Key Accounting Terms Explained
Key Accounting Terms Explained
LEDGER GROUP
FINAL ACCOUNT
CASH BOOK
INVOICE
MAHI SIR
ADVANCE TALLY NOTES
BASIC TERM IN ACCOUNTING
LEDGER GROUP
FINAL ACCOUNT
JOURNAL ENTRY
CASH BOOK
TWO COLUMN CASH BOOK
COST CATEGORY & CENTER
BILL WISE DETAILS
PURCHASE BOOK
PURCHASE AND SALES BOOK
PURCHASE RETURN
SALES RETURN
RETURN INWARD AND OUT WARD BOOK
INVOICE
FINAL ACCOUNTS WITH ADJUSTMENT
G.S.T (GOODS AND SERVICE TAX)
T.D.S(TAX DEDUCATED AT SOURCES)
FBT(FRINGE BENEFIT TAX)
TCS(TAX COLLECTED AT SOURCES)
STOCKING
BUDGET MAINTAINS
BASIC TERMS IN ACCOUNTING: -
MAHI SIR
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CAPITAL: - capital means the amount (in terms of money or assets having money value) which the proprietor has
invested in the firm
Liabilities: - liabilities mean the amount which the firm owes to outsiders, that is excepting the proprietors
Long –term liabilities. these are those liabilities which are payable after a long term
(generally more than one year).example of long term liabilities are long-term loans debentures, etc.
Current liabilities, these are those liabilities which are payable in near future (generally which one year) examples of
current liabilities are creditors bank overdrafts bills payable shorts term loans etc.
Assets: - assets are those resources that the business owns, Assets are thing of value owned
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Income: - income is the profit earned during a period of time in other words the difference between revenue
and expanse is called income for example goods. i.e. rupees 21000 is venue and the difference I.e. Rs 6000 is
income if can therefore be expresses as
Income = Revenue
Gain: - it us a term used to describe profit of an irregular nature, e. g Capital gains.
Loss: -loss means something against which the firm receives no benefit. It may be noted that expenses lead to
revenue but losses do not, such as theft.
Purchase: - the term purchase is used only for the purchase of goods. goods are those thing which are purchased
for resale or for producing the finished products which also are meant to be sold. Goods purchased for cash are
called cash are called cash purchase but if goods are purchase on credit. It is referred to as credit purchase the
term purchase includes both cash and credit purchase of goods.
Sales: - this term purchase is only for the sale of goods only when goods are sold for cash. They are cash sales
but if goods are sold and payment is not received at the time of sale. It is referred to as credit sale. The then sale
includes both ash and credit sales.
Goods: - goods mean physical seems of trade. It is a general term which applies to all the item making the sales
or purchase of a business.
Cost: - cost is an expenditure required in order to produce some specified output or benefit.
Profit: - a surplus of revenues of business over its costs. Profit is normally categorized into gross profit and net profit.
voucher: - voucher is an evidence of a business transaction examples of voucher are cash memo. Invoice or bill. Receipt and debit and
credit notes etc.
gross profit: - gross profit is the difference between sales revenue or the proceeds of goods sold and services rendered over its direct
cost.
Net profit: - net profit is the profit made after allowing for all expenses in case. Expense are more than the revenue. It is net loss.
Cost of goods sold: - cost of goods sold is the direct costs of the gods the direct costs of the goods or services sold.
Expenditure: - expenditure is the amount spent or liability incurred for the value received expenditure may be cite Gorazde into.
Revenue expenditure: - revenue expenditure is the amount that is current activities to purchase goods and
service which are consumed during the period. It is written off in the profit and loss account.
Capital expenditure: - capital expenditure is the amount that is incurred in purchasing assets which will give
benefit extending over a number of accounting periods.
Discount: -when customer is allowed type of reduction in the prices of goods by the business that is called
discount when some is allowed in prices of goods on the basis of sales of the items that is called trade discount
but when debtors are allowed some discount in prices of the goods 0for quick payment it is called cash discount.
Voucher: - a voucher is a document containing the details of financial transaction example includes sales invoice, purchase invoice, pay
slip, and rent receipt and so on.
