2,5,6 (d) 1,3,4,5 (2022)

Q8. If the mean of a binomial distribution is 81 , then the standard deviation lies in the interval:

(a) [0,9) (b) (0,9] (c) [0,3] (d) (0,3] (2022)

Q9. If a random variable X has the poisson distributions with mean 2 . then , P (x> 1.5) is :

(a) 2e-2 (b) 3e2 (c) 1-2e-2 (d) 1-3e-2 (2022)

Q10. There are 50 telephone lines in an exchange . the probability that any one of them will be busy is 0.1 . the probability
that all the lines are busy is :
𝟓𝟎 𝒆−𝟓 𝟓𝟎 𝒆−𝟓 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒆−𝟓 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒆−𝟓
(a) (b) 𝟏 − (c) (d) 𝟏 − (2022)
𝟎! 𝟎! 𝟓𝟎! 𝟓𝟎!

Q11. The mean of the probability distribution of the number of doublets in 4 throws of a pair of dice , is :
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(a) 1 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2 (2022)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
Q12. It is known from the past experience that the number of telephone calls made daily in a certain community between 3
p.m and 4p.m has a mean of 352 and a standard deviation of 31 . what percentage of the time will there be more than 400
telephone calls made in the community between 3p.m to 4 p.m ? [Use : P 0 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟒]

(a) 11.4% (b) 9.6% (c) 7.08% (d) 6.06% (2022)

Q13. If X is a Poisson variable such that P(X = 1) = 2P(X = 2), then P(X = 0) is :

(a) e (b) 1/e (c) 1 (d) e2 (2023)

Q14. An unbiased die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of obtaining a third six in
the sixth throw of the die. (2023)
Q15. A factory produces bulbs, of which 6% are defective bulbs in a large bulk of bulbs. Based on the above information,
answer the following questions :

(i) Find the probability that in a sample of 100 bulbs selected at random, none of the bulbs is defective. (Use : e -6 = 0·0024)

(ii) Find the probability that the sample of 100 bulbs has exactly two defective bulbs.

(iii) (a) Find the probability that the sample of 100 bulbs will include not more than one defective bulb.

OR

(iii) (b) Find the mean and the variance of the distribution of number of defective bulbs in a sample of 100 bulbs.
(2023)
Q16. If m is the mean of Poisson distribution , then P(r=0) is given by :

a) e-m b) em c) e d) m-e (2023-comptt)

Q17. Normal distribution is symmetric about :

a) variance b) Standard Deviation c) mean d) covariance (2023-comptt)

Q18. (a) It is given that 2% of screw manufactured by a company are defective . Using Poisson distribution, find the
probability that a packet of 100 screw contains no defective screw . (Given e-2 = 0.14)
(2023-comptt)

Q19. If a standard deviation of a poissin variable X is √𝟑 , then find P(X > 0) (Given e-3 = 0.05) (2023-comptt)
Q20. If a fair coin is tossed 9 times, find the probability of

a) exactly five tails b) At least five tails c) At most five tails (2023-comptt)
Q21. Let X denotes the number of hours a person watches T.V. during a randomly selected day. The probability that X takes
the value x, where k is some unknown constant
𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟎
𝒌𝒙 , 𝑰𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐
P(X=xi) = { 𝒊
𝒌(𝟓 − 𝒙𝒊 ) , 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟑
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
(i) Find the value of k .
(ii) Find : P(X=2) , P(X≥2) and P(X≤2) (2023-comptt)
Q22. In an examination, 2000 students appeared and the mean of the normal distribution of marks is 30 with standard
deviation as 6.25. Find out how many students are expected to score. i. between 20 and 40 marks. ii. less than 25 marks

(Use P(0≤ Z ≤ 1.6) = 0.4452 , P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.8) = 0.2881) (2023-comptt)

Q23. A fair coin is tossed twice and outcomes are noted. If the random variable X represents the number of heads that
appeared in the experiment, then the mathematical expectation of X is :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 𝟏 (2024)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Q24. If for a Poisson variate X, P(X = k) = P(X = k + 1), then the variance of X is : (2024)

(a) k-1 (b) k (c) k + 1 (d) k + 2

Q25. In a binomial distribution, n = 200 and p = 0·04. Taking Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial
distribution : (2024)

