Exploring the Necessity of Reasoning in LLM-based Agent

Scenarios

Xueyang Zhou1, ∗ , Guiyao Tie1, ,∗ Guowen Zhang1 , Weidong Wang1 , Zhigang Zuo1 ,
Di Wu2 , Duanfeng Chu3 , Pan Zhou1 , Neil Zhenqiang Gong4 Lichao Sun5
1 Huazhong University of Science and Technology 2 Universiti Malaya
3 Wuhan University of Technology 4 Duke University 5 Lehigh University
{d202480819,tgy,lostgreen,m202472185,m202472245,panzhou}@[Link]
wd19991115@[Link],chudf@[Link],lis221@[Link],[Link]@[Link]
arXiv:2503.11074v2 [[Link]] 27 May 2025

Abstract

The rise of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) signifies a paradigm shift

toward advanced computational reasoning. Yet, this progress disrupts
traditional agent frameworks, traditionally anchored by execution-oriented
Large Language Models (LLMs). To explore this transformation, we pro-
pose the LaRMA framework, encompassing nine tasks across Tool Usage,
Plan Design, and Problem Solving, assessed with three top LLMs (e.g.,
Claude3.5-sonnet) and five leading LRMs (e.g., DeepSeek-R1). Our find-
ings address four research questions: LRMs surpass LLMs in reasoning-
intensive tasks like Plan Design, leveraging iterative reflection for superior
outcomes; LLMs excel in execution-driven tasks such as Tool Usage, priori-
tizing efficiency; hybrid LLM-LRM configurations, pairing LLMs as actors
with LRMs as reflectors, optimize agent performance by blending execution
speed with reasoning depth; and LRMs’ enhanced reasoning incurs higher
computational costs, prolonged processing, and behavioral challenges,
including overthinking and fact-ignoring tendencies. This study fosters
deeper inquiry into LRMs’ balance of deep thinking and overthinking,
laying a critical foundation for future agent design advancements.

Llama3.1-70B 36.0 AVG: 262.85

Tool Capability Gpt-4o 22.59
Plan Claude3.5-sonnet 49.26
Generation
Tool Deepseek-R1 299.24
Selection Claude3.7-sonnet 123.53
Gemini-2.0-Flash 107.29
Plan 100 QWQ-32B-Preview 1097.16
Execution 60
80
40 GLM-zero 367.76
20
Tool 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Awareness Efficiency Value
AVG: 2506355.50
Llama3.1-70B 2076478
Re-planning Gpt-4o 1159254
Claude3.5-sonnet 1746491
Knowledge Deepseek-R1 1665109
QA Claude3.7-sonnet 1818160
Real-world Gemini-2.0-Flash 1935789
Web Shopping QWQ-32B-Preview 6355758
GLM-zero 3293805
LLaMA3.1-70B DeepSeek-R1 QWQ-32B-Preview
GPT-4o Claude3.7-sonnet GLM-zero 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Claude3.5-sonnet Gemini-2.0-Flash Token Count 1e6

Figure 1: Overall Performance in the ReAct Paradigm. a) Performance across tasks and
models; b) Efficiency and cost comparisons.

∗ The authors contributed equally to this work and therefore are considered as co-first-authors.

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1 Introduction

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents signify a pivotal shift in artificial intelligence,
harnessing the advanced linguistic and cognitive prowess of LLMs to enable autonomous
decision-making and task execution across diverse environments (Yu et al., 2024; Li et al.,
2024c; 2023b; Yang et al., 2023). Evolving from traditional rule-based and reinforcement
learning frameworks, these agents leverage breakthroughs in natural language process-
ing—embodied in models like GPT-4 (Achiam et al., 2023) and LLaMA (Grattafiori et al.,
2024)—to excel in contextual understanding (Chen et al., 2023), human-like response genera-
tion (Li et al., 2023b), and interaction with complex systems (Xing et al., 2024; Xu et al., 2024;
Xie et al., 2024). Their strengths, including adaptability to unstructured data, multi-step
reasoning, and integration of external tools or knowledge (Yuan et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024a;
Schick et al., 2023; Aksitov et al., 2024; Guan et al., 2024), have propelled their use in do-
mains such as automated customer support, scientific discovery, and interactive simulations,
heralding a new era of language-driven autonomy.
Despite these advantages, these LLM-based agent paradigms encounter notable challenges
that demand exploration. Their dependence on extensive reasoning often incurs significant
computational overhead (Ma et al., 2023; Gandhi et al., 2024), diminishes efficiency in
time-critical contexts (Li et al., 2024e; Zhang et al., 2024), and heightens risks of errors
like hallucination when internal knowledge is overstretched (Li et al., 2024b; Huang et al.,
2025; Chakraborty et al., 2025). As LLMs advance (Bansal et al., 2024; Yin et al., 2024) and
Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) emerge—such as those from OpenAI (OpenAI, 2024b),
DeepSeek (DeepSeek-AI, 2025a), and Qwen (Qwen, 2024)—these issues intensify, raising
questions about the suitability of traditional agent frameworks. This prompts a central
inquiry: Do established LLM agent paradigms face disruption with the advent of LRMs?
This study thus embarks on an exploratory investigation into the necessity of reasoning
capabilities within LLM-based agent scenarios, aiming to uncover their contributions to
performance and delineate the conditions under which they prove essential or superfluous.
To pursue this investigation systematically, we introduce L A RMA, an exploratory frame-
work designed to probe the role of reasoning in LLM-based agents through a multidi-
mensional analysis of tasks and paradigms. LaRMA unfolds in three phases: 1) Task
Segmentation for Agent Capabilities, dissecting tasks into dimensions like tool usage, plan
design, and problem-solving to explore reasoning demands; 2) Selection for Generic Agent
Paradigms, investigating the ReAct and Reflexion paradigms to reveal reasoning’s effects in
interactive and reflective settings; and 3) Performance Assessment with Different LLMs
and LRMs, analyzing a range of models with metrics such as accuracy, efficiency, and cost
to illuminate reasoning’s practical impact.
Experimental Overview. Figure 1 encapsulates our experimental findings, offering a dual
perspective on performance and resource dynamics under the ReAct paradigm. Part (a)
illustrates task-specific performance across models, highlighting that LRMs like Claude3.7-
sonnet and DeepSeek-R1 consistently lead in reasoning-intensive tasks such as Plan Design
and Problem Solving, yet all LLMs and LRMs encounter difficulties in Tool Selection and
Knowledge QA, where accuracies dip due to execution complexity and knowledge gaps.
Part (b) delves into efficiency and cost comparisons, revealing that LLMs generally exhibit
lower efficiency than LRMs, with higher execution times reflecting their reliance on iterative
processing; token consumption remains relatively uniform across most models, except for
QWQ-32B-Preview, which stands out for its poor performance in both efficiency and cost,
likely due to architectural inefficiencies. These preliminary insights underscore the nuanced
interplay between reasoning capacity, task demands, and computational trade-offs, setting
the stage for a deeper investigation into LRM-driven agent design.
Contributions. This study delivers three key contributions:

• Exploratory Analysis of LRMs in Agent Scenarios. The LaRMA framework offers

a structured approach to probe reasoning’s role in LLM-based agents, linking
performance to architecture and revealing its impact across diverse tasks, surpassing
traditional studies.

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 • Four Research Questions and Insights. We address four critical questions, uncover-
ing LLMs’ and LRMs’ strengths, limitations, and novel phenomena like overthink-
ing, enhancing the theoretical foundation of agent design.
• Practical Implications. Our findings guide the deployment of reasoning-enhanced
agents, balancing LRMs’ deep thinking with LLMs’ efficiency, and propose hybrid
architectures for adaptive, real-world systems.

2 Method

L A RMA is an exploratory study delving into the role of reasoning capabilities in Large
Reasoning Models (LRMs) within agent-based scenarios, aiming to reveal their impact
on performance across diverse task types and paradigms. As depicted in Figure 2, this
investigation unfolds through three key phases: Task Segmentation for Agent Capabilities,
which dissects agent tasks into distinct dimensions to probe reasoning demands in tool
usage, plan design, and problem-solving; Selection for Generic Agent Paradigms, which
explores the ReAct and Reflexion paradigms to uncover how reasoning influences interactive
and reflective task outcomes; and Performance Assessment with Different LLMs and
LRMs, which examines a variety of LLMs and LRMs to elucidate reasoning’s practical
significance using multidimensional metrics. These phases collectively form a cohesive
framework to explore the contributions and constraints of reasoning in agent systems.

Tool Usage Model Evaluation

An Exploration of LRM in Agent.
➢ Tool Awareness
➢ Tool Selection ReAct
➢ Tool Capability LLM LRM
( a , o ,...)
1 1 at
Plan Design ot Performance Evaluation
Tra. Agent Env.
➢ Plan Generation ➢ Task Pass Rate
➢ Plan Execution Tra. Exp. ➢ Efficiency
Reflexion
➢ Plan Re-plan ➢ Token Cost
rsca. rver.
Problem Solving Reasoning Evaluation
➢ Real-World Eval. Ref. Exp. ➢ Cot or Reasoning
➢ Web Shopping ➢ Thought Quality
➢ Knowledge QA b) Agent Paradigm ➢ Thought Length

a) Task Segmentation c) Evaluation Dimension

Figure 2: Overview of the LaRMA Investigation Process. The study advances through: 1)
Task Segmentation for Agent Capabilities; 2) Selection for Generic Agent Paradigms; 3)
Comprehensive Evaluation with Different LLMs and LRMs. Where, a and o represent action
and observation respectively. rsca. and rver. represent scalar rewards given by the evaluator
and verbal rewards given by the reflector respectively.

2.1 Step1: Task segmentation for Agent Capabilities

To explore the role of reasoning in agent performance, we categorize tasks into three primary
domains, each subdivided into specific sub-tasks to systematically investigate reasoning
demands. Tool Usage (Li et al., 2023a) encompasses: 1) Tool Awareness, assessing whether
models can proactively recognize the need for external tools when internal knowledge
proves insufficient, avoiding over-reliance on potentially flawed parametric knowledge
that may lead to hallucinations; 2) Tool Selection, testing the ability to accurately identify
and select the most suitable tool from a set of options when external assistance is required;
and 3) Tool Capability, examining if models can not only choose the correct tool but also
generate precise parameters for its effective execution. Plan Design (Valmeekam et al., 2023)

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includes: 1) Plan Generation, exploring the production of logically coherent and executable
action sequences based on objectives and constraints; 2) Plan Execution, analyzing inference
of state transitions post-execution; and 3) Re-plan, investigating dynamic plan adjustments
in response to unforeseen events. Problem Solving (Shridhar et al., 2021; Yao et al., 2023a;
Yang et al., 2018) comprises: 1) Real-World, tackling tasks in simulated environments; 2) Web
Shopping, focusing on product selection per user instructions; and 3) Knowledge QA, probing
complex question answering through retrieval and reasoning.

2.2 Step2: Selection for Generic Agent Paradigms

In this phase, we investigate reasoning’s influence by selecting two predominant paradigms

to examine its role across distinct interaction and reflection modes within agent scenar-
ios. ReAct (Yao et al., 2023b) enables problem-solving through real-time environmental
engagement, prompting models to interleave task-related verbal reasoning traces with
specific actions, fostering dynamic reasoning to create, maintain, and adjust high-level
action plans while receiving immediate feedback from the environment. Formalized as a
Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) (Lauri et al., 2023), this process re-
quires iterative strategy refinement via multi-step interactions, testing a model’s capacity to
integrate reasoning with decision-making under uncertainty. In contrast, Reflexion (Shinn
et al., 2023) leverages linguistic reflection to enhance performance, transforming binary
or scalar feedback into detailed textual critiques that guide subsequent attempts, offering
explicit directives for improvement. This approach demands robust self-evaluation and
reflective reasoning to produce meaningful adjustments, iteratively boosting task outcomes
through semantic guidance. Together, these paradigms provide complementary frameworks
to explore how reasoning shapes agent behavior in interactive versus reflective contexts,
revealing its adaptability across operational demands.

2.3 Step3: Performance Assessment with different LLMs and LRMs

This step explores reasoning’s practical implications by analyzing LLMs and LRMs across
the identified tasks and paradigms, using a multidimensional approach to assess its impact
on agent efficacy. Integrating ReAct’s real-time interactive dynamics with Reflexion’s
iterative reflective process, we examine performance variations in Tool Usage, Plan Design,
and Problem Solving, seeking to understand reasoning’s contribution to success. Our
evaluation splits into two facets: Performance Evaluation, including 1) Task Pass Rate,
measuring the correctness of task completion; 2) Efficiency, tracking execution time or
interaction steps required; and 3) Cost, assessing computational resource consumption like
memory or power; and Reasoning Evaluation, comprising 1) Chain-of-Thought (CoT) or
Reasoning, analyzing the presence and effectiveness of reasoning traces; 2) Thought Quality,
evaluating the coherence and relevance of reasoning outputs; and 3) Thought Length, gauging
the extent of reasoning steps produced. This dual analysis illuminates reasoning’s benefits,
limitations, and trade-offs in agent performance across diverse scenarios.

2.4 Research Questions

[RQ1] How do the performance outcomes of LRM and LLM compare under the ReAct
and Reflection paradigms of agent design?
[RQ2] What is the impact of employing LRM on the efficiency and cost of agents across
different task types?
[RQ3] Does the combination of LLM as an execution component and LRM as a reflection
component yield optimal performance in agent systems?
[RQ4] Is the reasoning process inherent to LRM a necessary component for effective
agent functionality?

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3 Experiment Setting

3.1 LLMs

To explore the role of reasoning in agent capabilities within the LaRMA framework, we
investigate both LLMs and LRMs through a comparative lens, selecting representative
models to uncover their strengths and limitations across diverse tasks and paradigms.
Large Language Models. We choose LLMs based on their prominence and proficiency
in natural language tasks, aiming to establish a baseline for general-purpose capabilities.
This includes the open-source LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct1 (Meta, 2024) and closed-source
models GPT-4o (gpt-4o-2024-11-20 (OpenAI, 2024a)) and Claude3.5-Sonnet (claude-3-5-
sonnet-20240620 (Ahtropic, 2024)), reflecting a broad spectrum of architectural and training
approaches in state-of-the-art language modeling.
Large Reasoning Models. LRMs, optimized for multi-step reasoning with intermedi-
ate "thinking" traces, offer a distinct focus on logical deduction, yet their performance in
agent-specific contexts—such as interactive planning and decision-making—remains under-
explored. We examine a curated set of LRMs: DeepSeek-R1 (DeepSeek-AI, 2025a), Claude3.7-
Sonnet (claude-3-7-sonnet-20250219-thinking (Ahtropic, 2025)), Gemini-2.0-Flash2 (gemini-
2.0-flash-thinking-exp-01-21 (DeepMind, 2025)), QWQ-32B-Preview (Qwen, 2024), and
GLM-Zero (glm-zero-preview (THUDM, 2024)), selected to probe reasoning’s impact in
agent scenarios.