Journal: - in a journal several entries are recorded. Each journal entry must be moved/transferred from the account it relates to.
Account: - an account is a statement of transactions affecting any particular assets, liability expense or income. A ledger is the book in
which a lithe account is maintained. A chart of business shows the categorizations and grouping of its accounts.
Posting: - posting is the process by which information about transaction is transferred or move to an account.
Accounting period: - a regular period of time, such as a quarter of a year, for which a financial statement generating is called an
accounting period.
Trial balance: - a trial balance is a list the balances of all ledger accounts. it is prepared after all the truncation are entered in the journal,
journal entries posted to the ledgers and ledgers accounts balance. It is the sum of all balance of all real, personal and nominal accounts
the organization.
A detailed trial balance has columns for
1) Account name
2) Debit balance
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3) Credit balance
Financial statement: -a financial statement is periodic report prepared from the accounting record of company. Financial
statement includes the profit and loss statement (or income statement. The balance sheet and the cash flow statement.
Financial statement is usually compiled. Of a quarterly basis or on an annual basis.
LEDGER GROUPS
[Link]. LEDGERS GROUP BALANCE
1 PURCHASE PURCHASE DR
2 PURCHASE REATURN PURCHASE CR
3 RETURN OUTWORD PURCHASE CR
4 CARRIGE INWARD DIRECT EXP DR
5 FRIEGHT INWARD DIRECT EXP DR
6 CARRIGE ON PURCHASE DIRECT EXP DR
7 COMM ON PURCHASE DIRECT EXP DR
8 WAGES DIRECT EXP DR
9 WAGES &SALARIES DIRECT EXP DR
10 CARTAGE DIRECT EXP DR
11 OCTORI DIRECT EXP DR
12 DOCK CHARGES DIRECT EXP DR
13 CUSTOM DUTY ON IMPORT DIRECT EXP DR
14 MOTIVE POWER DIRECT EXP DR
15 GAS WATER &OIL DIRECT EXP DR
16 GREASE DIRECT EXP DR
17 FUEL HEATING &LIGHTING DIRECT EXP DR
18 FACTORY EXP DIRECT EXP DR
19 FACTORY & INSURANCE DIRECT EXP DR
20 BOXES & LABLS DIRECT EXP DR
21 ROYALITIES BASED ON PRODUCTION DIRECT EXP DR
22 MANUFATURING EXP DIRECT EXP DR
23 RENT INDIRECT EXP DR
24 SALARY INDIRECT EXP DR
25 STATIONARY & PRINTING INDIRECT EXP DR
26 POSTAGE & PRINTING INDIRECT EXP DR
27 AUDIT FEES INDIRECT EXP DR
28 LEGAL CHARGES &LAW FEES INDIRECT EXP DR
29 TELEPHONE EXP INDIRECT EXP DR
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FINAL ACOUNT
Q.1 PREPARE THE TRANDING & P&L ACCOUNT & BALANCE SHEET OF THE FOLLOWING BALANCES.
ANS. (GROSS PROFIT Rs 4100, NET PROFIT Rs 2400, BALANCE SHEET Rs 6100
Q.2 YOU ARE REQUIRED TO PREPARE THE TRANDING &PROFIT LOSS AND BALANCE.
ITEM AMOUN ITEM AMOUNT
T
Sales 92000 Postage and telegram 620
Purchase 68300 Miscellaneous exp 900
Return inward 1300 Bad debts 400
Return outward 2200 Debtors 22000
Stock 17600 Creditors 12800
Carriage inward 2400 Loan cr 5000
Rent, Rates and Taxes 2200 Capital 52500
Discount 3750 Drawing 1910
printing 720 Business premises 39000
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QUE.3 PREPARES A TRANDING PROFIT AND LOSS A/C AND BALANCE SHEET OF THE FOLLOWING BALANCE.
ITEM AMOUNT ITEM AMOUNT
Sales 78182 Bills Payable 2527
Purchase 62092 Salaries 4000
Machinery 10000 Fixtures and fittings 16155
Interest 1295 Debtors 3885
Stock 9945 Creditors 8720
Bad Debts 287 Capital 36000
Discount 1000 Insurance 417
Buildings 23780 Postage 273
Wages 4300 Loan cr 12000
Closing Stock 14300 -----------------
Gross Profit – 16145, Net Profit – 8873, Balance Sheet– 68120.