Assertion (A) : Mean of Poisson distribution = 8

𝟓𝟏𝟐
Reason (R) : P(X=4) = .
𝟑𝒆𝟖
Q26. Given that the scores of a set of candidates on an IQ test are normally distributed. If the IQ test has a mean of 100 and
a standard deviation of 10, determine the probability that a candidate who takes the test will score between 90 and 110.
[Given P (Z < 1) = 0·8413 and P (Z < – 1) = 0·1587]
Q27. Let X denote the number of hours a Class 12 student studies during a randomly selected school day. The probability
that X can take the values xi, for an unknown constant ‘k’ : (2024)

𝟎. 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟎
𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒌) = { 𝒌𝒙𝒊 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐
𝒌(𝟓 − 𝒙𝒊 ) 𝒊𝒇 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒

(i) Find the value of k.

(ii) Determine the probability that the student studied for at least 2 hours.
(iii) Determine the probability that the student studied for at most 2 hours.
Q28. A river near a small town floods and overflows twice in every 10 years on an average. Assuming that the Poisson
distribution is appropriate, what is the mean expectation ? Also, calculate the probability of 3 or less overflows and
floods in a 10-year interval. [Given e–2 = 0·13534] (2024)

Q29. A random variable X takes the values – 1, 0 , 1 . If its mean is 0.6 and P(X=0) = 0.2 , then P(X=1) is :
(2024-comptt)

(a) 0.7 (b) 𝟎. 𝟓 (c) 𝟎. 𝟒 (d) 0.3

Q30. 100 identical coins each with probability P showing up heads are tossed once . If 0 < p < 1 and the probability of
heads on 50 points is equal to that of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of p is : (2024-comptt)
1 49 50 51
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 101 101 101

4
Q31. The probability that a bomb dropped from a plane strikes the target is . What is the probability that out of six
5
bombs dropped , exactly 2 bombs strike the target: (2024-comptt)
4 5 4 5 𝟒𝟖 𝟔𝟒
(a) 𝟐 ( ) (b) 𝟏 − 𝟐 ( ) (c) (d)
5 5 𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟔
Q32. If X is a normal variate with mean (µ) = 70 and standard deviation (𝝈) = 5 , then find P(X < 75) .

(Given : P(0 < Z < 1) = 0.3413 ) (2024-comptt)

Q33. If X is a Poisson variate such that P(X=0) = P(X=1) = 𝜶 , then show that 𝜶 = 𝒆−𝟏 (2024-comptt)
Q34. (a) An unbiased die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of obtaining the 3rd
six in the 6th row of the die (2024-comptt)
Q35. An aptitude test for selecting officers in a bank is conducted on 1000 candidates. The mean score obtained is 42 and
the standard deviation of score is 24. Assuming normal distribution for the score, find (2024-comptt)

(i) the number of candidate whose score exceed 60

(ii) the number of candidates whose scores lie between 30 and 60

[Given : P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.75) = 0.2734 , P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.5) = 0.1915 ]

 Inferential statistics

Σ𝑥𝑖 Σ(𝑥𝑖− 𝑥̅ )2
̅=
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒙 , 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒔) = √
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝜎
Margin of error = 𝑍𝛼⁄2 .
√𝑛

The interval estimation of population mean is given by μ=x ± margin of error

Mean of random sample drawn from any distribution with mean μ and variance σ2 will have an approximate normal
𝜎2 𝜎
distribution with a 𝑥̅ = μ and s2 = . So s =
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎
Standard error of mean =
√𝑛

Hypothesis Testing

Type 1 error : H0 Reject ( False Positive) Type 2 Error : H0 Accept (False Negative)
 Null Hypothesis (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

1. There is no difference between a parameter 1. Existence of a difference between a parameter

and a specific value or there is no difference and a specific value or states that there is a
between two parameter difference between two parameter

2. Two groups studying are same. 2. Two groups studying are different.

Degree of freedom:-

For one sample test DF = n-1 , For two sample test DF = n1+n2-2

One Sample t-test

𝑥̅ −𝜇0 𝑥̅ −𝜇0
𝑡= 𝑆⁄ ,𝑡=𝑠
⁄ 𝑛−1
√𝑛 √

𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝜇0 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

S= point estimate of Population standard deviation s = sample standard deviation

For One tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥ 𝑡𝛼

For two tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥ 𝑡𝛼⁄2
Two Sample t-test

𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙)

𝐻1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙)

(𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅ 2 ) (𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅ 2 ) Σ(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2 +Σ(𝑦𝑖 −𝑦̅)2 (𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22
𝑡= or 𝑡 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = √ or s = √
2 1 1 𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
𝑆 2 𝑠√ +
√𝑆1 + 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑛1 𝑛2

For One tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥ 𝑡𝛼

For two tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥ 𝑡𝛼⁄2
Q1. Consider the following hypothesis:

𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟓
𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟑𝟓
A sample of 81 items is taken whose mean is 37.5 and the standard deviation is 5 . Test the hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. [ Given : Critical value of Z for a two-tailed test at 5% level of significance is 1.96] (2022)
Q2. Ten cartons are taken at random from an automatic packing machine. The mean net weight of the ten cartons is 11.8 kg
and standard deviation is 0.15kg. Does the sample mean differ significantly from the intended mean of 12kg? [Given that for
d.f. = 9, t0.05 = 2.26] (2022)
Q3. A bulb producing factory claims that its bulb has a mean life of 20 months . A random sample of 8 such bulbs gave the
following values : life of bulbs ( in months ):- 24, 22, 27, 18 , 20 24, 22 , 19. Test the factory claim at 5% level of significance .
(Given t(7 ,0.05) = 2.36 ) (2022-comptt)
Q4. A group of 5 patient treated with medicine A weigh 10, 8, 12, 6, 4 kg . A second group of 7 patient treated with
medicine B weigh 14, 12, 8 , 10 6, 2, 11 kg. Comment of the rejection of hypothesis with 5% level of significance . (Given t(10
,0.05) = 1.812 ) (2022-comptt)
Q5. If the calculated value of |t|˂ tv(α ), then the null hypothesis is :

(a) rejected (b) accepted (c) cannot be determined (d) neither accepted nor rejected (2023)

Q6. For testing the significance of difference between the means of two independent samples, the degree of freedom (v) is
taken as :

(a) n1- n2 + 2 (b) n1- n2 -2 (c) n1 + n2 -2 d) n1 + n2 -1 (2023,2024)

Q7. The mean weekly sales of a four-wheeler were 50 units per agency in 20 agencies. After an advertising campaign, the
mean weekly sales increased to 55 units per agency with standard deviation of 10 units. Test whether the advertising
campaign was successful. (Use t0·005 = 1·729 for 19 d.f. (2023)
Q8. For a student t –test , the test statistic t is given by (2023-comptt)
̅𝑿
̅̅̅ ̅𝑿
̅̅̅–𝝁 ̅𝑿
̅̅̅–𝝁
(a) ̅̅̅̅
𝑿 – 𝝁 (b) t = (c) t = (d) t = 𝒔
𝑺 𝑺
√𝐧−𝟏
Q9. The mean IQs of a group of 18 students from one area of a city was found to be 95 with a standard deviation of 10 ,
while The mean IQs of a group of 12 students from another area of a city was found to be 100 with a standard deviation of 8
. Test whether there is a significant difference between the IQs of two group of students at 1% level of significance . ( Use ;
t28 (0.01) = 2.763) (2023-comptt)
Q10. If the calculated value of |t|< tv(α) (critical value of t), then the null hypothesis : (2024)

(a) is rejected. (b) is accepted.

(c) is neither accepted nor rejected. (d) cannot be determined.

Q11. The mean weekly sales of a 4-wheeler was 50 units per agency in 20 agencies. After an advertising campaign, the
mean weekly sales increased to 55 units per agency with standard deviation of 10 units. Test whether the advertising
campaign was successful. [Given √5 = 2.24, t19(0×05) = 1.729] (2024)
Q12. Specific characteristic of a sample is known as a: (2024-comptt)

(a) population (b) parameters. (c) statistics. (d) variance.