3.2 Datasets

To investigate the reasoning capabilities of LLMs and LRMs in agent contexts, we utilize a
diverse array of established datasets: METATOOL (Huang et al., 2024b), API-Bank (Li et al.,
2023a), PlanBench (Valmeekam et al., 2023), ALFWorld (Shridhar et al., 2021), Web Shop (Yao
et al., 2023a), and HotpotQA (Yang et al., 2018). These span tool usage, plan design, and
problem-solving domains, offering a rich foundation for comparative exploration. Unlike
prior sections, we exclude the custom "Test data (Ours)" to focus solely on established
datasets, with detailed metrics and dimensions outlined in Table 1.

Table 1: Summary of Datasets Used in the Experiments. This table details size, domain,
evaluation dimensions, and metrics for assessing LLMs and LRMs in agent scenarios.
Dataset Information Evaluation Method
Dataset
Size Domain Dimension Metric
METATOOL 110 Tool Usage Awareness & Selection Accuracy
API-Bank 55 Tool Usage Capabilities Accuracy
PlanBench 165 Plan Design Generation & Execution & Re-plan Accuracy
ALFWorld 55 Problem Solving Real-World Accuracy
Web Shop 55 Problem Solving Web Shopping Accuracy
HotpotQA 55 Problem Solving Knowledge QA Accuracy
Test data (Ours) 495 Agentic Task Overall Accuracy & Efficiency & Cost

3.3 Metric

To quantify the effectiveness of LLMs and LRMs across the specified tasks and paradigms,
we employ a suite of rigorously defined evaluation metrics that capture distinct facets
of agent performance. These metrics are formalized as follows to ensure precise and
reproducible measurements.
Accuracy. Accuracy measures the correctness of task outcomes, reflecting the agent’s ability
to achieve successful completions or generate correct responses. It is defined as: Accuracy =
1 LLaMA3.1-70B is used later to denote LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct.
2 Gemini-2.0 is used later to denote Gemini-2.0-Flash.

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1
N ∑iN=1 1(r = 1), where N is the number of samples, r is the task completion score, and
r = 1 indicates success, and 1(·) serves as an indicator function.
Efficiency. Efficiency quantifies the temporal or procedural efficiency of task execution, cap-
turing the speed or resourcefulness of the agent’s decision-making process. It is computed
as: E f f iciency = N1 ∑iN=1 Ti , where Ti is the time spent to complete the ith task.
Cost. Cost assesses the computational resource demands of the agent, providing insight into
the token cost of deploying LRMs. It is expressed as: Cost = N1 ∑iN=1 ti , where ti represents
the number of tokens consumed to complete the ith task.

4 Empirical Results and Analysis

4.1 Results for Performance Outcomes

Table 2 illuminates the performance outcomes of various LLMs and LRMs under the ReAct
paradigm, which emphasizes real-time interaction. Spanning three core domains—Tool
Usage, Plan Design, and Problem Solving—the table quantifies performance through accu-
racy percentages, offering a window into how models navigate dynamic decision-making
contexts. The findings reveal that LRMs, such as DeepSeek-R1 and Claude3.7-sonnet, consis-
tently achieve accuracies exceeding 90% in Plan Design tasks, significantly outpacing LLMs.
This standout performance underscores their adeptness at strategic planning and adaptive
reasoning, crucial for tackling intricate, multi-step challenges. In contrast, LLMs like GPT-4o
and Claude3.5-sonnet demonstrate strong capabilities in Tool Usage tasks, likely due to
the lower reasoning demands of these activities, which lean heavily on straightforward
execution and capitalize on the models’ robust instruction-following strengths. Intriguingly,
DeepSeek-R1 and Gemini-2.0-Flash exhibit unexpectedly poor results in Tool Usage, with
accuracies dipping as low as 16.22%. A deeper dive into their outputs suggests this arises
from a tendency to produce fabricated data when real-time results are unavailable, a side ef-
fect of their potent simulation abilities that undermines accuracy in this setting. Meanwhile,
models like QWQ-32B-Preview and GLM-zero reveal markedly lower accuracies in Plan
Design and Problem Solving, highlighting architectural constraints in maintaining reasoning
across complex tasks.

Table 2: Performance Outcomes of LLMs and LRMs evaluated under ReAct paradigm.
The columns represent: Tool Usage (Awa. for Awareness, Sel. for Selection, Cap. for
Capabilities), Plan Design (Gen. for Generation, Exe. for Execution, Rep. for Re-plan), and
Problem Solving (RW. for Real-World, WS. for Web Shopping, KQA for Knowledge QA).
Performance is measured in terms of accuracy percentages across these tasks.
Tool Usage Plan Design Problem Solving
Type Model
Awa. Sel. Cap. Gen. Exe. Rep. RW. WS. KQA
LLaMA3.1-70B 78.18 60.00 86.49 20.00 15.45 41.82 83.64 70.91 27.27
LLM GPT-4o 83.64 60.00 89.19 20.00 27.27 34.55 89.09 81.82 29.09
Claude3.5-sonnet 83.64 61.82 82.88 60.00 63.64 50.91 94.55 70.91 30.91
DeepSeek-R1 80.00 61.82 16.22 93.64 81.82 81.82 83.64 78.18 43.64
Claude3.7-sonnet 78.18 60.00 86.49 90.91 96.36 63.64 89.09 76.36 30.91
LRM Gemini-2.0-Flash 76.36 65.45 16.22 60.98 54.55 45.45 78.18 76.36 30.91
QWQ-32B-Preview 76.36 60.00 27.03 19.35 5.56 18.87 5.45 14.55 0.00
GLM-zero 87.27 61.82 25.23 0.00 1.85 18.18 29.09 27.27 10.00

Table 3 sheds light on the performance outcomes of LLMs and LRMs within the Reflexion
paradigm, which centers on iterative enhancement through reflection on prior actions. The
results showcase LRMs, particularly DeepSeek-R1 and Claude3.7-sonnet, excelling in Plan
Design tasks, with accuracies surpassing 95%, a testament to their remarkable capacity to
refine strategies and rectify errors via reflective processes. In Tool Usage tasks, both LLMs
and LRMs display relatively balanced performance, hinting that these tasks hinge more on
foundational execution skills than on advanced reasoning, thus narrowing the gap between

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model types in this domain. However, models like QWQ-32B-Preview and GLM-zero
exhibit inconsistent performance, with notably lower accuracies that signal deficiencies in
their architectures for sustaining reasoning within iterative frameworks.

Table 3: Performance Outcomes of LLMs and LRMs evaluated under Reflexion paradigm.
Tool Usage Plan Design Problem Solving
Type Model
Awa. Sel. Cap. Gen. Exe. Rep. RW. WS. KQA
LLaMA3.1-70B 100.00 70.91 90.09 50.91 33.64 65.45 90.91 87.27 32.73
LLM GPT-4o 96.36 78.18 89.19 36.36 41.82 61.82 98.18 98.18 34.55
Claude3.5-sonnet 100.00 18.18 90.09 80.00 89.09 92.73 96.36 83.64 43.64
DeepSeek-R1 100.00 78.18 16.22 100.00 98.18 98.18 96.36 98.18 54.55
Claude3.7-sonnet 92.73 74.55 87.39 96.36 96.36 80.00 100.00 87.27 38.18
LRM Gemini-2.0-Flash 98.18 76.36 16.22 90.24 96.36 94.55 94.55 94.55 38.18
QWQ-32B-Preview 100.00 74.55 77.48 35.48 11.11 28.30 7.27 21.82 0.00
GLM-zero 100.00 74.55 32.43 18.18 18.52 40.00 58.18 54.55 20.00

Beyond these task-specific insights, a broader pattern unfolds from the analysis: perfor-
mance under the Reflexion paradigm, as showcased in Table 3, consistently surpasses that
observed under the ReAct paradigm in Table 2, spanning both LLMs and LRMs. This
enhancement stands out particularly for LLMs, where Reflexion’s iterative framework
significantly boosts outcomes, likely due to its alignment with their capacity to polish
responses across successive cycles. For LRMs, however, the gains appear less pronounced,
hinting at a potential overlap or interference between their intrinsic reasoning mechanisms
and Reflexion’s reflector module, which may cap further advancements. To probe this
architectural interplay further, we conducted an in-depth exploration of the Reflexion pro-
cess, scrutinizing outcomes across each reflection iteration, as illustrated in Figure 3. This
investigation reveals three critical insights: 1) LRMs (e.g., DeepSeek-R1, Gemini-2.0-Flash,
Claude3.7-sonnet) consistently outshine LLMs and underperforming LRMs like GLM-zero
and QWQ-32B-Preview across most tasks, showcasing their refined reasoning suited to com-
plex problem-solving; 2) LRMs exhibit swift convergence, typically achieving near-optimal
performance within one to two early reflection cycles with little subsequent improvement,
whereas LLMs often require four to five cycles to reach peak accuracy, pointing to divergent
optimization trajectories; 3) performance varies by dataset type, with LRMs excelling on
structured datasets like PlanBench due to their skill in logical sequencing, while LLMs
capitalize on their robust language comprehension to perform strongly on unstructured
datasets like WebShop. These observations underscore the nuanced interplay among model
architecture, paradigm design, and task characteristics, offering illuminating perspectives
for enhancing reasoning strategies in agent-based systems.

[RQ1] How do the performance outcomes of LRM and LLM compare under the ReAct
and Reflection paradigms of Agent design?
Response: LRMs generally surpass LLMs in both paradigms, excelling in reasoning-
heavy tasks like Plan Design, while LLMs hold an edge in execution-focused Tool
Usage. Reflexion boosts performance more than ReAct, with LRMs converging faster
and LLMs benefiting from prolonged iteration, reflecting distinct reasoning strengths.

4.2 Results for Efficiency and Cost

While LRMs typically surpass LLMs in accuracy across a range of tasks, our exploration un-
covers a significant trade-off: LRMs often entail greater computational costs and prolonged
processing times due to their deep reasoning mechanisms. To investigate this dynamic
systematically, we assessed efficiency and cost metrics—namely token consumption and
execution time—across three datasets. Figure 4 displays kernel density estimation plots that
reveal the probability distributions of token usage and time expenditure for both LLMs and
LRMs across these domains. The findings show that LRMs consistently produce elevated
token counts, particularly in Plan Design tasks, where their multi-step reasoning yields

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 (a) Tool Awareness (b) Tool Selection (c) Tool Capability
CL3.5 CL3.5 CL3.5
DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o
100 80 100
70 80 90 60
70
25 50 75
CL3.7 60 L3.1-70B CL3.7 50 L3.1-70B CL3.7 0 L3.1-70B

Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero

QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview
(d) Plan Generation (e) Plan Execution (f) Plan Re-plan
CL3.5 CL3.5 CL3.5
DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o
100 100 100
25 50 75 25 50 75 25 50 75
CL3.7 0 L3.1-70B CL3.7 0 L3.1-70B CL3.7 0 L3.1-70B

Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero

QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview
(g) Real-World (h) Web Shopping (i) Knowledge QA
CL3.5 CL3.5 CL3.5
DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o DS-R1 GPT-4o

50 75 100 50 75 100 30 4050

60
0 25 0 25 0 1020
CL3.7 L3.1-70B CL3.7 L3.1-70B CL3.7 L3.1-70B

Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero Gemini-2.0 GLM-zero

QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview QWQ-32B-Preview
ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 3: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations. This figure illustrates the accuracy
progression under the Reflexion paradigm across 5 rounds. Models are denoted as fol-
lows: LLaMA3.1-70B (L3.1-70B), GPT-4o, Claude3.5-sonnet (CL3.5), DeepSeek-R1 (DS-R1),
Claude3.7-sonnet (CL3.7), Gemini-2.0-Flash (Gemini-2.0), QWQ-32B-Preview (QWQ-32B)
and GLM-zero.

denser intermediate outputs, with median token usage notably higher than that of LLMs.
Similarly, execution times for LRMs extend considerably in Problem Solving tasks, averaging
longer than LLMs, a consequence of the computational load from iterative reasoning traces.
By contrast, Tool Usage tasks exhibit more comparable token distributions between the two
model types, likely reflecting their dependence on execution rather than extensive reasoning.
Intriguingly, LRMs such as DeepSeek-R1 demonstrate swift convergence in accuracy, yet
this comes at the price of increased resource demands, whereas LLMs like GPT-4o preserve
efficiency in simpler tasks. These observations highlight a delicate balance between per-
formance enhancements and resource costs in agent scenarios, suggesting that deploying
LRMs requires thoughtful consideration in contexts limited by resources or time.

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 1e 3 Plan Design 1e 3 Tool Usage 1e 5 Problem Solving
2.0 LLM
2 2
1.5 LRM
Density
1 1.0 1
0.5
0 0.0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000 0 100000 200000
Tokens Tokens Tokens
Plan Design Tool Usage Problem Solving
0.04 LLM
0.2 0.2 LRM
Density

0.1 0.1 0.02

0.0 0.0 0.00

0 50 100 0 20 40 0 200 400 600 800
Time Time Time

Figure 4: Probability Distributions of Token Usage and Execution Time for LLMs and LRMs
Across Three Task Domains.

[RQ2] What is the impact of employing LRM on the efficiency and cost of Agents across
different task types?
Response: Employing LRMs boosts accuracy but increases token consumption and
execution time, especially in reasoning-intensive tasks like Plan Design and Problem
Solving, compared to LLMs, which excel in efficiency for execution-driven tasks such
as Tool Usage. This trade-off calls for strategic deployment tailored to task complexity
and resource availability.