QUE.4 PREPARE THE TRANDING PROFIT AND LOSS A/C AND BALANCE SHEET
ITEM AMOUNT ITEM AMOUNT
Sales 12439 Bills Payable 4827
Purchase 10492 Salaries 1400
Bills receivable 3291 Debtors 8100
Stock 2720 Creditors 7681
Commission(cr) 390 Capital 18000
Discount(cr) 627 Insurance 119
carriage 400 Postage 132
Wages 1510 Depreciation 600
Return inward 1000 Cash in hand 1400
Return outward 1200 Machinery 6710
Building 5290 Cash At Bank 1900
Closing Stock = 7929
Gross – 5446, Net Profit – 4112, Balance – 34620.
QUE.5 PREPARE THE TRANDING PROFIT AND LOSS A/C AND BALANCE SHEET
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QUE. 10 PREPARE THE TRANDING PROFIT AND LOSS A/C AND BALANCE SHEET
ITEM AMOUNT ITEM AMOUNT
Sales 24900 Reparse to plant 160
Purchase 11850 Loan (cr) 900
Opening stock 9600 Debtors 4000
Closing Stock 3500 Creditors 2330
Trade exp 20 Capital 113075
Bills receive 600 Income tax 550
Rent 200 Plant 2000
Bad debtors 500 Bill payable 500
Common Purchase 200 Cash in bank& hand 200
Discount of purchase 400 Drawing 650
ANS. GROSS- 3250, NET PROFIT- 2220, BALANCE – 10300
JOURNAL ENTRY
DATE TRANSACTION AMOUNT
1 April Ramesh started business with cash 10000
2 April Paid into bank 7000
3 April Bought goods for cash 500
4 April Draw cash from bank for office use 100
13April Sold to Krishna on credit 150
20 April Bought shyam goods on credit 225
24April Received from Krishna 145
24 April Allow him discount 5
26 April Paid shyam cash 215
28April Discount received 10
30April Cash sales for the month 800
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bank
Jan 11 Paid for repair of machinery 100
Jan 13 Bought goods of Jacob bros ltd 1000
Jan 13 Paid carriage on these goods 50
Jan 16 Received cheque from narain bros and the cheque 950
deposited into bank
Jan 16 Discount allowed to them 50
Jan 17 Paid cheque to Jacob bros ltd 1000
Jan 18 Bank intimates that cheque of narain bros has been
return unpaid
Jan 19 Sold goods for cash to key bros 600
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CASH BOOK
QUE. 1 PREPARE A SIMPLE CASH BOOK FROM THE FOLLOWING TRANSACTION OF MR. RAM
GOPAL OF DELHI
DATE AMOUNT
2006
APRIL 1 Mr. ram Gopal commenced business with cash 8000
APRIL 3 He bought good for cash 5000
APRIL 5 Sold goods for cash 100
APRIL 6 Received cash from Mr. manharlal 360
APRIL 9 Paid into bank 3000
APRIL13 Paid cash to harikrishan 215
APRIL28 Paid rent 100
APRIL16 Sold goods for cash 1500
APRIL17 Paid for stationery 15
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2006
APRIL 1 He had cash in bank 35000
APRIL 5 Opened a bank account 28000
APRIL12 Received from Sunil 9000
APRI12 Paid to rakesh by cheque 6000
APRIL18 Purchase made in cash 4000
APRIL18 Paid rent 500
APRIL29 Paid electricity bill 400
APRIL30 Purchase from shri n ray 5000
APRIL31 Purchase stationery 200
APRIL18 Withdrawn from bank 8000
APRIL26 Received cheque from gupta 12000
APRIL27 Paid salaries in cash 3000
APRIL28 Purchase a typewriter and paid by cheque 5000
APRIL28 Purchase in cash 1500
APRIL29 Sent to bank a cheque received from me. Mishra 5600
APRIL30 Cash sales 9800
APRIL31 Sold to Mr. bhola 4000
APRIL Deposited in bank A/C 5500
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MAY25 Paid salary 20000 manager Rs 8000 sec. Rs 5000 peons Rs 7000
Q.2 journalism the entry in the book of both parties and maintain bill wise detail
DATE TRANSACTION
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1 AUG Ramesh paid cash Rs 20000 to Harishas per advance bill no 101 for
future working.