Q13. The test statistic for a one sample T test denoted by t is defined as: (2024-comptt)
̅−𝝁
𝒙 ̅−𝝁
𝒙 ̅−𝝁
𝒙 ̅−𝝁
𝒙
(a) 𝒕 = 𝑺 (b) 𝒕 = 𝑺 (c) 𝒕 = 𝑺𝟐
(d) 𝒕 = 𝑺
( ) (𝒏) ( ) ( 𝟐)
√𝒏 𝒏 𝒏

̅ is the sample mean

Where µ is the population mean and 𝒙
 time Based data

Time Series :

Components of Time Series: . trend, cyclical, seasonal and irregular

Models of time series analysis:

Additive Model : O = T+C+S+L

Multiplicative Model : O = T x C x S x L

Method of Moving Average ::

Method of Least squares ::
1. The sum of the deviations of the actual values of y and yi (estimated value of y) is zero
 (y-yi )= 0
2. The sum of squares of the deviations of the actual values of y and yi (estimated value of y) is least   (y-yi )2 is least
For the purpose of plotting the best fitted line for trend analysis, the real values of constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ are estimated by
solving the following two equations:
 Y = n a + b  X ------------ (ii)  XY = a  X + b  X2 --------- (iii)
2. When X = 0, the equations (ii) and (iii) reduce to:
Y = na + b (0)  a = And, XY = a (0) + b X2  b=
the trend line of best fit : yt = a+bx
Q1. The following table shows the annual rainfall (in mm) recorded for Cherrapunji , Meghalaya:

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rainfall (in mm) 1.2 1.9 2 1.4 2.1 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.3

Determine the trend of rainfall by 3-year moving average. (2022)

Q2. Fit a straight line trend by the method a least squares and find the trend value for the year 2008 for the following data :
(2022)

Production

YEAR (in lakh tonnes)

2001 30

2002 35

2003 36

2004 32

2005 37

2006 40

2007 36
Q3. For the following data calculate the trend values , using 3 year moving average .(2022 comptt)

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Production 412 438 446 454 470 483 490

Q4. Fit a straight line trend by method of least squares to the following data and find the trend values : (2022 comptt , 2023)

Year 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2019

Sales (in lakh) 65 68 70 72 75 67 73

Q5. The straight line trend is represented by the equation :

(a) yc = a + bx (b) yc = a -bx (c) yc= na + b ∑ 𝒙 (d) yc = na -b∑ 𝒙 (2023)

Q6. For the values 15, 23, 28, 36, 41, 46, the three yearly moving averages are (2023-comptt)

a. 24, 29, 35, 41 b. 22, 28, 35, 41 c. 22, 29, 35, 41 d. 24, 28, 35, 41

Q7. For the given values 23, 32, 40, 47, 58, 33, 42; the 5-yearly moving averages are : (2024)

(a) 38, 40, 42 (b) 40, 42, 44 (c) 40, 42, 46 (d) 42, 44, 46
Q8. When observed over a long period of time, a time series data can predict trends that can forecast increase or decrease or stagnation of a variable under
consideration. Such analytical studies can benefit a business for forecasting or prediction of future estimated sales or production. The table below shows the sale of
an item in a district during 1996 – 2001 :

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Sales (in lakh Rs) 6.5 5.3 4.3 6.1 5.6 7.8

Based on the above information, answer the following questions : (2024)

(i) Determine the equation of the straight-line trend.

(ii) (a) Tabulate the trend values of the years and also compute expected sales trend for the year 2002.

OR

(b) Fit a straight-line trend by the method of least squares for the following data :

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Profit ( Rs 000) 114 130 126 144 138 156 164

Q9. If for a data n = 6 𝚺𝒚 = 𝟖𝟒 , 𝚺𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 , 𝚺𝒙𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝚺𝒙 = 𝟎 then the equation of the straight line trend is :
(2024-comptt)

(a) yc = 14 + 1.54x (b) yc = 1.54 + 14x (c) yc = 14 + 3.08x (d) yc = 3.08 + 14x
Q10. find the trend value by taking 5 yearly moving average for the following data : (2024-comptt)

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Annual production 16 14 20 18 22 17 19 21 20

(Million tons)
 Financial Mathematics

perpetuity::
𝑅
P= When periodic payment is made at the end of each payment period.,
𝑖
𝑅
P=R+ : When periodic payment is made in the beginning of each payment period.
𝑖

Future value of perpetuity can’t be determined

Q1. Find the present value of perpetuity of Rs 18,000 payable at the end of 6 months , if the money is worth 8% p.a.
compounded semi-annually. (2022)

Q2. The present value of a perpetuity of Rs R payable at the end of each payment period, when the money is worth i per
period, is given by :
𝑹 𝑹
(a) Ri (b) R+ (c) (d) R -Ri ( 2023)
𝒊 𝒊