4.3 Thinking Exploration in ReAct: Act-think vs. Act-only

To explore the significance of the "think" Table 4: Performance Comparison of Act-

component within the ReAct framework, think and Act-only Modes in the ReAct
which intertwines reasoning traces with Paradigm. Accuracy percentages for LLMs
actions, we explored two distinct modes: and LRMs are shown, with changes from
the original Act-think mode, as delineated Act-think to Act-only in parentheses (blue
by Yao et al. (2023b), and an Act-only mode, for gains, orange for losses).
where reasoning is bypassed in favor of di- Task Type Model Act-think Act-only
rect action execution. This investigation un- LLaMA3.1-70B 83.64 76.36 (-7.28)
folded across Problem Solving datasets (i.e., LLM
Claude3.5-sonnet 94.55 83.64 (-10.91)
Real-World (RW.), Web Shopping (WS.), and RW.
DeepSeek-R1 83.64 80.00 (-3.64)
LRM
Knowledge QA (KQA)), to uncover reason- Claude3.7-sonnet 89.09 94.55 (+5.46)
ing’s influence across varied task landscapes.
LLaMA3.1-70B 70.91 78.18 (+7.27)
The outcomes, detailed in Table 4, illuminate LLM
Claude3.5-sonnet 70.91 87.27 (+16.36)
three key patterns: 1) In RW. tasks, which de- WS.
DeepSeek-R1 78.18 70.91 (-7.27)
mand extensive reasoning for subgoal plan- LRM
Claude3.7-sonnet 76.36 89.09 (+12.73)
ning and state tracking, omitting the "think"
module significantly weakens LLM perfor- LLM
LLaMA3.1-70B 27.27 30.91 (+3.64)
mance, while LRMs often hold steady or KQA
Claude3.5-sonnet 30.91 32.73 (+1.82)
even improve slightly, suggesting LLMs de- LRM
DeepSeek-R1 43.64 40 (-3.64)
pend heavily on explicit reasoning for intri- Claude3.7-sonnet 30.91 43.64 (+12.73)
cate navigation, whereas LRMs draw on in-
nate reasoning strengths; 2) For WS. tasks,
marked by structured, execution-oriented decisions, the Act-only mode boosts performance
across both LLMs and LRMs, likely due to reduced computational overhead and a dimin-

9
ished need for deliberative reasoning, favoring rapid action over reflection; 3) In KQA tasks,
results diverge, with LLMs showing modest gains and LRMs yielding mixed outcomes,
hinting that reasoning’s value hinges on task-specific demands and model architecture.
Together, these insights reveal that shifting from Act-think to Act-only enhances simpler,
execution-driven tasks, yet reasoning remains indispensable for complex scenarios, with
Claude3.7-sonnet showcasing remarkable resilience across all conditions, highlighting the
interplay between task nature and reasoning reliance.

4.4 Exploration of Zero-shot vs. Few-shot Performance

To investigate how LLMs and LRMs adapt Table 5: Performance Comparison of Few-
to differing levels of contextual guidance, shot and Zero-shot Conditions. Accuracy
we explored their performance transitions for LLMs and LRMs is shown, with changes
from a Few-shot setting, where models are from Few-shot to Zero-shot in parentheses
provided with a handful of examples, to a (blue for gains, orange for losses).
Zero-shot setting, where no prior examples Task Type Model Few-shot Zero-shot
are given. This analysis spanned Problem LLaMA3.1-70B 83.64 10.91 (-72.72)
Solving datasets to gauge robustness and LLM GPT-4o 89.09 5.45 (-83.64)
reasoning dependence under these condi- RW. Claude3.5-sonnet 94.55 60.00 (-34.55)
DeepSeek-R1 83.64 63.64 (-20.00)
tions. The results, unveiled in Table 5, high- LRM
Claude3.7-sonnet 89.09 70.91 (-18.18)
light distinct trends: 1) LLMs typically ex-
perience substantial performance drops in LLaMA3.1-70B 70.91 81.82 (+10.91)
LLM GPT-4o 81.82 67.27 (-14.55)
the Zero-shot setting, especially in RW. and WS. Claude3.5-sonnet 70.91 36.36 (-34.55)
WS. tasks, likely due to their reliance on DeepSeek-R1 78.18 69.09 (-9.09)
example-driven instruction-following skills, LRM
Claude3.7-sonnet 76.36 83.64 (+7.28)
which falter without guidance, hindering LLaMA3.1-70B 27.27 29.09 (+1.82)
effective generalization; 2) LRMs exhibit LLM GPT-4o 29.09 34.55 (+5.46)
greater resilience, showing smaller declines KQA Claude3.5-sonnet 30.91 36.36 (+5.45)
or even stability, as observed in KQA, pos- LRM
DeepSeek-R1 43.64 43.64 (0.00)
sibly because their advanced reasoning ca- Claude3.7-sonnet 30.91 29.09 (-1.82)
pabilities allow them to extrapolate from in-
ternal knowledge, lessening the need for ex-
plicit examples; 3) Both LLMs and LRMs face declines in RW. tasks, suggesting that real-
world problem-solving presents unique challenges—such as dynamic state tracking and
contextual ambiguity—that require a blend of reasoning and example-based support for
peak performance. These findings suggest that while LRMs harness reasoning to navigate
Zero-shot hurdles, task complexity and model design play pivotal roles in adaptability, with
LLMs proving more susceptible to the loss of Few-shot scaffolding.

4.5 Dilemmas Faced when LRM as Agent

100 2500
Deepthinking or Overthinking? Dur-
ing our experiments, we observed that 80 2000
Overthinking Rate (%)

LRMs like DeepSeek often exhibit pro-

Think length

longed thinking durations and excessive 60 1500

token consumption. To explore this phe-
nomenon, we introduced an "Overthink- 40 1000
ing Rate" metric (Chen et al., 2024) to dis-
cern whether LRMs engage in deep think- 20 500
ing or veer into overthinking. We tested
DeepSeek-R1 and Claude3.7 across nine 0
0 Awa. Sel. [Link]. Exe. Rep. RW. WS. KQA
tasks, with results illustrated in Figure 5.
Task Type
This investigation revealed three key in-
sights: 1) DeepSeek-R1 displays a stronger DeepSeek-R1 OR. DeepSeek-R1 TL.
tendency toward overthinking compared to
Claude3.7-sonnet OR. Claude3.7-sonnet TL.
Claude3.7, suggesting a greater propensity
for unnecessary deliberation; 2) in terms of Figure 5: Exploration of Overthinking Rates
thinking length, Claude3.7 consistently sur- for DeepSeek-R1 and Claude3.7-sonnet.

10
passes DeepSeek-R1 across all tasks except the two Tool Usage subtasks (Awareness and
Selection), indicating differing reasoning depths; 3) DeepSeek-R1 most frequently over-
thinks in the Web Shopping task, yet it achieves genuine deep thinking in Tool Selection,
highlighting task-specific variations in reasoning efficiency. These findings invite further
reflection on balancing reasoning depth with computational practicality in agent design.
We show some examples about Deepthinking and Overthinking in Appendix C.2.
Ignoring Facts. Our investigation reveals a striking tendency in LRMs when deployed as
agents: they often become deeply engrossed in their internal reasoning processes, sidelining
the critical need to engage with the external environment (Cuadron et al., 2025). Typically,
an agent’s interaction with its surroundings is formalized as a Partially Observable Markov
Decision Process (POMDP) (Kumar et al., 2025), where, at each time step t, the agent derives
its current action from the historical trajectory and secures real observations through direct
environmental interaction. Yet, LRMs frequently diverge from this model, opting instead to
generate action sequences for both the present and future steps while internally simulating
corresponding observations, bypassing the acquisition of authentic environmental facts.
This pattern of behavior not only undermines the precision of decision-making but also
amplifies the detrimental effects of LRM hallucinations, raising profound questions about
their reliability in dynamic, real-world agent contexts. We show some examples of Ignoring
Facts in Appendix D.

4.6 Combination of LLM and LRM

Insights from Tables 2 and 3 suggest that LRMs excel in tasks demanding intricate reasoning,
such as Plan Design and Problem Solving, while LLMs shine in simpler, execution-focused
tasks like Tool Usage. This contrast echoes the actor-reflector dynamic within the Reflexion
paradigm, where the actor carries out actions and the reflector hones strategies through
iterative reasoning. To explore how best to harness these complementary strengths, we
conducted experiments pairing LLMs as actors with both LLMs and LRMs as reflectors.
The outcomes, detailed in Tables 6 and 7, focus on three Plan Design subtasks—Generation,
Execution, and Re-plan—tested across combinations of LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct, GPT-4o,
and Claude3.5-sonnet as actors, alongside these same models or LRMs as reflectors. Our
findings reveal that configurations with an LLM (e.g., Claude3.5-sonnet) as the actor and
an LRM (e.g., DeepSeek-R1 or Claude3.7-sonnet) as the reflector consistently achieve the
highest accuracies, reaching standout peaks like 98.18% in Execution and 96.36% in Re-
plan with Claude3.7-sonnet as the reflector. This synergy aligns with expectations: LLMs
adeptly manage initial task execution, while LRMs elevate performance through their
advanced reasoning during reflection. Pairings of LLMs with LLM reflectors, though
competitive, generally trail LRM-reflector setups, particularly in reasoning-heavy subtasks
like Re-plan, where accuracies dip to 60–70%. These results underscore the complementary
interplay between LLMs and LRMs, pointing to a hybrid approach as a promising avenue
for optimizing agent performance in Reflexion-based systems. We show more details about
this experiment in Appendix E.

Table 6: Performance Outcomes of LLM-LRM Combinations in Plan Design Subtasks. Mod-

els are denoted as follows: LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruction (L3.1-70B), GPT-4o and Claude3.5-
sonnet (CL3.5).
Generation Execution Re-plan
Type Model
L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5 L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5 L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5
LLaMA3.1-70B 50.91 30.91 85.45 33.64 47.27 83.64 65.45 60.00 94.55
LLM GPT-4o 60.00 36.36 89.09 23.64 41.82 93.10 61.82 61.82 94.55
Claude3.5-sonnet 69.09 29.09 80.00 41.82 54.55 89.09 70.91 70.91 92.73
DeepSeek-R1 78.18 34.55 90.91 54.55 68.63 94.55 80.00 72.73 96.36
LRM Claude3.7-sonnet 54.55 30.91 83.64 43.64 58.18 98.18 65.45 65.45 96.36
Gemini-2.0-Flash 56.36 25.45 83.64 30.91 54.55 96.36 61.82 69.09 92.86

11
 Table 7: Performance Outcomes of LLM-LRM Combinations in Tool Usage Subtasks.
Awareness Selection Capability
Type Model
L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5 L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5 L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5
LLaMA3.1-70B 100.00 98.18 94.55 70.91 70.91 70.91 90.09 90.09 89.19
LLM GPT-4o 98.18 96.36 96.36 78.18 78.18 76.36 90.09 89.19 89.19
Claude3.5-sonnet 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 78.18 78.18 90.09 89.19 90.09
DeepSeek-R1 100.00 100.00 98.18 78.18 76.36 76.36 90.09 89.19 90.99
LRM Claude3.7-sonnet 100.00 90.91 100.00 76.36 76.36 76.36 90.09 88.29 88.29
Gemini-2.0-Flash 98.18 100.00 100.00 78.18 76.36 76.36 90.09 88.29 89.19

[RQ3] Does the combination of LLM as an execution component and LRM as a reflection
component yield optimal performance in Agent systems?
Response: Combining LLMs as actors with LRMs as reflectors in the Reflexion
paradigm optimizes performance, surpassing LLM-only setups by leveraging LLMs’
execution efficiency and LRMs’ reasoning strength, particularly enhancing effectiveness
in complex, reasoning-intensive tasks.

[RQ4] Is the reasoning process inherent to LRM a necessary component for effective
Agent functionality?
Response: The inherent reasoning process of LRMs is vital for effective agent func-
tionality in reasoning-demanding tasks like Plan Design, yet it proves less essential for
execution-focused tasks, indicating that its necessity varies with task complexity and
agent objectives.

5 Related Work

5.1 Existing Agent Paradigms and Applications

Recent advancements in agent decision-making frameworks (Huang et al., 2024a; Singh et al.,
2023; Xiao & Wang, 2023; Zhai et al., 2024) have sought to enhance cross-domain adaptability
and computational efficiency through a variety of innovative approaches. Foundational
models like ReAct (Yao et al., 2023b) and its offshoot Plan-and-Solve (Wang et al., 2023)
establish structured reasoning-action cycles, leveraging chain-of-thought prompting (Wei
et al., 2022; Kojima et al., 2022) to integrate deliberation with execution. Building on
these, systems such as BabyAGI and AutoGPT (Yang et al., 2023) employ recursive task
decomposition to tackle complex challenges. The Reflexion framework (Shinn et al., 2023)
introduces a pioneering verbal reinforcement learning approach (Madaan et al., 2023),
enabling agents to refine decision strategies iteratively by embedding textual feedback into
episodic memory buffers. To overcome latency bottlenecks in tool-augmented systems,
LLMCompiler (Kim et al., 2024) utilizes dynamically constructed Directed Acyclic Graphs
(DAGs) for parallel action execution, significantly boosting throughput over sequential
designs. Contemporary frameworks like MetaGPT (Hong et al., 2024) and AutoGen (Wu
et al., 2023) explore dynamic role specialization, while TDAG (Wang et al., 2025) merges
real-time task decomposition with agent generation protocols. Emerging tools such as OS-
Copilot (Wu et al., 2024) and AgentScope (Gao et al., 2024) offer modular interfaces for tool
integration. Despite their reliance on large language models’ reasoning capabilities, these
frameworks grapple with persistent challenges, including computational overhead (Ma
et al., 2023; Gandhi et al., 2024) and fragility in specific scenarios (Li et al., 2024e; Zhang
et al., 2024; Xie et al., 2024), prompting further inquiry within the LaRMA framework.

5.2 Capabilities and Limitations of LRM

A defining feature of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) is their ability to generate explicit
intermediate reasoning traces (Wei et al., 2022; Kojima et al., 2022; Tie et al., 2025), enabling

12
the decomposition of complex problems into transparent, interpretable reasoning chains that
enhance structured decision-making. Recent LRMs, including QWQ-32B-Preview (Qwen,
2024), OpenAI’s o1 and o3 series (OpenAI, 2024b), DeepSeek series (DeepSeek-AI, 2025a;b),
Gemini-2.0 (DeepMind, 2025), and Kimi-v1.5 (long/short-CoT variants) (AI, 2025), incorpo-
rate advanced deep thinking strategies to bolster this capacity. However, studies like Xu
et al. (2025) expose critical limitations: First, LRMs exhibit pronounced structural sensitivity,
struggling to generalize across subtle task variations (Mirzadeh et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024d);
Second, they falter in compositional reasoning, particularly in multi-step tasks (Huang &
Chang, 2023; Creswell et al., 2022; Zhao & Zhang, 2024; Fu et al., 2023); and their logical
robustness wanes under adversarial perturbations (Bao et al., 2025). Furthermore, research
by Chen et al. (2024) reveals that LRMs, such as o1, often overthink simple problems, expend-
ing excessive computational effort where streamlined execution suffices—a phenomenon
our study probes within agent contexts like Tool Usage. Similarly, Cuadron et al. (2025)
investigate how this overthinking disrupts the reasoning-action balance in agentic tasks,
amplifying inefficiencies and decision-making errors, which resonates with our observations
of LRMs bypassing environmental interactions. Extending these insights, our work within
the LaRMA framework provides a systematic, in-depth exploration of LRMs’ strengths and
weaknesses in agent paradigms, illuminating their performance trade-offs and behavioral
dilemmas. These findings underscore persistent gaps in LRM reasoning architectures, high-
lighting the urgent need for robust evaluation frameworks and innovative methodologies
to align reasoning depth with practical agent functionality.

