Module 1 – Detailed Explanation (Database Management Systems)
1. Introduction to DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software used to store, manage, and retrieve data
efficiently.
It allows multiple users to interact with the database while ensuring security, durability, and
consistency.
Example:
A banking system stores customer details, transactions, balance, etc. DBMS helps manage this data.
2. Purpose of a Database System
- To store large amounts of data securely
- To support multiple users
- To provide fast data retrieval
- To prevent data redundancy and ensure consistency
Example:
Hospital management system stores patients, doctors, appointments, reports.
3. Views of Data
There are three levels:
- Physical Level: How data is stored internally
- Logical Level: What data is stored (tables)
- View Level: What part of data users see
Diagram:
User → Views → Logical Schema → Physical Storage
4. Data Models
A data model describes how data is structured.
Types:
a) Hierarchical – Tree structure
b) Network – Graph structure
c) Relational – Tables (most used)
Example of relational:
STUDENT (ID, Name, Age)
5. DBMS Architecture
Three-tier architecture:
- External level (user views)
- Conceptual level (logical structure)
- Internal level (physical storage)
Diagram:
External → Conceptual → Internal
6. Components of DBMS
- Hardware (storage)
- Software (DBMS software)
- Data
- Users
- Procedures
7. E/R Model (Entity–Relationship)
Entities → real-world objects (Student)
Attributes → properties (ID, name)
Relationships → associations (Enrolls)
Example:
Student —enrolls→ Course
Diagram (text):
[Student] — enrolls —> [Course]
8. Conceptual Data Modelling
High-level design using E/R diagrams.
9. Motivation for E/R Model
- Easy to understand
- Helps design good database schema
10. Entities and Types
Entities: Objects
Entity Types: Category of entities
Example:
Entity: Ram (a student)
Entity type: STUDENT
11. Attributes and Types
Examples:
- Simple (Name)
- Composite (FullName → First + Last)
- Multi-valued (Phone numbers)
- Derived (Age from DOB)
12. Relationship Types
One-to-One (1:1)
Example: Person–Passport
One-to-Many (1:M)
Example: Teacher–Students
Many-to-Many (M:N)
Example: Students–Courses
13. ER Diagram Notation:
Entity → Rectangle
Attribute → Oval
Relationship → Diamond
14. Data Models: Relational Model
Relational Model stores data in tables (relations).
Example:
EMPLOYEE(EID, Name, Salary)
15. Schema & Keys
Schema → structure of a table
Key Types:
- Primary Key (unique)
- Candidate Key
- Foreign Key
Example:
STUDENT(SID PK, Name, DeptID FK)
16. Relational Algebra
Used to query data: Select, Project, Join, Union, etc.
17. Query Languages
- SQL (standard)
- Relational algebra (procedural)
- Domain calculus & Tuple calculus (theoretical)