Q3. Find the present value of a sequence of payments of 1000 made at the end of each 6 months and continuing forever, if
money is worth 8% compounded semi-annually. (2023 - comptt)
Q4. At 6% p.a., compounded quarterly, find the present value of a perpetuity of Rs 600 payable at the end of each quarter.
(2024)

Q5. At what rate of interest will the present value of a perpetuity of rupees 500 payable at the end of each quarter be
rupees 40,000 ?: (2024-comptt)

(a) 1.25% p.a (b) 2.5% p.a (c) 5% p.a. d) 6% p.a

Q6. A man wants to deposit a lump sum amount so that an annual scholarship of Rs 3000 is paid . rate of interest is 5% p.a.
Calculate the lump sump amount required , if the scholarship is to start in the beginning and continued forever
(2022-comptt)
 Sinking Fund :
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
A=R[ ] or A = R.𝑆𝑛̅/𝑖 If payment made at the end of each year
𝑖

(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
A=R[ ] (1+i) or A = R(𝑆𝑛+1
̅̅̅̅̅̅/𝑖 -1) If payment made in the beginning of each year then
𝑖

1. Q. A machine costing rupees 2 lakh has effective life of 7 years and its scrap value is Rs 30000 . What amount should the
company put into a sinking fund earning 5% per annum ,so that it can replace the machine after its useful life? Assume that a
new machine will cost rupees 3 lakh after 7 years [ Given that (1.05)7 = 1.407] (2022)
2. Q. Anil plans to send his daughter for higher studies abroad after 10 years . He expect the cost of the studies be Rs 2,00,000.
how much he set aside at the end of each quarter for 10 years to accumulate this amount , if money is worth 6% compounded
quarterly ? (Given (1.015)40 = 1.8140) (2022-comptt)
3. A company establishes sinking fund to provide for the payment of Rs 1,00,000 debt. maturing in 4 years. Contributions to the
fund are to be made at the end of every year. Find the amount of each annual deposit if interest is 18% per annum.
(2023 - comptt)
4. What sum of money should be deposited at the end of every 6 months to accumulate Rs 50,000 in 8 years, if money is worth
6% p.a. compounded semi-annually ? [Given : (1·03)16= 1·6047] (2024)
(a) Rs 3,432·53 (b) Rs 2,783·08 (c) Rs 2,480·57 (d) Rs 2,149·93
5. A machine costing rupees 2,00,000 has effective life of 7 years and is a Scrap value is rupees 30,000 . What amount should the
company put into a sinking fund earning 5% per annum , so that it can replace the machine after its useful life? Assume that a
new machine will cost Rs 3,00,000 after 7 years . (Given : (1.05)7 = 1.407) (2024-comptt)
EQUATED MONTHLY INSTALLMENT (EMI)

FLAT RATE METHOD

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃+𝐼 𝑃𝑟𝑡
EMI = EMI = ,I=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑛 100

REDUCING BALANCE METHOD

𝑃 𝑥 𝑖 𝑥(1+𝑖)𝑛 𝑃𝑥𝑖 𝑃
EMI = or EMI = or EMI =
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1 1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 𝑎̅𝑛
̅ /𝑖

AMORTIZATION FORMULAS
𝐸𝑀𝐼 [(1+𝑖)𝑛−𝑘+1 −1]
Principal outstanding at beginning of kth period = or EMI. 𝑎𝑛−𝑘+1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅/𝑖
𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛−𝑘+1

𝐸𝑀𝐼 [(1+𝑖)𝑛−𝑘+1 −1]

Interest paid in kth payment = or EMI. i. 𝑎𝑛−𝑘+1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅/𝑖
(1+𝑖)𝑛−𝑘+1