6 Conclusion

This study makes significant strides in understanding the role of Large Reasoning Models
(LRMs) within agent systems, offering several key contributions. By introducing the LaRMA
framework, we provide a structured lens to explore the interplay between reasoning and
execution, illuminating the distinct strengths of LRMs and LLMs across diverse tasks. Our
investigation validates the transformative potential of hybrid LLM-LRM configurations,
demonstrating their capacity to harmonize efficiency and reasoning depth for superior agent
performance. Furthermore, by identifying critical dilemmas—such as overthinking and
fact-ignoring tendencies—this work enriches the discourse on LRM design, highlighting the
need for balanced architectures that align reasoning prowess with practical deployment.
These insights lay a robust groundwork for advancing agent-based systems, guiding future
efforts to refine computational efficiency, enhance environmental interaction, and develop
adaptive agents capable of navigating complex, real-world scenarios with precision and
reliability.

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18
A React’s Prompt and Result Example

A.1 MetaTool-Tool Awareness

React Agent Prompt. Tool Awareness’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

Tool Awareness’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: {null}

User Prompt: You are an intelligent agent, and you need to constantly be aware of your
own limitations.I will provide you with a user’s query, and you should assess, based
on your own capabilities, whether you need to use external tools to better address the
user’s query.
Typically, there are four reasons why you might need to use external tools:
[Link] issues with real-time or external data, databases or APIs
[Link] specialized inputs/outputs
[Link] domain tasks beyond LLM’s capabilities
[Link] customization, personalization and interaction

Here is the user’s query:{query}

Based on the above query, if you think it’s necessary to use external tools, please
respond with yes;otherwise, respond with no. Additionally, you should provide a brief
explanation for your [Link] are some examples:
query: "Are there any loopholes that hackers can exploit on my website?"
answer: Yes
query: "How’s the weather in London right now?"
answer: No

Now, start assessing whether you need to use external tools to better address
the user’s query based on your own capabilities. Your output should contain only two
fields: Assessment, and Reason (short), where, Assessment should be yes or no, and
Reason is the reason for your assess. You must strictly follow the following format:
Assessment: yes/no
Reason: your reason

Result Example on Tool Awareness. Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset is as

follows:
Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset

▶qustion: Q: Can you show me the latest blog posts from my WordPress website?

▶output:
Assessment: yes
Reason:This requires accessing real-time data from an external WordPress website
through its API (Reason A), and involves user-specific content (Reason D). I cannot
directly access WordPress websites or their content without proper API integration and
authentication.

A.2 MetaTool-Tool Selection

React Agent Prompt. Tool Selection’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

19
 Tool Selection’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: {null}

User Prompt: You are a helpful AI assistant. Your current task is to choose
the appropriate tool to solve the user’s query based on their question. I will provide
you with the user’s question and information about the [Link] there is a tool in the list
that is applicable to this query, please return the name of the tool (you can only choose
one tool). If there isn’t, please return ’None.’ Additionally, you will need to support
your answer with a brief explanation.

User’s Query: [query]

List of Tools with Names and Descriptions: [List of Tools with Names and De-
scriptions Start]

Now, start selecting the tool. Your output should contain only two fields: Ac-
tion, and Reason (short), where, Action is the tool name you selected, and Reason is the
reason for your tool being selected. You must strictly follow the following format:
Action: tool name
Reason: your reason

Result Example on Tool Selection. Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset

▶qustion: Q: I have a specific product description, including details about its features,
dimensions, and packaging, that I want to transform into a visually appealing and
scannable QR code.

▶output:
Action: create qr code
Reason: This tool specifically matches the user’s need to transform product description
text into a QR code. While qreator and universal also offer QR code generation, create
qr code is the most focused tool for converting text content into QR codes, making it
the most appropriate choice for this specific task.

A.3 APIBank

React Agent Prompts. APIBank’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

APIBank’s react agent prompt example

System prompt:Based on the given API description and the existing conversation
history 1.. t, please generate the API request that the AI should call in step t+1 and
output it in the format of [ApiName(key1=’value1’, key2=’value2’, ...)], replace the
ApiName with the actual API name, and replace the key and value with the actual
parameters. Your output should start with a square bracket "[" and end with a square
bracket "]". Do not output any other explanation or prompt or the result of the API call
in your output. This year is 2023.
Input: User: [User’s utterence] AI: [AI’s utterence]
Expected output: [ApiName(key1=’value1’, key2=’value2’, ...)]

api_descriptions: {api_descriptions}

Result Example on APIBank. Base’s result example on APIBank dataset is as follows:

20
 Base’s result example on APIBank dataset

▶Sample session:
User:Hi, I forgot my password. Can you help me reset it?
Assistant:Of course! Do you remember your username and email address associated
with the account?
User:Yes, my username is JohnDoe and my email is johndoe@[Link].
Assistant:Great! To reset your password, I’ll need to send you a verification code.
Please confirm if you want me to proceed.
User:Yes, please go ahead.

▶Output:[ForgotPassword(status=’Forgot Password’, username=’JohnDoe’,

email=’johndoe@[Link]’)]

A.4 PlanBench-Plan Generation

React Agent Prompts. Plan Generation’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

Plan Generation’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are the planner assistant who comes up with correct plans.

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Plan Generation. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset is as

follows:
Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty
I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked
I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that

21
 the blue block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on
top of the orange block, the blue block is on top of the red block, the orange block is on
the table and the yellow block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the red block is on
top of the blue block, the blue block is on top of the yellow block and the yellow block
is on top of the orange block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the blue block from on top of the red block. put down the blue block. unstack
the red block from on top of the orange block. put down the red block. pick up the
yellow block. stack the yellow block on top of the orange block. pick up the blue block.
stack the blue block on top of the yellow block. pick up the red block. stack the red
block on top of the blue block

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the blue block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on
top of the orange block, the blue block is on top of the red block, the orange block is on
the table and the yellow block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the red block is on
top of the orange block and the yellow block is on top of the blue block.
My plan is as follows:

▶output:unstack the blue block from on top of the red block. put down the blue block.
pick up the yellow block. stack the yellow block on top of the blue block.

A.5 PlanBench-Plan Execution Reasoning

React Agent Prompts. Plan Execution Reasoning’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

Plan Execution Reasoning’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are a helpful assistant to speculate about the state after a given
plan is implemented. Based on the current state and plan, you should give * one * state
after implementation. Give the state you predict directly, without any other description
in your response.

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Plan Execution Reasoning. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset
is as follows:
Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty
I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block

22
 I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked
I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the blue block is clear, the orange block is clear, the hand is empty, the blue block is on
top of the yellow block, the orange block is on top of the red block, the red block is on
the table and the yellow block is on the table.
I have executed the following action sequence:
unstack the orange block from on top of the red block. put down the orange block.
pick up the red block. stack the red block on top of the orange block. unstack the blue
block from on top of the yellow block.
RESULTING STATE
the red block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is currently holding blue block,
the red block is on top of the orange block, the orange block is on the table and the
yellow block is on the table

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the orange block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on
top of the blue block, the blue block is on top of the yellow block, the orange block is
on the table and the yellow block is on the table.
I have executed the following action sequence:
unstack the red block from on top of the blue block. put down the red block. pick up
the orange block. stack the orange block on top of the red block. unstack the blue block
from on top of the yellow block. put down the blue block. pick up the yellow block.
stack the yellow block on top of the orange block
RESULTING STATE

▶output:the yellow block is clear, the blue block is clear, the hand is empty, the yellow
block is on top of the orange block, the orange block is on top of the red block, the red
block is on the table and the blue block is on the table

A.6 PlanBench-Replan

React Agent Prompts. Replan’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

Replan’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are the planner assistant who comes up with correct plans. There
can only be * one * new PLAN you are asked to generate in your response, wrap it with
[PLAN] and [Plan END], Don’t include the original plan in your response.

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Replan. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset is as follows:

23
Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty
I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked
I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on top of the blue block, the
blue block is on top of the yellow block, the yellow block is on top of the orange block
and the orange block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the orange block is on top
of the red block and the yellow block is on top of the blue block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the red block from on top of the blue block. put down the red block. unstack
the blue block from on top of the yellow block. put down the blue block. unstack the
yellow block from on top of the orange block. stack the yellow block on top of the blue
block. pick up the orange block. stack the orange block on top of the red block
During execution, an unexpected event has occurred
After executing the action "pick up the orange block" at step 7 in the plan, the following
facts unexpectedly became true: the orange block is clear, the hand is empty and the
orange block is on top of the yellow block. The following facts became unexpectedly
false: the yellow block is clear and the hand is currently holding orange block.
After re-planning from the new state, the plan is as follows:
unstack the orange block from on top of the yellow block. stack the orange block on
top of the red block

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the orange block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the blue block is
on top of the red block, the yellow block is on top of the blue block, the red block is on
the table and the orange block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the blue block is
on top of the yellow block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block. put down the yellow block.

24
 unstack the blue block from on top of the red block. stack the blue block on top of the
yellow block
During execution, an unexpected event has occurred
After executing the action "unstack the blue block from on top of the red block" at step
3 in the plan, the following facts unexpectedly became true: the blue block is clear, the
hand is empty and the blue block is on top of the red block. The following facts became
unexpectedly false: the red block is clear and the hand is currently holding blue block.
After re-planning from the new state, the plan is as follows:

▶output: unstack the blue block from on top of the red block. stack the blue block on
top of the yellow block

A.7 ALFWorld

React Agent Prompts. ALFWorld’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

ALFWorld’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are an intelligent agent interacting with a simulated household
environment to solve a specific task. Your goal is to interact with the environment to
solve tasks effectively. You must choose one of the following actions: look, inventory,
go to (receptacle), open (receptacle), close (receptacle), take (object) from (receptacle),
move (object) to (receptacle), examine (something), use (object), heat (object) with
(receptacle), clean (object) with (receptacle), cool (object) with (receptacle), slice (object)
with (object)
Important Rules:
- Since put action is not supported, use *move (object) to (receptacle)* instead.
- You can’t make Observation by yourself
- Do not stay in the thinking phase more than 2 turns.
- You can only give back an action each response, whose format is either describe a
thought process starting with "think" or state a single action phrase.
- After performing an action, carefully observe the result. Use this feedback to adjust
your strategy and plan your next steps. If "Nothing happens", it means action failed.
- Before interacting with something, you need to go to it

User Prompt: Interact with a simulated household environment to solve a spe-

cific task. Below are examples of how to approach similar tasks.

Example:**put**
Observation: You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around you, you
see a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a countertop 1, a garbagecan 1,
a handtowelholder 2, a handtowelholder 1, a sinkbasin 2, a sinkbasin 1, a toilet 1, a
toiletpaperhanger 1, and a towelholder [Link] task is to: put some spraybottle on toilet.
Action: think: To solve the task, I need to find and take a sparybottle, then put it on
toilet.
Observation: OK.
Action: think: First I need to find a spraybottle. A spraybottle is more likely to appear
in cabinet (1-4), countertop (1), toilet (1), sinkbasin (1-2), garbagecan (1). I can check
one by one, starting with cabinet 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to cabinet 1
Observation: On the cabinet 1, you see a cloth 1, a soapbar 1, a soapbottle 1.
Action: go to cabinet 2
Observation: The cabinet 2 is closed.
Action: open cabinet 2

25
 Observation: You open the cabinet 2. The cabinet 2 is open. In it, you see a candle 1,
and a spraybottle 2.
Action: think: Now I find a spraybottle (2). Next, I need to take it.
Action: take spraybottle 2 from cabinet 2
Observation: You pick up the spraybottle 2 from the cabinet 2.
Action:think: Now I take a spraybottle (2). Next, I need to put it in/on toilet 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to toilet 1
Observation: On the toilet 1, you see a soapbottle 2.
Action: put spraybottle 2 in/on toilet 1
Observation: You put the spraybottle 2 in/on the toilet 1.

Remember: You can only give back an action each response, whose format is
either describe a thought process starting with "think" or state a single action phrase.
For example, "open the drawer" is a valid action phrase. No other text should be
included in the response. You can only hold 1 thing in [Link] is your task:

Result Example on ALFWorld. Base’s result example on ALFWorld dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on ALFWorld dataset

▶qustion: pick_cool_then_place_in_recep-Lettuce-None-CounterTop-10
▶output:
Observation:You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around you, you see a
cabinet 6, a cabinet 5, a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a coffeemachine 1,
a countertop 3, a countertop 2, a countertop 1, a drawer 3, a drawer 2, a drawer 1, a
fridge 1, a garbagecan 1, a microwave 1, a shelf 3, a shelf 2, a shelf 1, a sinkbasin 1, a
stoveburner 4, a stoveburner 3, a stoveburner 2, a stoveburner 1, and a toaster 1. Your
task is to: put a cool lettuce in countertop.
Action: think: To solve the task, I need to find and take a lettuce, then cool it with
fridge, then put it in countertop.
Observation: OK.
Action: think: First I need to find a lettuce. A lettuce is more likely to appear in
countertop (1-3), fridge (1). I can check one by one, starting with countertop 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to countertop 1
Observation: You arrive at countertop 1. On the countertop 1, you see a apple 1, a
cellphone 1, a cup 2, a glassbottle 2, a lettuce 1, and a spatula 1.
Action: take lettuce 1 from countertop 1
Observation: You pick up the lettuce 1 from the countertop 1.
Action: think: Now I have the lettuce. Next, I need to go to the fridge and cool it.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to fridge 1
Observation: You arrive at fridge 1. The fridge 1 is closed.
Action: cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1
Observation: You cool the lettuce 1 using the fridge 1.
Action: think: Now I have a cooled lettuce. Next, I need to put it back in/on a
countertop. I can use countertop 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to countertop 1
Observation: You arrive at countertop 1. On the countertop 1, you see a apple 1, a
cellphone 1, a cup 2, a glassbottle 2, and a spatula 1.
Action: move lettuce 1 to countertop 1
Observation: You move the lettuce 1 to the countertop 1.

26
A.8 Webshop

React Agent Prompts. Webshop’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

Webshop’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt:You are an assistant skilled in navigating an online webshop to help

users find and purchase products based on their specific requirements. You need to
interact with the webshop to complete a task. In each step, you should provide the next
action based on the current user request and interaction history
You must choose one of the following actions:
- **search[Query]**: Search for products that match the query.
- **click[target]**: Interact with the webshop to find and purchase prod-
[Link] are buttons wrapped with [].
- **think[content]**: Plan for next steps
Rules:
1. **One Action Per Step**: In each step, you can only perform one [Link]
example, if you do ’think[...]’,you can not choose other actions this term.
2. **Do not answer other words**: You must choose one of the actions and adjust
the content in ’[]’, do not add other [Link] example, an expected answer
should bt like ’think[...]’,’click[...]’
3. You need to click[Back to Search] before search again.
4. Do not always go next page, try changing the search keywords
5. Before click [Buy now], you need to choose the type you want, like click[...] to
choose color, size...
6. You don’t need to check the description or attributes.