2 AUG Ramesh purchase goods Rs 5000 from Harishagainst o/d bill no 101.
31AUG Ramesh again purchase goods 7000 from Harish against old bill no 101.
2 SEP Ramesh purchase Rs 2000 to from against old no 101.
1 OCT Ramesh paid Rs 4000 to shyam old bill no 101.
1NOV Ramesh demand the pending balance from Harish. But Harish does not
pay the balance. Due to this Ramesh allowed @2.5% discount on the
pending balance.
Q.2 journalism the entry in the book of both parties and maintain bill wise detail
DATE TRANSACTION
1 AUG Mohan paid cash Rs 10000 to Krishna as pet advance bill no 101 for
future working
2 AUG Mohan again purchase goods Rs 7000 from Krishna against old bill no
101
2 AUG Mohan again purchase goods 3000 from Krishna against old bill no 101.
1 OCT Mohan again purchase goods 2000 from Krishna against old bill no 101.
1NOV Krishna demand thependingbalance from Mohan. But Mohan does not
pay the balance. Due to this Krishna charged @3% interest on the
pending balance.
PURCHASE BOOK
Q.1 prepare purchase book from the following transaction: -
DATE TRANSACTION
2006
MAY 1 Bought goods from m/s chunnilal man raj. Delhi 100 bags of wheat @ Rs
530 per bag 50 bag of rice basmati @500 per bag lass. 10% trade
discount
MAY 3 Bought from M/S kanodia oil mills. Delhi 40 tins oil @Rs 450 per tin 20
tin
MAY 4 Purchase from M/S Gupta Bros. Hapur25 bags gram @Rs 48 per bag 40
bags oats @ Rs 25 per bags Less 5% Trade discount
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DATE TRANSACTION
2005
Dec 1 Purchase from M/s Prakash Chand & sons. Bombay
100 Shirts @ Rs 175 per shirt
50 Tee- shirt @ Rs 100 per shirt
Less. T Discount 15%
Purchase from M/s AN Gupta sons
5 chairs @ Rs.500 per chair
JAN 15 Purchase from M/s Gyan Prasad& sons
20Bush-shirt 2 Rs.150 per pcs
75 tee-shirt @ Rs.90 per pcs
Less [Link] 12.5%
Purchase From M/s Raj Kumar& sons
JAN 25 25 shirts @ Rs. 165 per shirts
(Total of Purchase Rs, 31,781,25)
SALES BOOK
Q.1 Prepare a sales book from the following Transactions.
DATE TRANSACTION
2006
APRIL 1 Sold goods M/s Gupta Furniture house Delhi
120 chairs @ 550 per chair
40 table @Rs750 per table
Less 5%
April Sold to M/s Ajit Singh&Sons, Amritsar
10 150 Desk @ Rs 225 PR desk
160 chairs@ Rs 225 per chair
Less: trade Discount of 5%
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Less 10 %
(Total of sales book Rs.2,47,462,50)
Q.2 from the following particulars prepare sales book of M/s Gyan
Prasad& Bros Delhi in Stationery.
DATE TRANSACTION
2006
APRIL 1 Sold goods M/s stationery Mart on credit
2ream white paper @ Rs.150 PR ream
APRIL 2 Sold to M/s Puran Chand & co.
6 dozen inkpot @ Rs 120 PR dozen.
APRIL Sold old newspaper for cash Rs. 62
10
APRIL Sold on credit to M/s Rahim & co
25 10 drawing board @ Rs. 70 PR pcs.
APRIL Sold to M/s Jag dish& sons on credit
26 2 transistors’ Janta Model’ @ Rs. 85 PR pcs
APRIL Sold to M/s Kay Cee&Co. on credit
30 4 office Table @ 520 PR table.