Principal paid in kth payment - EMI - Interest paid in kth period

Total interest paid = n x EMI-P

Q1. Madhu exchanged her old car valued at Rs1,50,000 with a new one priced at Rs6,50,000. She paid Rs x as down payment
and the balance in 20 monthly equal instalments of Rs 21,000 each. The rate of interest offered to her 9% p.a. Find the value
of x. [Given that : (1.0075)-20 = 0.86118985] (2022)
Q2. Calculate the EMI under ‘Flat Rate System’ for a loan of Rs 5,00,000 with 10% annual interest rate for 5 years.
Q3. A man borrows Rs 3,00,000 at an interest of 6% p. a. C. I. and promise to pay off the debt in 20 annual instalment
beginning at the end of first year. Find the amount of annual instalment (given (1.06)-20= 0.312) (2022-comptt)
Q4. Amrita bought a car worth Rs 12,50,000 and makes a down payment of Rs 3,00,000. The balance amount is to be paid in
4 years by equal monthly instalment at an interest rate of 15% p.a. Find the EMI that Amrita has to pay for the car. {Given
(1·0125) -48 = 0·5508565)} ( 2023)
Q5. A person takes a housing loan worth Rs 10,00,000 at an interest rate of 6% p.a. compounded monthly . He decided to
repay the loan by equal monthly installment in 15 years . Calculate the EMI , using (i) Flat rate method (ii) Reducing balnce
method (Given (1.005)-180 = 0.4074824) (2023 - comptt)
Q6. Using flat rate method, the EMI to repay a loan of Rs 20,000 in 2 ½ years at an interest rate of 8% p.a. is (2024)

(a) Rs 700 (b) Rs 800 (c) Rs 900 d) Rs 100

Q7. Amrita buys a car for which she makes a down payment of Rs 2,50,000 and the balance is to be paid in 2 years by
monthly instalments of Rs 25,448 each. If the financer charges interest at the rate of 20% p.a, find the actual price of the car.
𝟔𝟏 −𝟐𝟒
[Given ( ) = 0·67253] (2024)
𝟔𝟎
Q8. Mahesh purchased a house from a company for Rs 70,00,000 and made a down payment of Rs 15,00,000. He repays the
balance in 25 years by monthly installment at 9% per annum compounded monthly (2024-comptt)

(i) what is the amount of monthly payment

(ii) what is the total interest payment ? [Given (𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟓)−𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 0·1062878338]
Return on investment
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡/𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Rate of Return = 𝑥 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟
re = ((1 + )p – 1) Where re is the effective interest rate
100𝑝

if interest is compounded continuously , then Effective rate of return = (er – 1)

Q1. Find the effective rate which is equivalent to nominal rate of 10% p.a. compounded monthly‫[־‬Given that: (1.00833)12 =
1.1047] (2022)

Q2. What nominal rate compounded monthly will be equivalent to 6% compounded semi annually (Given log(1.0609) =
0.02567 , antilog (0.002139) = 1.00493) (2022-comptt)
Q3. The effective rate which is equivalent to nominal rate of 10% p.a. compounded quarterly is :

(a) 10·25% (b) 10·38% (c) 10·47% (d) 10·53% ( 2023)

Q4. The effective rate which is equivalent to nominal rate of 8% p.a. compounded quarterly [Given that: (1.02)4 = 1.0824]

(a) 8.16% (b) 7.95% (c) 8.24% (d) 8.5% (2023 - comptt)
Q5. Find the effective rate which is equivalent to normal rate of 10% p.a. compounded :

(i) semi-annually. (ii) quarterly. [Given (1·05)2 = 1·1025, (1·025)4 = 1·1038] (2024)

Q6. If a nominal rate is R percent compounded K times in a year then the effective rate of interest is given by :
(2024-comptt)

𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘
(a) 𝑟𝑒 = (1 − ) −1 (b) 𝑟𝑒 = (1 + ) +1
100𝑘 100𝑘

𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘
(c) 𝑟𝑒 = (1 − ) +1 (d) 𝑟𝑒 = (1 + ) −1
100𝑘 100𝑘
Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR):
1⁄
𝐹𝑉 𝑛
CAGR = ( ) −1
𝑃𝑉

Q1. A start up company invested Rs 300000 in shares for 5 years . The value of this investment was Rs 350000 at the end of
second year Rs 380000 at the end of third year and on maturity , the final value stood at Rs 450000. Calculate the compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) on the investment . [Given that (1.5)1/5 = 1.084] (2022)
Q2. The revenue of a company over a period are given as follows :
Year 2015 2016 2017 2018

Revenue (in 000 Rs ) 100 115 150 200

Calculate CAGR over the 3 year period spanning the end of 2015to the end of 2018 (Given (2)1/3 = 1.26)
(2022-comptt)
Q3. Define Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and give the formula for calculating CAGR . Using the formula calculate
CAGR of vikas’s . investment given below :

Vikas invested Rs 10,000 in a stock of a company for 6 years. The value of his investment at the end of each year is given

below : [Use (1·4)1/6 = 1·058]