User Prompt:
Instruction:
i would like a 3 ounce bottle of bright citrus deodorant for sensitive skin, and price
lower than 50.00 dollars

[Search]
Action: search[3 ounce bright citrus deodorant sensitive skin]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 1 (Total results: 50) [Next >]
[B078GWRC1J] Bright Citrus Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for Sensi-
tive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce $10.99
[B078GTKVXY] Ginger Fresh Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for Sensi-
tive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce $10.99
[B08KBVJ4XN] Barrel and Oak - Aluminum-Free Deodorant, Deodorant for Men,
Essential Oil-Based Scent, 24-Hour Odor Protection, Cedar & Patchouli Blend, Gentle
on Sensitive Skin (Mountain Sage, 2.7 oz, 2-Pack) $15.95
Action: think [B078GWRC1J] and [B078GTKVXY] are bright citrus deodorant less then
50 dollars. I can check B078GWRC1J first.
Observation: OK.
Action: click[B078GWRC1J]
Observation: [Back to Search] [< Prev] scent [assorted scents][bright citrus][calming
lavender][ginger fresh][simply non-scents]size [travel set (4-pack)][3 ounce (pack of
1)][3-ounce (2-pack)]Bright Citrus Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for
Sensitive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce
Price: $10.99 Rating: N.A. [Description] [Features] [Reviews] [Buy Now]
Action: think[For 3 ounce bottle of bright citrus deodorant for sensitive skin, the item
has options ’bright citrus’ and ’3 ounce (pack of 1)’ and seems good to buy.]
Observation: OK.
Action: click[bright citrus]
Observation: You have clicked bright citrus.
Action: click[3 ounce (pack of 1)]

27
 Observation: You have clicked 3 ounce (pack of 1).
Action: click[Buy Now] Task finished

Remember: In each step, you can only perform one [Link] example, if you
do ’think[...]’,you can not choose other actions this [Link] is your task.

Result Example on Webshop. Base’s result example on Webshop dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on Webshop dataset

▶qustion:
i want a noise cancelling cosycost usb microphone, and price lower than 60.00 dollars

▶output:
[Search]
Action:search[cosycost usb microphone noise cancelling under 60]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 1 (Total results: 50) [Next >]
[B0972Q1T8T] Cosycost USB Microphone,Condenser Computer PC Gaming Micro-
phone for PS4/5 Laptop Windows Mac OS Android Phone,Noise Cancelling Instant
Mute,Studio Mic for Voice,Music Recording,Podcasting,Streaming $32.99
[B09KZN3G83] USB Headset with Microphone Noise Cancelling for Call Center, Ad-
justable Boom Mic, Inline Volume Control & Mute, Wired On Ear Computer PC Head-
phones for Zoom, Web, Skype $19.99
[B07T1MGKK8] Kove NCH Noise Cancelling Bluetooth Headphones - Active Noise
Cancellation, Built-In Microphone, Wireless and Rechargeable - Over Ear Buds For
Work, Travel Gaming And Workouts $69.0
Action:click[B0972Q1T8T]
Observation: [Back to Search] [< Prev] Cosycost USB Microphone,Condenser
Computer PC Gaming Microphone for PS4/5 Laptop Windows Mac OS An-
droid Phone,Noise Cancelling Instant Mute,Studio Mic for Voice,Music Record-
ing,Podcasting,Streaming Price: $32.99 Rating: N.A. [Description] [Features] [Reviews]
[Attributes] [Buy Now]
Action:click[Buy Now]
Observation: Your score (min 0.0, max 1.0): 1.0

A.9 HotpotQA

React Agent Prompts. HotpotQA’s react agent prompt example is as follows:

HotpotQA’s react agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant skilled in using search tools to search for
knowledge in order to better answer user questions. You need to interact with search
tools to complete a task. In each step, you should provide the next action based on the
current question and interaction history, which includes: *one* thought and *one*
[Link] must choose one of the following actions:
(1)Search[entity], search for the exact entity on Wikipedia and return the first
paragraph if it exists. If not, it will return some similar entities for search. Remember,
the entity must be a noun, not a phrase or sentence.
(2)Lookup[keyword], which returns the next sentence containing keyword in the
current passage.
(3)Finish[answer], return the answer and complete the task. When you know the
answer to the question, perform this action and output your answer in ’answer’.
Remember, ’answer’ is usually a number, entity, or phrase, not a sentence.

Here are some examples:

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 #Question: What is the elevation range for the area that the eastern sector of the
Colorado orogeny extends into?

#History trajectory:
Thought: I need to search Colorado orogeny, find the area that the eastern sector of the
Colorado orogeny extends into, then find the elevation range of the area.
Action: Search[Colorado orogeny]
Observation: The Colorado orogeny was an episode of mountain building (an orogeny)
in Colorado and surrounding areas.

#Next action:
Thought: It does not mention the eastern sector. So I need to look up eastern sector.
Action: Lookup[eastern sector]

User Prompt: #Question: {question} #History trajectory: {history_trajectory}

#Next action:

Result Example on HotpotQA. Base’s result example on HotpotQA dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on HotpotQA dataset

▶qustion: Q: Ralph Hefferline was a psychology professor at a university that is

located in what city?

▶output:
#Next action:
Thought: Let me help find where Ralph Hefferline worked as a psychology professor.I
should first search for Ralph Hefferline to learn about his academic career.
Action: Search[Ralph Hefferline]
Observation:Ralph Franklin Hefferline (15 February 1910 in Muncie, Indiana 2̆013 16
March 1974) was a psychology professor at Columbia University.[1]. Hefferline became
a patient of Fritz Perls around 1946.[2] He joined a small training group led by Perls
in 1948 in New York, and went on to contribute a chapter to the book which defined
Gestalt Therapy, Gestalt Therapy, Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality,
co-authored by Perls, Paul Goodman and Hefferline, published in 1951. He was
the third and junior author and provided the section containing practical exercises..
He went on to join the Behaviourist school of psychology.[3]. This biography of an
American psychologist is a stub.

#Next action:
Thought:From the search result, I found that Ralph Hefferline was a psychology
professor at Columbia University. Now I need to confirm which city Columbia
University is located in.
Action:Search[Columbia University]
Observation:Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New
York,[8] is a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established
in 1754 as King’s College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the
oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United
States.. Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George
II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American
Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former
students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its
current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University.

#Next action:
Thought:Now I can confirm that Columbia University, where Ralph Hefferline was a
psychology professor, is located in New York City.

29
 Action:Finish[New York City]
Observation:Episode finished, reward = 1

B Reflexion’s Prompt and Result Example

B.1 MetaTool-Tool Awareness

Reflector Prompts. Tool Awareness’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

Tool Awareness’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the
executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt.

User Prompt: Now, the current failure trajectory is as follows: Failure trajec-
tory: {pre_trajectory} Please give your reflection on the failure and reasonable
suggestions according to the following format: Reflection: your reflection.

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Tool Awareness’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

Tool Awareness’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: {null}

User Prompt: You are an intelligent agent, and you need to constantly be aware of your
own limitations.I will provide you with a user’s query, and you should assess, based
on your own capabilities, whether you need to use external tools to better address the
user’s query.
Typically, there are four reasons why you might need to use external tools:
[Link] issues with real-time or external data, databases or APIs
[Link] specialized inputs/outputs
[Link] domain tasks beyond LLM’s capabilities
[Link] customization, personalization and interaction

Here is the user’s query:{query}

Based on the above query, if you think it’s necessary to use external tools, please
respond with yes;otherwise, respond with no. Additionally, you should provide a brief
explanation for your [Link] are some examples:
query: "Are there any loopholes that hackers can exploit on my website?"
answer: Yes
query: "How’s the weather in London right now?"
answer: No

You have gained some lessons and reflections from your previous failures, and
you should use these to refine your strategy to get the job done. Here are some
previous reflections: {pre_reflection}
Now, start assessing whether you need to use external tools to better address the user’s
query based on your own capabilities. Your output should contain only two fields:
Assessment, and Reason (short), where, Assessment should be yes or no, and Reason is
the reason for your assess. You must strictly follow the following format:
Assessment: yes/no
Reason: your reason

30
Result Example on Tool Awareness. Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset is as
follows:
Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset

▶qustion: Q: What is a current product that you expect will ultimately fail?

▶React output:
React Assessment: yes
React Reason: To accurately predict a current product’s failure, I would need access
to real-time market data, consumer trends, financial reports, and industry analytics
(falling under Reason A). Without current data, any prediction would be based on
outdated or potentially inaccurate information stored in my training data, which has a
cutoff date and may not reflect the current market reality.

▶Reflection:
The assessment was incorrect because predicting product failure is fundamentally an
analytical and reasoning task that falls within an LLM’s core capabilities. While having
real-time data could enhance the prediction, I can still provide valuable analysis based
on:1. Historical patterns of product failures 2. Understanding of market dynamics and
consumer behavior 3. Knowledge of common factors that lead to product failures 4.
Ability to analyze product features, positioning, and competitive landscape. When
assessing tool needs, focus on whether the core task *requires* external data to be
meaningful, rather than whether external data would simply enhance the analysis. In
this case, a reasoned prediction can be made without real-time data, so external tools
are not strictly necessary.

▶Reflexion output:
Assessment: no
Reason: Based on my previous reflection, predicting product failure is primarily an
analytical task that leverages reasoning about market dynamics, consumer behavior,
and product characteristics - all of which are within my core capabilities as an LLM.
While real-time market data could enhance the analysis, it’s not strictly necessary to
provide a well-reasoned prediction based on known patterns and fundamentals of
product success/failure.

B.2 MetaTool-Tool Selection

Reflector Prompts. Tool Selection’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

Tool Selection’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the
executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt.

Here are some examples:

User’s Query:I need help finding the best anti-aging cream for my skin type.
Action: ProductSearch.
Reason: The user is looking for the best anti-aging cream for their skin type,
which implies they need help finding a product that suits their specific needs. The
ProductSearch tool is designed to provide personalized recommendations and smart
filters for specific needs, making it an ideal choice for this query. It can help the user
find products tailored to their preferences, such as skin type, and provide relevant
results for anti-aging creams.

31
 Observation: Answer is INCORRECT

Reflection: The reason for the failure is that the agent failed to correctly iden-
tify the best matching search tool for "anti aging cream" in the user query. The correct
tool should focus on beauty products. In the next attempt, ensure that the chosen
tool has a clear connection to skincare or beauty products, and prioritize features that
provide personalized recommendations based on skin type.

User Prompt: Now, the current failure trajectory is as follows: Failure trajec-
tory: {pre_trajectory} Please give your reflection on the failure and reasonable
suggestions according to the following format: Reflection: your reflection.",

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Tool Selection’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

Tool Selection’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: {null}

User Prompt: You are a helpful AI assistant. Your current task is to choose
the appropriate tool to solve the user’s query based on their question. I will provide
you with the user’s question and information about the [Link] there is a tool in the list
that is applicable to this query, please return the name of the tool (you can only choose
one tool). If there isn’t, please return ’None.’ Additionally, you will need to support
your answer with a brief explanation.
You have gained some lessons and reflections from your previous failures, and you
should use these to refine your strategy to get the job done. Here are some previous
reflections: {pre_reflection}
Now, start selecting the tool. Your output should contain only two fields: Action, and
Reason (short), where, Action is the tool name you selected, and Reason is the reason
for your tool being selected. You must strictly follow the following format:
Action: tool name
Reason: your reason

Result Example on Tool Selection. Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on MetaTool dataset

▶qustion: Q: I need recommendations for a good sci-fi movie to watch tonight.

▶React output:
Action: MediaTool
Reason: MediaTool is specifically designed for providing entertainment recommenda-
tions, including movies. Since the user is looking for sci-fi movie recommendations, this
tool would be the most appropriate choice as it specializes in movie recommendations
and entertainment content.

▶Reflection:The failure occurred because I overlooked the more comprehen-

sive content discovery tool "lsongai" which explicitly mentions movies in its
description, in favor of the more general MediaTool. While MediaTool does handle
movie recommendations, lsongai specifically offers AI-powered movie content along
with other media types. For future attempts, when multiple tools seem relevant,
prioritize tools that explicitly mention the specific content type (in this case, movies) in
their description rather than choosing a more general-purpose entertainment tool.

▶Reflexion output:
Action: lsongai

32
 Reason: This tool explicitly mentions "movies" in its description and provides
AI-powered movie content, making it the most suitable choice for movie recommenda-
tions. While MediaTool also handles movie recommendations, lsongai is more specific
and comprehensive for AI-powered movie content.

B.3 APIBank

Reflector Prompts. APIBank’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

APIBank’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the
executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt.

Here are some examples:

Sample session:
User: Can you help me modify a meeting reservation?
Assistant: Sure. What details do you want to modify?
User: I need to change the start time to 2023-03-27 9:00 and add a few more attendees
to my existing reservation.
Assistant: Okay. To make changes to your reservation, I need your token. Let me
authenticate you with our system. Please provide me with your username and
password.
User: My username is newuser and my password is newpass.
System: [GetUserToken(username=’newuser’, password=’newpass’)] Response:
{’token’: ’l9k8j7h6g5f4d3s2a1’}
Assistant: Your token has been authenticated. What is the topic of your meeting, and
where is it located?
User: The topic is New Employee Orientation, and it will be held in the Training Room.
Assistant: And who will be attending the meeting?
User: The current attendees are David Wang and Amy Chen.I want to add Erica Liu to
the list.

Current Answer: [ModifyMeeting(token=’l9k8j7h6g5f4d3s2a1’, meeting_topic=’New

Employee Orientation’, start_time=’2023-03-27 09:00:00’, end_time=’2023-03-27
10:00:00’, location=’Training Room’, attendees=[’David Wang’, ’Amy Chen’, ’Erica
Liu’])]

Observation: Incorrect API called in Current Answer

Reflection:
The failure occurred because the "end time" parameter in the "ModifyMeeting" API
call was assumed as ’2023-03-27 10:00:00’ without any information from the user in
the conversation history. Since the user only provided the new start time and did not
mention the end time, it was incorrect to assume a value for it. So when generating the
API call, only use the parameters for which there is explicit information from the user
in the conversation history, and unknown values should be set to "" or the parameter
should not be specified in the API.