(Total of sales book Rs. 1,720)
Q.3 From the following Particulars Prepare a sales book of Gupta & Co.
who deals in furniture.
DATE TRANSACTION
2006
JULY 1 Sold on credit to Hari& co.
10 tables @ Rs. 1100
20 chair@ Rs. 650
JULY Sold to M/s Sharma & co. on credit.
10 5 Amirah’s @ Rs. 1150
5 stools @ Rs. 100
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JULY20 Sold old typewriter for Rs 500 to Raja & co, on credit
JULY25 Sold to M/s SohanLal& Bros on credit;
5 table @ Rs. 575
1 revolting chair 2 Rs. 1750
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PURCHASE RETURN
Q.1 Prepare purchase return Book of Aruna stores from the
following Transaction and post them into ledger also.
DATE TRANSACTION
2006
JAN 10 Return to Sohan& sons;
1 roast Fan 362 @ Rs.1250
Trade discount 10 %
JAN 25 Return to Ram 7 co.
1 doz. Lamp-Holders @ Rs 200 PR Doz.
(Total of purchase return book Rs 1, 325)
SALES RETURN
Q.2 prepare a sales Return book of shiv Shankar from the
Following Transaction and post them into ledger.
DATE TRANSACTION
(Total
2006 of sales
FEB 10 Ramesh Brothers, Return Return
1doz. Osram Lamp 25 W @Rs. 160 PR doz. Book
Reason –breakage due to bad packing
FEB 20 Sohan Singh& Co, Return
1 Ranjit Fan 48 A.C.@ 1400
Reason-breakage due to bad packing
Rs.1560)
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INVOICE
Q.1Maintain the invoice from the following statement.
Particulars Items Qty Rate(Rs)
Purchase Order Shirts 2000 600
Receipts Note Shirts 1750 600
Rejection Order Shirts 100 600
Purchase bill Shirts 600
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Q.2 Prepare the Trading & P &L Account & Balance sheet of the
following balances.
ITEMS AMOUNT ITEMS AMOUNT
Capital 10000 BANK 1500
Account
Machinery 3500 Sundry 200
Expenses
Sales 14500 Rent 450
Purchase 9500 Carriage 150
Debtors 2700 Creditor 1400
Stock 2000 Closing Stock 300
Drawing 900 Wages 5000
ADJUSTMENT:
1) Prepared wages Rs 500
2) Outstanding rent Rs 450
3) Outstanding carriage Rs 350
ANS: - gross loss Rs 1700 net loss Rs 2800 balance sheet Rs 8500.
Q.3 Prepare the Trading & P &L Account & Balance sheet of the
following balances
ITEMS AMOUNT ITEMS AMOUNT
Closing stock 35000 Cash in Bank 6900
Plant & 90000 Fright Out 1200
Machinery
Purchase 58000 Rent Rates & 2000
Taxes
Sales return 1000 Advertisement 2000
Stock 40000 Fright in 750
Discount 350 Capital Account 110000
allowed
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2018 PURCHASE FROM M/S PRAKESH CHAND & SONS DELHI 100 SHIRT @
APRIL 1 Rs 500 per shirt
50 T-SHIRT @Rs 400 T-SHIRT
G.S.T :- 5%
APRIL 5 PURCHASE FROM M/S GYAN PRASAD, DELHI 40 BUSH -SHIRTS @ RS
600 PER PCS. 30 T-SHIRTS @RS 400PER PCS.
G.S.T :- 5%
APRIL 10 PURCHASE FROM M/S GUPTA &CO, DELHI
50 JEANS@ RS. 700 PER PCS
20 SHIRT @RS. 500 PER PCS
G.S.T :- 5%
SALES BILL: -
DATE TRANSACTION
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SALES BILL
DATE TRANSACTION
SALES BILL
DATE TRANSACTION
2018
JUNE- 10 Sold to M/s R.k. & Co. Delhi
10 Bike @ Rs. 65000 Per Pcs.
G.S.T:- 28 %
JUNE- 4 Sold to M/s J.k. & Co. Delhi
20 Activa @ Rs. 65000 Per Pcs
G.S.T:- 28 %
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