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6

Rs 11000 Rs 11500 Rs 11650 Rs 11800 Rs 12200 Rs 14000

Q4. Assume an investment’s starting value is Rs 20,000 and it grows to Rs 50,000 in 3 years. Calculate CAGR (Compounded
Annual Growth Rate) [Use : (2·5)1/3 = 1·355] (2024)

Q5. An investment starting is value is rupees 10,000 and it's grow to rupees 60,000 in four years the CAGR is : ( Given : 6 ¼ =
1.56508 ) (2024-comptt)

(a) 1.56% (b) 5.65% (c) 15.65% (d) 56.50%

Depreciation:

(i) Linear or Straight Line Method

𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡−𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐶−𝑆
Annual depreciation = = ,
Useful life of asset in years 𝐷

Q1. Abhay bought a mobile phone for Rs 30000. The mobile phone is estimate to have a scrap value of Rs 3000 after a span
of 3 years. Using the linear depreciation method , find the book value of the mobile phone at the end of 2 years.
(2022)
Q2. A music band company has gained much popularity all over the country . they buy a bus to travel to their destination .
The purchase price of the bus is Rs 88,50,000. The bus will be depreciated linearly over 10 year and will have a scrap value
of Rs 25,50,000.
(i) Determine the rate of depreciation .
(ii) Determine the book value of the bus at the end of 5 year.
(iii) When will the bus be worth Rs 44,40,000 (2022-comptt)
Q3. An asset costs Rs 4,50,000 with an estimated useful life of 5 years and a scrap value of Rs 1,00,000. Using linear
depreciation method, find the annual depreciation of the asset and construct a yearly depreciation schedule.
( 2023)
Q4. A firm bought a machinery for 7,40,000 on 1st April, 2018 and 60,000, is spent on its installation. Its useful life is
estimated to be of 5 years. It’s estimated reliable or scrap value at the end of the period was estimated at 40,000. Find out
the amount of annual depreciation and rate of depreciation. (2023 - comptt)
Q5. A mobile phone costs Rs 12,000 and its scrap value after a useful life of 3 years is Rs 3,000. Then, the book value of the
mobile phone at the end of 2 years is : (2024)
(a) Rs 3000 (b) Rs 6000 (c) Rs 5000 (d) Rs 7000

Q6. If the annual depreciation of an asset is rupees 40,000 and its scrap value after useful life of 15 years these rupees
50,000 and then the original cost of the asset is : (2024-comptt)

(a) Rs 7,60,000 (b) Rs 7,20,000 (c) Rs 6,50,000 (d) Rs 6,30,000

(ii) Written down value method : S = P(1-i)n

Q1. The value of a machine purchased 2 years ago , depreciate at the annual rate of 10% . If its present value is Rs 97200.
Find

(i) its value after 3 years (ii) Its value when it was purchased (2023 - comptt)
Q2. The value of a car depreciated by 12.5% every year by what percent will the value of the car decreases after three-year
and after five years? (2024-comptt)
 LPP

Q1. A dietician wishes to mix two types of food F1 and F2 in such a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture contain
atleast 8 units of vitamin A, and 10 units of vitamin C Food I contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C.
Food Il contains 1 unit/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs 5 per kg to purchase food F1 and Rs 7 per kg to
purchase F2.

Based on the above information , answer the following question

(a) To find out the minimum cost of such a mixture, formulate the above problem as a LPP.
(b) Determine the minimum cost of the mixture . (2022), (2022 comptt)
Q2. A diet for a sick person must contain atleat 4,000 units of vitamins , 50 units of minerals and 1400 unit of calories . Two
food x and y are available at a cost of Rs 4 and Rs 3 per unit respectively . one unit of food X contain 200 unit of vitamin , 1
unit of mineral and 40 unit of calories . whereas one unit of food Y contain 100 unit of vitamin , 2 unit of mineral and 40 unit
of calories ,

Based on the above information answer the given questions :

(i) To minimize the cost of diet, formulate the above problem as LPP.
(ii) Determine the number of unit of each food required to satisfy the requirement . (2022 comptt)
Q3. Region represented by x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 lies in

(a) I quadrant (b) II quadrant (c) III quadrant (d) IV quadrant (2022)

Q4. Maximize z = 3x +4y, if possible,

Subject to the constraints: x – y ≤ − 1, −x + y≤ 𝟎. x , y ≥ 𝟎 (2022)