User Prompt: Now, the current failure trajectory is as follows: Failure trajec-
tory: {pre_trajectory} Please give your reflection on the failure and reasonable
suggestions according to the following format: Reflection: your reflection.",

Reflexion Agent Prompts. APIBank’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

33
 APIBank’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System prompt:Based on the given API description and the existing conversation
history 1.. t, please generate the API request that the AI should call in step t+1 and
output it in the format of [ApiName(key1=’value1’, key2=’value2’, ...)], replace the
ApiName with the actual API name, and replace the key and value with the actual
parameters. Your output should start with a square bracket "[" and end with a square
bracket "]". Do not output any other explanation or prompt or the result of the API call
in your output. This year is 2023.
Input: User: [User’s utterence] AI: [AI’s utterence]
Expected output: [ApiName(key1=’value1’, key2=’value2’, ...)]
You have gained some lessons and reflections from your previous failures, and you
should use these to refine your strategy to get the job done. Here are some previous
reflections: {pre_reflection}

Result Example on APIBank. Base’s result example on APIBank dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on APIBank dataset

▶question: Can you help me reset my password for my account?

▶React Sample session:

User:"Can you help me reset my password for my account?
Assistant:I’ll help you delete your account. Let me get your authentication token first.
▶React output: [GetUserToken(username=’user1’, password=’user1pass’)]

▶reflections:The failure occurred because the assistant requested the old pass-
word (user1pass) instead of using the newly set password (user1newpass) that
was just created in the previous conversation. Since the password was just reset
to ’user1newpass’, the API call should use this new password. When handling
authentication after password reset, always use the most recently set password from
the conversation history.

▶Sample session:
User:"Can you help me reset my password for my account?
Assistant:I apologize for my mistake. You’re right - let me try again with your
username and the newly set password (user1newpass).
▶reflexion output: [GetUserToken(username=’user1’, password=’user1newpass’)]

B.4 PlanBench-Plan Generation

Reflector Prompts. Plan Generation’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

Plan Generation’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the
executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt.

Here are some examples:

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on
top of the blue block, the yellow block is on top of the orange block, the blue block is
on the table and the orange block is on the table. My goal is to have that the orange

34
 block is on top of the red block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the yellow block from on top of the orange block. put down the yellow block.
unstack the red block from on top of the blue block. put down the red block. pick up
the orange block. stack the orange block on top of the red block

Observation:This plan should achieve the goal of having the orange block on top of
the red block. Let me know if you’d like me to explain the reasoning behind each step!
The Plan is INCORRECT

Reflection:
This plan failed because it overlooked a condition that a block must be clear to be
stacked on. Before stacking the orange block on the red block, the red block needs to
be cleared. In future attempts, before stacking one block on another, first ensure that
the block being stacked on is clear. Additionally, carefully check the hand - empty
condition for pick - up and unstack actions, and the on - table and clear conditions for
picking up blocks.

User Prompt: Now, the current failure experience is as follows: Failure experi-
ence: {pre_trajectory}. Please give a specific, reasonable and brief suggestion according
to the following format: Reflection: your_reflection.

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Plan Generation’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

Plan Generation’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are the planner assistant who comes up with correct [Link]
should use reflection to improve your strategy and accomplish the task better. Here are
some reflections on previous failures: {pre_reflection}

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Plan Generation. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset is as

follows:
Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty
I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked

35
 I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the orange block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on
top of the yellow block, the orange block is on top of the blue block, the blue block is
on the table and the yellow block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the blue block
is on top of the red block, the orange block is on top of the blue block and the yellow
block is on top of the orange block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the red block from on top of the yellow block. put down the red block. unstack
the orange block from on top of the blue block. stack the orange block on top of the
yellow block. pick up the blue block. stack the blue block on top of the red block.
unstack the orange block from on top of the yellow block. stack the orange block on
top of the blue block. pick up the yellow block. stack the yellow block on top of the
orange block

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the orange block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the blue block is
on top of the red block, the yellow block is on top of the blue block, the red block is on
the table and the orange block is on the [Link] goal is to have that the blue block is
on top of the yellow block and the yellow block is on top of the orange block.
My plan is as follows:

▶React output:
1. unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block 2. put down the yellow block
3. unstack the blue block from on top of the red block 4. pick up the yellow block 5.
stack the yellow block on top of the orange block 6. stack the blue block on top of the
yellow block

▶Reflections
This plan fails because after unstacking the blue block in step 3, we’re still holding it
when trying to pick up the yellow block in step 4. This violates the constraint that the
hand must be empty before picking up or unstacking a block. Always ensure that after
each picking up or unstacking action, you complete the operation (by putting down or
stacking) before attempting to pick up or unstack another block.

▶Reflexion output:
1. unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block 2. put down the yellow block
3. unstack the blue block from on top of the red block 4. put down the blue block 5.
pick up the yellow block 6. stack the yellow block on top of the orange block 7. pick up
the blue block 8. stack the blue block on top of the yellow block

B.5 PlanBench-Plan Execution Reasoning

Reflector Prompts. Plan Execution Reasoning’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

Plan Execution Reasoning’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning and reflecting from
failure, and now that you will have the experience of failure, you should give 1~2

36
 reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the executive agent
avoid failure in the next attempt.

Here are some examples:

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the orange block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the orange block
is on top of the red block, the yellow block is on top of the blue block, the red block is
on the table and the blue block is on the table.
I have executed the following action sequence
unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block. put down the yellow block.
unstack the orange block from on top of the red block
RESULTING STATE
the red block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the orange block is clear, the hand is
holding the orange block, the yellow block is on the table, the red block is on the table
and the blue block is on the table

Observation: The STATE is INCORRECT

Reflection: In the previous failure, the description "the orange block is clear"
was incorrect because the orange block was picked up and held in hand, and thus
should not be labeled as "clear. " In future improvements, please note the task rules:
any block being held should never be described as clear.

User Prompt: Now, please reflect on the failure of RESULTING STATE, the
current failure experience is as follows: Failure experience: {pre_trajectory} Please
give a specific, reasonable and brief suggestion according to the following format:
Reflection: your_reflection.

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Plan Execution Reasoning’s Reflexion agent prompt example is
as follows:
Plan Execution Reasoning’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are a helpful assistant to speculate about the state after a given
plan is implemented. Based on the current state and plan, you should give * one * state
after implementation. Give the state you predict directly, without any other description
in your response. You should use reflection to improve your strategy and accomplish
the task better. Here are some reflections on previous failures: {pre_reflection}

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Plan Execution Reasoning. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset
is as follows:
Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty

37
 I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked
I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the blue block is clear, the hand is empty, the blue block is on top of the orange block,
the orange block is on top of the yellow block, the yellow block is on top of the red
block and the red block is on the table.
I have executed the following action sequence:
unstack the blue block from on top of the orange block
RESULTING STATE
the orange block is clear, the hand is currently holding blue block, the orange block is
on top of the yellow block, the yellow block is on top of the red block and the red block
is on the table

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on top of the orange block,
the orange block is on top of the blue block, the yellow block is on top of the red block
and the blue block is on the table.
I have executed the following action sequence:
unstack the yellow block from on top of the red block. put down the yellow block.
unstack the red block from on top of the orange block. put down the red block
RESULTING STATE

▶React output: the orange block is clear, the hand is empty, the orange block
is on top of the blue block, the yellow block is on the table, the red block is on the table
and the blue block is on the table

▶Reflections: In the previous failure, the resulting state omitted mentioning

that both the red block and yellow block are clear. According to the rules, a block is
clear if it has no other blocks on top of it and is not picked up. Since both the red and
yellow blocks were placed on the table with nothing on top of them during the action
sequence, they should have been explicitly labeled as c̈learïn the final state description.

▶Reflexion output: the orange block is clear, the red block is clear, the yellow
block is clear, the hand is empty, the orange block is on top of the blue block, the yellow
block is on the table, the red block is on the table and the blue block is on the table

B.6 PlanBench-Replan

Reflector Prompts. Replan’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

38
 Replan’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning and reflecting from
failure, and now that you will have the experience of failure, you should give 1~2
reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the executive agent
avoid failure in the next attempt.

Here are some examples:

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the orange block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty, the orange block
is on top of the red block, the yellow block is on top of the blue block, the red block is
on the table and the blue block is on the table. My goal is to have that the red block is
on top of the blue block and the orange block is on top of the red block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block. put down the yellow block.
unstack the orange block from on top of the red block. stack the orange block on top of
the yellow block. pick up the red block. stack the red block on top of the blue block.
unstack the orange block from on top of the yellow block. stack the orange block on
top of the red block
During execution, an unexpected event has occurred After executing the action
"unstack the orange block from on top of the red block" at step 3 in the plan, the
following facts unexpectedly became true: the orange block is clear, the hand is
empty and the orange block is on top of the red block. The following facts became
unexpectedly false: the red block is clear and the hand is currently holding orange
block
After re-planning from the new state, the plan is as follows:
pick up the blue block. stack the blue block on top of the red block. unstack the orange
block from on top of the red block. put down the orange block. pick up the red block.
stack the red block on top of the blue block. pick up the orange block. stack the orange
block on top of the red block

Observation: The Re-Plan is INCORRECT

Reflection:
In the re-planning, there was a logical mistake. In the original plan, we had already
successfully unstacked the orange block from the red block and placed it on top of the
yellow block. However, in the re-plan, the first step unnecessarily picked up the blue
block, which led to redundant actions. In the current state, the orange block is already
back in place and the red block is still in the correct position (on top of the blue block).
According to the goal, we need to ensure that the red block is on top of the blue block
and the orange block is on top of the red block. The plan to pick up the blue block
is unnecessary. The correct solution should start from the current state and directly
place the orange block back on top of the red block, then adjust the remaining stackings.

User Prompt: Now, please reflect on the failure of Re-Planning, the current
failure experience is as follows: Failure experience: {pre_trajectory} Please give a
specific, reasonable and brief suggestion according to the following format: Reflection:
your_reflection.

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Replan’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

Replan’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are the planner assistant who comes up with correct plans. There
can only be * one * new PLAN you are asked to generate in your response, wrap it with
[PLAN] and [Plan END], Don’t include the original plan in your response. You should

39
 use reflection to improve your strategy and accomplish the task better. Here are some
reflections on previous failures: {pre_reflection}

User Prompt:{query}

Result Example on Replan. Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on PlanBench dataset

▶query: I am playing with a set of blocks where I need to arrange the blocks into stacks.
Here are the actions I can do.
Pick up a block
Unstack a block from on top of another block
Put down a block
Stack a block on top of another block
I have the following restrictions on my actions:
I can only pick up or unstack one block at a time
I can only pick up or unstack a block if my hand is empty
I can only pick up a block if the block is on the table and the block is clear. A
block is clear if the block has no other blocks on top of it and if the block is not
picked up
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing was really on top of the other block
I can only unstack a block from on top of another block if the block I am unstack-
ing is clear
Once I pick up or unstack a block, I am holding the block
I can only put down a block that I am holding
I can only stack a block on top of another block if I am holding the block being
stacked
I can only stack a block on top of another block if the block onto which I am
stacking the block is clear
Once I put down or stack a block, my hand becomes empty
Once you stack a block on top of a second block, the second block is no longer
clear.

[STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the hand is empty, the red block is on top of the orange block, the
blue block is on top of the yellow block, the orange block is on top of the blue block
and the yellow block is on the table. My goal is to have that the blue block is on top of
the yellow block, the orange block is on top of the red block and the yellow block is on
top of the orange block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the red block from on top of the orange block. put down the red block. unstack
the orange block from on top of the blue block. stack the orange block on top of the red
block. unstack the blue block from on top of the yellow block. put down the blue block.
pick up the yellow block. stack the yellow block on top of the orange block. pick up
the blue block. stack the blue block on top of the yellow block During execution, an
unexpected event has occurred
After executing the action "pick up the yellow block" at step 7 in the plan, the following
facts unexpectedly became true: the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty and the
yellow block is on top of the blue block. The following facts became unexpectedly false:
the blue block is clear and the hand is currently holding yellow block
After re-planning from the new state, the plan is as follows:
unstack the yellow block from on top of the blue block. stack the yellow block on top
of the orange block. pick up the blue block. stack the blue block on top of the yellow
block

40
 [STATEMENT]
As initial conditions I have that
the red block is clear, the blue block is clear, the yellow block is clear, the hand is empty,
the blue block is on top of the orange block, the red block is on the table, the orange
block is on the table and the yellow block is on the table. My goal is to have that the
red block is on top of the blue block, the blue block is on top of the orange block and
the orange block is on top of the yellow block.
My plan is as follows:
unstack the blue block from on top of the orange block. stack the blue block on top of
the red block. pick up the orange block. stack the orange block on top of the yellow
block. unstack the blue block from on top of the red block. stack the blue block on top
of the orange block. pick up the red block. stack the red block on top of the blue block
During execution, an unexpected event has occurred
After executing the action "unstack the blue block from on top of the red block" at step
5 in the plan, the following facts unexpectedly became true: the blue block is clear, the
hand is empty and the blue block is on top of the orange block. The following facts
became unexpectedly false: the orange block is clear and the hand is currently holding
blue block
After re-planning from the new state, the plan is as follows:

▶React output: pick up the red block. stack the red block on top of the blue
block

▶Reflections: The re-plan fails to recognize that there’s a logical inconsistency

in the current state description. If the blue block is on top of the orange block and the
orange block is on top of the yellow block, then the orange block cannot be directly
manipulated (it’s not clear). The plan assumes we can achieve the goal state with just
two steps, but this overlooks the physical impossibility based on the constraints. A
more careful analysis of the block positions and clearance status would reveal that we
need to first disassemble the current configuration before rebuilding it in the correct
order, as the current stack order (blue on orange on yellow, with red separate) cannot
be directly transformed into the goal state (red on blue on orange on yellow) without
intermediate steps.

▶Reflexion output: unstack the blue block from on top of the orange block.
put down the blue block. unstack the orange block from on top of the yellow block.
put down the orange block. pick up the orange block. stack the orange block on top of
the yellow block. pick up the blue block. stack the blue block on top of the orange
block. pick up the red block. stack the red block on top of the blue block

B.7 ALFWorld

Reflector Prompts. ALFWorld’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

ALFWorld’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help
the executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt. In this environment, available
commands are: look, inventory, go to (receptacle), open (receptacle), close (receptacle),
take (object) from (receptacle), move (object) to (receptacle), examine (something), use
(object), heat (object) with (receptacle), clean (object) with (receptacle), cool (object)
with (receptacle), slice (object) with (object)
Important Rules:

41
 - Remember to check whether the agent is next to the object before interacting with the
environment.
For example, before action ’open’, the agent need to finish action ’go to’.

User Prompt: Now, the current failure trajectory is as follows: Failure trajec-
tory: {pre_trajectory} Please give your reflection on the failure and reasonable
suggestions according to the following format: Reflection: your_reflection.

Reflexion Agent Prompts. ALFWorld’s reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

ALFWorld’s reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are an intelligent agent interacting with a simulated household
environment to solve a specific task. Your goal is to interact with the environment to
solve tasks effectively. You must choose one of the following actions: look, inventory,
go to (receptacle), open (receptacle), close (receptacle), take (object) from (receptacle),
move (object) to (receptacle), examine (something), use (object), heat (object) with
(receptacle), clean (object) with (receptacle), cool (object) with (receptacle), slice (object)
with (object)
Important Rules:
- Since put action is not supported, use *move (object) to (receptacle)* instead.
- You can’t make Observation by yourself
- Do not stay in the thinking phase more than 2 turns.
- You can only give back an action each response, whose format is either describe a
thought process starting with "think" or state a single action phrase.
- After performing an action, carefully observe the result. Use this feedback to adjust
your strategy and plan your next steps. If "Nothing happens", it means action failed.
- Before interacting with something, you need to go to it

User Prompt: Interact with a simulated household environment to solve a specific task.
Below are examples of how to approach similar tasks.

Example:put
Observation: You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around you, you
see a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a countertop 1, a garbagecan 1,
a handtowelholder 2, a handtowelholder 1, a sinkbasin 2, a sinkbasin 1, a toilet 1, a
toiletpaperhanger 1, and a towelholder [Link] task is to: put some spraybottle on toilet.
Action: think: To solve the task, I need to find and take a sparybottle, then put it on
toilet.
Observation: OK.
Action: think: First I need to find a spraybottle. A spraybottle is more likely to appear
in cabinet (1-4), countertop (1), toilet (1), sinkbasin (1-2), garbagecan (1). I can check
one by one, starting with cabinet 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to cabinet 1
Observation: On the cabinet 1, you see a cloth 1, a soapbar 1, a soapbottle 1.
Action: go to cabinet 2
Observation: The cabinet 2 is closed.
Action: open cabinet 2
Observation: You open the cabinet 2. The cabinet 2 is open. In it, you see a candle 1,
and a spraybottle 2.
Action: think: Now I find a spraybottle (2). Next, I need to take it.
Action: take spraybottle 2 from cabinet 2
Observation: You pick up the spraybottle 2 from the cabinet 2.
Action:think: Now I take a spraybottle (2). Next, I need to put it in/on toilet 1.
Observation: OK.
Action: go to toilet 1

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 Observation: On the toilet 1, you see a soapbottle 2.
Action: put spraybottle 2 in/on toilet 1
Observation: You put the spraybottle 2 in/on the toilet 1.

Remember
You can only give back an action each response, whose format is either describe a
thought process starting with "think" or state a single action phrase. For example, "open
the drawer" is a valid action phrase. No other text should be included in the response.
You can only hold 1 thing in [Link] is your task:
You should use reflection to improve your strategy and accomplish the task better. Here
is the reflection: {reflection}

Result Example on ALFWorld. Base’s result example on ALFWorld dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on ALFWorld dataset

▶qustion: pick_clean_then_place_in_recep-Spatula-None-Drawer-10

▶React out:
Observation: You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around you, you see a
cabinet 6, a cabinet 5, a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a coffeemachine 1,
a countertop 3, a countertop 2, a countertop 1, a drawer 3, a drawer 2, a drawer 1, a
fridge 1, a garbagecan 1, a microwave 1, a shelf 3, a shelf 2, a shelf 1, a sinkbasin 1, a
stoveburner 4, a stoveburner 3, a stoveburner 2, a stoveburner 1, and a toaster 1. Your
task is to: put a clean spatula in drawer.
Action: go to sinkbasin 1
Observation: You arrive at sinkbasin 1. On the sinkbasin 1, you see a apple 1, a
butterknife 2, a potato 3, and a tomato 2.
Action: go to drawer 1
Observation: You arrive at drawer 1. The drawer 1 is closed.
Action: open drawer 1
Observation: You open the drawer 1. The drawer 1 is open. In it, you see a fork 1.
Action: go to drawer 2
Observation: You arrive at drawer 2. The drawer 2 is closed.
Action: open drawer 2
Observation: You open the drawer 2. The drawer 2 is open. In it, you see a
peppershaker 1, and a saltshaker 1.
Action: go to drawer 3
Observation: You arrive at drawer 3. The drawer 3 is closed.
Action: open drawer 3
Observation:You open the drawer 3. The drawer 3 is open. In it, you see a cellphone 1.
Action: go to countertop 1
Observation: You arrive at countertop 1. On the countertop 1, you see a cellphone 2, a
mug 1, and a soapbottle 1.
Action: go to countertop 2
Observation: You arrive at countertop 2. On the countertop 2, you see a butterknife 1,
a glassbottle 3, a knife 1, a papertowelroll 1, a potato 1, and a statue 1.
Action: go to cabinet 1
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 1. On the cabinet 1, you see a glassbottle 2.
Action: go to cabinet 2
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 2. The cabinet 2 is closed.
Action: go to cabinet 3
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 3. On the cabinet 3, you see a vase 1.
Action: go to cabinet 4
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 4. On the cabinet 4, you see nothing.
Action: go to cabinet 5

43
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 5. The cabinet 5 is closed.
Action: go to cabinet 6
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 6. The cabinet 6 is closed.
Action: open cabinet 2
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to stoveburner 1
Observation: You arrive at stoveburner 1. On the stoveburner 1, you see a pot 1.
Action: take spatula from pot 1
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to countertop 3
Observation: You arrive at countertop 3. On the countertop 3, you see a bread 1, a
creditcard 1, a houseplant 1, a knife 2, a spatula 1, a spoon 1, and a statue 2.
Action: take spatula 1 from countertop 3
Observation: You pick up the spatula 1 from the countertop 3.
Action: clean spatula 1 with sinkbasin 1
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 1
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to drawer 3
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: pen drawer 3
Observation: You open the drawer 3. The drawer 3 is open. In it, you see a cellphone 1.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: You put the spatula 1 in/on the drawer 3.
Action:
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to drawer 3
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: You put the spatula 1 in/on the drawer 3.
Action:
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 2
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: close drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: open drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: open drawer 3 move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: open drawer 3 move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: inventory
Observation: You are carrying: a spatula 1.
Action: go to drawer 3

44
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: You put the spatula 1 in/on the drawer 3.
Action:
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: open drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 2
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: open drawer 3
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to sinkbasin 1
Observation: You arrive at sinkbasin 1. On the sinkbasin 1, you see a apple 1, a
butterknife 2, a potato 3, and a tomato 2.
Action: move spatula 1 to countertop 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to drawer 3
Observation: You arrive at drawer 3. The drawer 3 is open. In it, you see a cellphone 1.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: You move the spatula 1 to the drawer 3.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: examine spatula 1
Observation: Nothing happens.

▶Reflection:
The agent failed because they didn’t ensure proximity to the sinkbasin when attempting
to clean the spatula and didn’t consistently verify the drawer was open and accessible
before moving the spatula. Suggestion: Always "go to sinkbasin 1" before cleaning the
spatula, then "go to" the target drawer, ensure it’s open, and "move" the spatula while
adjacent.

▶Reflexion output:
Observation: You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around you, you see a
cabinet 6, a cabinet 5, a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a coffeemachine 1,
a countertop 3, a countertop 2, a countertop 1, a drawer 3, a drawer 2, a drawer 1, a
fridge 1, a garbagecan 1, a microwave 1, a shelf 3, a shelf 2, a shelf 1, a sinkbasin 1, a
stoveburner 4, a stoveburner 3, a stoveburner 2, a stoveburner 1, and a toaster 1. Your
task is to: put a clean spatula in drawer.
Action: go to sinkbasin 1
Observation: You arrive at sinkbasin 1. On the sinkbasin 1, you see a apple 1, a
butterknife 2, a potato 3, and a tomato 2.
Action: go to countertop 1
Observation: You arrive at countertop 1. On the countertop 1, you see a cellphone 2, a
mug 1, and a soapbottle 1.
Action: go to stoveburner 1
Observation: You arrive at stoveburner 1. On the stoveburner 1, you see a pot 1.
Action: go to countertop 2
Observation: You arrive at countertop 2. On the countertop 2, you see a butterknife 1,
a glassbottle 3, a knife 1, a papertowelroll 1, a potato 1, and a statue 1.
Action: go to countertop 3
Observation: You arrive at countertop 3. On the countertop 3, you see a spatula 1, a
spoon 1, and a tomato 1.

45
 Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: take spatula 1 from countertop 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: take spatula 1 from countertop 3
Observation: Nothing happens.
Action: go to cabinet 3
Observation: You arrive at cabinet 3. On the cabinet 3, you see a vase 1.
Action: go to garbagecan 1
Observation: You arrive at garbagecan 1. On the garbagecan 1, you see a soapbottle 3,
and a soapbottle 2.
Action: go to countertop 3
Observation: You arrive at countertop 3. On the countertop 3, you see a bread 1, a
creditcard 1, a houseplant 1, a knife 2, a spatula 1, a spoon 1, and a statue 2.
Action: take spatula 1 from countertop 3
Observation: You pick up the spatula 1 from the countertop 3.
Action: go to sinkbasin 1
Observation: You arrive at sinkbasin 1. On the sinkbasin 1, you see a apple 1, a
butterknife 2, a potato 3, and a tomato 2.
Action: clean spatula 1 with sinkbasin 1
Observation: You clean the spatula 1 using the sinkbasin 1.
Action: go to drawer 1
Observation: You arrive at drawer 1. The drawer 1 is closed.
Action: open drawer 1
Observation: You open the drawer 1. The drawer 1 is open. In it, you see a fork 1.
Action: move spatula 1 to drawer 1
Observation: You move the spatula 1 to the drawer 1.

B.8 Webshop

Reflector Prompts. Webshop’s reflector prompt example is as follows:

Webshop’s reflector prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant skilled in analyzing and improving strategies for
navigating an online webshop. Your task is to review the previous interaction history
and provide reflections to improve the strategy for finding and purchasing products
based on the user’s requirements.
Rules:
1. **Identify Issues**: Analyze the previous actions and identify any inefficiencies
or mistakes.
2. **Suggest Improvements**: Provide clear suggestions on how to improve the
strategy for future interactions.
3. **Be Specific**: Your reflections should be specific and actionable, focusing on
how to optimize the search and purchase process.
4. **Avoid Repetition**: Do not repeat the same reflection multiple times.

User Prompt: Previous Interaction: {pre_trajectory} Reflection:

Reflexion Agent Prompts. Webshop’s reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

Webshop’s reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt:You are an assistant skilled in navigating an online webshop to help

users find and purchase products based on their specific requirements. You need to
interact with the webshop to complete a task. In each step, you should provide the next
action based on the current user request and interaction history

46
 You must choose one of the following actions:
- **search[Query]**: Search for products that match the query.
- **click[target]**: Interact with the webshop to find and purchase prod-
[Link] are buttons wrapped with [].
- **think[content]**: Plan for next steps
Rules:
1. **One Action Per Step**: In each step, you can only perform one [Link]
example, if you do ’think[...]’,you can not choose other actions this term.
2. **Do not answer other words**: You must choose one of the actions and adjust
the content in ’[]’, do not add other [Link] example, an expected answer
should bt like ’think[...]’,’click[...]’
3. You need to click[Back to Search] before search again.
4. Do not always go next page, try changing the search keywords
5. Before click [Buy now], you need to choose the type you want, like click[...] to
choose color, size...
6. You don’t need to check the description or attributes.

User Prompt:
Instruction:
i would like a 3 ounce bottle of bright citrus deodorant for sensitive skin, and price
lower than 50.00 dollars

[Search]
Action: search[3 ounce bright citrus deodorant sensitive skin]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 1 (Total results: 50) [Next >]
[B078GWRC1J] Bright Citrus Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for Sensi-
tive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce $10.99
[B078GTKVXY] Ginger Fresh Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for Sensi-
tive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce $10.99
[B08KBVJ4XN] Barrel and Oak - Aluminum-Free Deodorant, Deodorant for Men,
Essential Oil-Based Scent, 24-Hour Odor Protection, Cedar & Patchouli Blend, Gentle
on Sensitive Skin (Mountain Sage, 2.7 oz, 2-Pack) $15.95
Action: think [B078GWRC1J] and [B078GTKVXY] are bright citrus deodorant less then
50 dollars. I can check B078GWRC1J first.
Observation: OK.
Action: click[B078GWRC1J]
Observation: [Back to Search] [< Prev] scent [assorted scents][bright citrus][calming
lavender][ginger fresh][simply non-scents]size [travel set (4-pack)][3 ounce (pack of
1)][3-ounce (2-pack)]Bright Citrus Deodorant by Earth Mama | Natural and Safe for
Sensitive Skin, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Contains Organic Calendula 3-Ounce
Price: $10.99 Rating: N.A. [Description] [Features] [Reviews] [Buy Now]
Action: think[For 3 ounce bottle of bright citrus deodorant for sensitive skin, the item
has options ’bright citrus’ and ’3 ounce (pack of 1)’ and seems good to buy.]
Observation: OK.
Action: click[bright citrus]
Observation: You have clicked bright citrus.
Action: click[3 ounce (pack of 1)]
Observation: You have clicked 3 ounce (pack of 1).
Action: click[Buy Now] Task finished

Remember
In each step, you can only perform one [Link] example, if you do ’think[...]’,you
can not choose other actions this [Link] is your task.
You should consider the reflection: reflection

Result Example on Webshop. Base’s result example on Webshop dataset is as follows:

47
Base’s result example on Webshop dataset

▶qustion:
i’m looking for a queen size bedspread set in the color redwood, and price lower than
80.00 dollars

▶React output:
[Search]
Action: search[queen size bedspread set in redwood under 80 dollars]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 1 (Total results: 50) [Next >] [B07B4KXQZV] Lodge
Bedspread Full/Queen Size Quilt with 2 Shams. Cabin 3-Piece Reversible All Season
Quilt Set. Rustic Quilt Coverlet Bed Set. Stonehurst Collection. $44.99 [B07PGQ3JYB]
Lodge Bedspread Full/Queen Size Quilt with 2 Shams. Cabin 3-Piece Reversible
All Season Quilt Set. Rustic Quilt Coverlet Bed Set. Wilderness Collection (Moose -
Grey) $44.99 [B07QV537XN] Exclusivo Mezcla 100% Cotton 3-Piece Boho Quilt Set
Full/Queen Size (92x88 Inch) as Bedspreads/ Coverlet/ Bed Cover - Soft, Lightweight
& Reversible $64.99
Action: click[Next >]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 2 (Total results: 50) [< Prev] [Next >] [B09T33MSTJ]
ZHANGNA Massage Table Sheets, Salon Hotel SPA Bed Cover, 4-Piece Beauty
Bedspread High-end Simple Nordic Style Beauty Salon Massage Bedspread Single
(Color : Blue, Size : 70 * 185cm) $159.68 [B09T341WVC] ZHANGNA Massage Table
Sheets, Salon Hotel SPA Bed Cover, Beauty Bedspread 4-Piece Simple Chinese Style
Beauty Salon Massage Massage Bedspread Cover (Color : Green, Size : 60 * 180cm)
$155.25 [B09T34LZ65] ZHANGNA Massage Table Sheets, Salon Hotel SPA Bed
Cover, 4-Piece High-end Beauty Bedspread Pure Cotton European Style Beauty Salon
Bedspread Physiotherapy Bed Cover (Color : Green, Size : 70 * 190cm) $159.68
Action: think[The search results still do not include any queen size bedspread sets in
the color redwood under $80. I should consider using a broader query or alternative
keywords to locate the desired product.]
Observation: OK.
Action:search[redwood bedspread queen size under 80 dollars]
Observation: Invalid action!