Case Study
𝟏
Q5. A factory manufactures tennis rackets and cricket bats. A tennis racket takes 1 hours of machine time and 3 hours of
𝟐
craftsmanship in its making; while a cricket bat takes 3 hours of machine time and 1 hour of craftsmanship. In a day, the
factory has availability of not more than 42 hours of machine time and 24 hours of craftsmanship. Profit on a racket and on
a bat are Rs 20 and Rs 10 respectively. (2023)

Based on the above information, answer the following questions :

(i) If x and y are the numbers of Racket and bats manufactured by the factory, then write the expression of total profit.

(ii) Write the constraint that relates the number of craftsmanship hours.

(iii) (a) Determine the maximum profit (in Rs) earned by the factory.

OR

(iii) (b) How many bats and rackets respectively, are to be manufactured to earn maximum profit ?
Q6. The maximum value of the function z = 7x + 5y , subject to constraints are x ≤ 3, y ≤ 2, x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 is

(a). 21 (b). 10 (c). 31 (d). 37 (2023- comptt)

Q7. A small firm manufactures gold rings and chains. The combined number of rings and chains manufactured per day is
atmost 24. It takes one hour to make a ring and half an hour for a chain. The maximum number of hours available per day is
16 If the profit on a ring is Rs 300 and on a chain is Rs 190, Formulate as an LPP. (2023- comptt)
Q8. A library has to accommodate two different types of books on a shelf. The books are 6 cm and 4 cm thick and weight 1
kg and 1.5 kg each, respectively. The shelf is 96 cm long and atmost can support a weight of 21 kg. How should the shelf be
filled with the books of two types in order to include the greatest number of books ? Make it as an LPP and solve it
graphically. (2023- comptt)
Q9. The graph of the inequation 2x + 3y > 6 is the : (2024)

(a) entire XOY-plane

(b) half-plane that contains the origin

(c) half-plane that neither contains the origin nor the points on the line 2x + 3y = 6

(d) whole XOY-plane excluding the points on the line 2x + 3y = 6

Q10. In an LPP, if the objective function Z = ax + by has same maximum value on two corner points of the feasible region,
then the number of points at which maximum value of Z occurs is : (2024)

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) finite (d) infinite

Q11. Find the solution to the following linear programming problem (if it exists) graphically : Maximize Z = x + y subject to
the constraints x – y ≤ – 1 , – x + y ≤ 0 , x, y ≥ 0. (2024)
Q12. In number theory, it is often important to find factors of an integer N. The number N has two trivial factors, namely 1
and N. Any other factor, if exists, is called non-trivial factor of N. Naresh has plotted a graph of some constraints (linear
inequations) with points A (0, 50), B (20, 40), C (50, 100), D (0, 200) and E (100, 0). This graph is constructed using three non-

trivial constraints and two trivial constraints. One of the non-trivial constraints is x+2y≥100.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions : (2024)

(i) What are the two trivial constraints ?

(ii) (a) If R1 is the feasible region, then what are the other two non-trivial constraints ?

OR

(b) If R2 is the feasible region, then what are the other two non-trivial constraints ?

(iii) If R1 is the feasible region, then find the maximum value of the objective function z = 5x + 2y.
Q13. The number of solutions of an LPP to minimize Z = 3x + 2y under the constraints x + y ≥ 8 ,

3x + 5y ≤ 15 and x , y ≥ 0 is : (2024-comptt)

(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) infinitely may (d) zero

Q14. Two tailors, A and B, earn Rs 1500 and Rs 2000 per day respectively. A can stitch 6 shirts and 4 pants while B can stitch
10 shirts and 4 pants per day. Form a linear Programming problem to minimize the labour cost to produce at least 60 shirts
and 32 pants. (2024-comptt)
Q15. A dictation has to develop a special diet using two foods P &Q. Each packet containing (30 gram) of food P contains 12
units of Calcium, 4 units of iron, 6 unit of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A. Each packet of the same quantity of food Q
contains 3 unit of calcium, 20 units of iron, 4 units of cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin .The diet require at least 240 units of
Calcium, at least 460 units of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. How many packets of each food should be used to
minimize the amount of vitamin A? What is the minimum amount of vitamin A? Formulate the above problem as an LPP and
solve it graphically? (2024-comptt)