▶Reflections:
1. **Issue: Ineffective Search Queries**
The search queries used were not specific enough to filter results effectively. For
example, "queen size bedspread set redwood" and "queen size redwood bedspread set
under 80 dollars" did not yield relevant results. Additionally, the repeated variations of
similar queries (e.g., "redwood queen bedspread set under 80 dollars") led to invalid
actions or redundant results.**Improvement**: Use advanced search techniques such
as: - Including quotation marks for exact matches (e.g., "redwood queen bedspread
set"). - Adding specific filters or keywords like "color: redwood" or "material: cotton" if
the webshop supports such syntax. - Checking if the webshop has filtering options
(e.g., color, price range) and applying them directly instead of relying solely on search
terms.
2.**Issue: Lack of Exploration of Filters**
The user did not utilize potential filtering options (e.g., price range, color, size) that
might be available on the webshop.**Improvement**: Before entering a search query,
explore the webshop’s interface for filtering tools. For example: - Set a price range
filter to "under $80." - Select "queen size" and "redwood" from dropdown menus or
checkboxes if available.

▶Reflexion output:
[Search]
Action: search[queen size bedspread set redwood under 80 dollars]
Observation: [Back to Search] Page 1 (Total results: 50) [Next >] [B07B4KXQZV] Lodge

48
 Bedspread Full/Queen Size Quilt with 2 Shams. Cabin 3-Piece Reversible All Season
Quilt Set. Rustic Quilt Coverlet Bed Set. Stonehurst Collection. $44.99 [B07PGQ3JYB]
Lodge Bedspread Full/Queen Size Quilt with 2 Shams. Cabin 3-Piece Reversible
All Season Quilt Set. Rustic Quilt Coverlet Bed Set. Wilderness Collection (Moose -
Grey) $44.99 [B07QV537XN] Exclusivo Mezcla 100% Cotton 3-Piece Boho Quilt Set
Full/Queen Size (92x88 Inch) as Bedspreads/ Coverlet/ Bed Cover - Soft, Lightweight
& Reversible $64.99
Action: click[B07B4KXQZV]
Observation: [Back to Search] [< Prev] size [twin][full | queen][full |
queen][king] color [bristol][chocolate | green][deer | trees | snow][festive
stripes][holiday homestead][holiday wishes][moose - chocolate][moose -
grey][navy | grey][red | black][redwood][rio ridge - forest green][salt
creek][stonehurst][wilder][yosemite][green | brown] Lodge Bedspread Full/Queen
Size Quilt with 2 Shams. Cabin 3-Piece Reversible All Season Quilt Set. Rustic Quilt
Coverlet Bed Set. Stonehurst Collection. Price: $44.99 Rating: N.A. [Description]
[Features] [Reviews] [Attributes] [Buy Now]
Action: click[redwood]
Observation: You have clicked redwood.
Action: click[full | queen]
Observation: You have clicked full | queen.
Action: click[Buy Now]
Observation: Your score (min 0.0, max 1.0): 1.0

B.9 HotpotQA

Reflector Prompts. HotpotQA’s Reflector prompt example is as follows:

HotpotQA’s Reflector prompt example

System Prompt:You are an assistant who is good at learning from and reflecting on
failure trajectory, and now that you will have a track record of failure, you should give
1~2 sentences about reasonable and effective suggestions for improvement to help the
executing agent avoid failure in the next attempt.

User Prompt:Now, the current failure trajectory is as follows:#Failure trajec-

tory:{pre_trajectory} Please give your reflection on the failure and reasonable
suggestions according to the following format: #Reflection: {your_reflection}.

Reflexion agent Prompts. HotpotQA’s Reflexion agent prompt example is as follows:

HotpotQA’s Reflexion agent prompt example

System Prompt: You are an assistant skilled in using search tools to search for
knowledge in order to better answer user questions. You need to interact with search
tools to complete a task. In each step, you should provide the next action based on the
current question and interaction history, which includes: *one* thought and *one*
[Link] must choose one of the following actions:
(1)Search[entity], search for the exact entity on Wikipedia and return the first
paragraph if it exists. If not, it will return some similar entities for search. Remember,
the entity must be a noun, not a phrase or sentence.
(2)Lookup[keyword], which returns the next sentence containing keyword in the
current passage.
(3)Finish[answer], return the answer and complete the task. When you know the
answer to the question, perform this action and output your answer in ’answer’.
Remember, ’answer’ is usually a number, entity, or phrase, not a sentence.

49
 Here are some examples:
#Question: What is the elevation range for the area that the eastern sector of the
Colorado orogeny extends into?

#History trajectory:
Thought: I need to search Colorado orogeny, find the area that the eastern sector of the
Colorado orogeny extends into, then find the elevation range of the area.
Action: Search[Colorado orogeny]
Observation: The Colorado orogeny was an episode of mountain building (an orogeny)
in Colorado and surrounding areas.

#Next action:
Thought: It does not mention the eastern sector. So I need to look up eastern sector.
Action: Lookup[eastern sector]
You should use reflection to improve your strategy and accomplish the task better.
Here’s a reflection on previous failures: {pre_reflection}

User Prompt: #Question: {question} #History trajectory: {history_trajectory}

#Next action:

Result Example on HotpotQA. Base’s result example on HotpotQA dataset is as follows:

Base’s result example on HotpotQA dataset

▶qustion: Q:2014 S/S is the debut album of a South Korean boy group that was
formed by who?:

▶React output:
Finish[Yang Hyun-suk]

▶Reflections:
The agent incorrectly assumed that the founder of YG Entertainment was the direct
former of Winner, without specifically researching how the group itself was formed.
When researching K-pop groups, distinguish between company founders and those
who specifically created/formed the group, and use more precise search queries
like Winner formation history to get accurate information about the group’s creation
process.

▶Reflexion output:
Thought:I need to first search for 2014 S/S to confirm which South Korean boy group
released this album and then find out who formed them.
Action:Search[2014 S/S]
Observation:2014 S/S is the debut studio album by South Korean boy group Winner.
It was released on August 12, 2014, by YG Entertainment.
Thought:I need to search for Winner (K-pop group) to find information about their
formation.
Action: Search[Winner]
Observation:Winner is a South Korean boy band formed in 2013 by YG Entertainment
through the 2013 reality survival program WIN: Who Is Next. The group currently
consists of four members: Jinwoo, Seunghoon, Mino and Seungyoon.
Thought:Based on the information we found, I can now conclude that Winner was
formed by YG Entertainment through their reality show WIN: Who Is Next.
Action:Finish[YG Entertainment]
Observation:The answer is YG Entertainment, as they formed Winner through their
reality survival program WIN: Who Is Next in 2013, and Winner went on to release
their debut album 2014 S/S under YG Entertainment in 2014.

50
C Judge Prompt and Thinkng Example

C.1 Judge Prompt

Judge Prompt example

System Prompt: You are an advanced reasoning evaluator tasked with determining
whether a given thought process falls under Deepthink (structured, logical reasoning)
or Overthink (excessive, unproductive rumination).
- Deepthink refers to structured, logical, and systematic reasoning that effectively
breaks down a problem and leads to a clear, well-founded conclusion. It is goal-
oriented and helps optimize decision-making.
- Overthink refers to excessive, repetitive, and often unproductive thinking that
results in indecision, confusion, or unnecessary complexity. It frequently involves
second-guessing and unnecessary loops in reasoning.

# Evaluation Criteria:
- Logical Structure: Is the thought process well-organized, following a clear reasoning
chain?
- Goal Orientation: Does the thought process progressively move toward a solution, or
does it get stuck in unnecessary loops?
- Decision Efficiency: Does the reasoning lead to a clear conclusion, or does it result in
excessive hesitation and repetition?
- Emotional State: Does the thought process exhibit uncertainty, self-doubt, or
anxiety-driven reasoning?

# Input Format:
You will receive a thought process as input. Analyze it carefully and classify it as either
Deepthink or Overthink based on the criteria above.

# Output Format:
Provide your evaluation in the following format (Don’t give any other explanation):
Reasoning: [Briefly explain your judgment based on logical structure, goal orientation,
decision efficiency, and emotional state]
Classification: [Deepthink / Overthink]

User Prompt: Now, start to evaluate the thought: {thought}

C.2 Thinking Examples

Overthinking Examples. Overthinking refers to excessive, repetitive, and often unproduc-

tive thinking that results in indecision, confusion, or unnecessary complexity. Here are some
examples.

DeepSeek-R1 on Plan Generation.

Okay, let’s tackle this problem step by step. The user has a set of blocks arranged in
a specific initial state and wants to rearrange them to meet a goal state. The initial
conditions are: yellow is clear, hand is empty, red is on blue, blue is on orange, yellow
is on red, and orange is on the table. The goal is to have red on orange and yellow on
blue.
First, I need to visualize the initial setup. Let’s list out the blocks:

- Orange is on the table.

- Blue is on top of orange.
- Red is on top of blue.

51
- Yellow is on top of red.
- So the stack from bottom to top is orange -> blue -> red -> yellow. But wait, blue is
on orange, red on blue, yellow on red. So the initial stack is orange (table), blue, red,
yellow. But all blocks except yellow are under others, but the yellow block is clear
(since nothing is on top of it). The red block is under yellow, blue under red, orange
under blue. Wait, but the initial statement says ẗhe blue block is on top of the orange
blockänd ẗhe yellow block is on top of the red block.̈ So perhaps the arrangement is:

- Orange is on the table.

- Blue is on orange.
- Red is on blue.
- Yellow is on red.

But that would make the stack: orange (table) -> blue -> red -> yellow. But
the initial conditions also mention ẗhe red block is on top of the blue blockänd ÿellow
on red.̈ So yes, that’s correct.

The goal is to have red on orange and yellow on blue. So the desired final
state is:

- Orange on table.
- Red on orange.
- Blue on table?
Wait, no. Wait the goal says r̈ed block is on top of the orange blockänd ÿellow block is
on top of the blue block.̈ So:

- Orange is on table.
- Red is on orange.
- Blue is on table (since if blue is under yellow, then blue must be clear for yellow to be
stacked on it, but blue can’t be under anything else if yellow is on top of it). Wait, but
the goal says yellow is on blue. So blue must be clear (so blue is on table), and yellow
is on blue. Red is on orange (orange is on table). So the desired stacks are:

Stack 1: orange (table) -> red.

Stack 2: blue (table) -> yellow.

So the initial stack is orange (table) -> blue -> red -> yellow. The goal requires
disassembling this stack to have red moved onto orange and yellow onto blue, which
is a separate stack.

To achieve this, we need to move yellow off red, then red off blue, then blue
off orange, but wait, initial state says blue is on orange. Wait, but in the initial state,
blue is on orange, which is on the table. So orange is under blue. The goal requires red
to be on orange. So orange is on the table, red on orange, and blue must be on the table
with yellow on top. So the steps would involve unstacking yellow from red, putting
yellow aside, then unstacking red from blue, then moving blue off orange to the table,
then stacking red onto orange, then stacking yellow onto blue.

Wait, but let’s check the initial conditions again. The user states:

Initial conditions:

- yellow block is clear (so nothing on top of yellow)

- hand is empty
- red block is on top of blue block
- blue block is on top of orange block

52
- yellow block is on top of red block
- orange block is on the table.

Wait, wait, that’s a contradiction. If yellow is on red, and red is on blue, and
blue is on orange, then the stack is orange (table) -> blue -> red -> yellow. But the user
says ÿellow block is on top of red blockänd r̈ed block is on top of blue block,̈ and b̈lue
block is on top of orange block.̈ So that’s correct. But the user also says ÿellow block
is clearẅhich makes sense because nothing is on top of yellow. So the initial stack is
orange, blue, red, yellow. But the goal is to have red on orange (so red must be moved
from blue to orange) and yellow on blue (so blue must be moved from orange to table,
then yellow is placed on blue).

Wait, no. Because in the goal, blue can be on the table with yellow on top,
and red on orange which is on the table. So steps needed:

1. Unstack yellow from red (since yellow is clear and hand is empty). So un-
stack yellow from red, then put yellow down on the table. Now, hand is empty, red is
clear.

2. Unstack red from blue. But blue is under red, but blue is on top of orange.
Wait, blue is on orange. So to unstack red from blue, we need to pick up red (since red
is clear now after removing yellow). Wait, after step 1, red is clear (since yellow was on
top). So we can pick up red. Wait, but to unstack red from blue, we need to unstack,
not pick up. Wait, no: the actions are ünstack a block from on top of another blockör
p̈ick up a block.̈ Since red is on top of blue, we can unstack red from blue. But wait,
can we? Because after step 1, yellow is on the table, red is clear. So yes, we can unstack
red from blue. Wait, but unstacking requires that the block being unstacked is clear. So
red is clear (since yellow was removed), so unstack red from blue. Then we have red in
hand. Then put red down? But we need to stack red onto orange. So perhaps after
unstacking red from blue, we need to put red down, then move blue off orange, then
stack red onto orange.

Wait, but let’s think:

Initial stack: orange (table) -> blue -> red -> yellow.

After step 1: unstack yellow from red, put down yellow. Stack now: orange ->
blue -> red (clear). Yellow is on table.

Step 2: unstack red from blue. So now, red is in hand. Then we need to place
red onto orange. But orange is under blue. So to stack red on orange, we need to have
orange clear. But orange is under blue, which is under red (originally). Wait, after
removing red, blue is on orange. So blue is clear? Because red was on blue, but after
removing red, blue is clear. So blue is on orange, which is on table. So to move blue off
orange, we need to unstack blue from orange. But to do that, we need to have blue
clear. But if blue is under red, but after removing red, blue is clear. Wait, initial state
after step 2: red is in hand after unstacking from blue. So blue is now clear (since red
was removed). So blue is on orange. So next step could be to unstack blue from orange.
But first, we need to put red down somewhere. Because after step 2, we’re holding red.
So:

Step 3: put down red on the table. Now, red is on table, clear. Hand is empty.
Now, blue is on orange, and blue is clear. So we can unstack blue from orange.

Step 4: unstack blue from orange. Now holding blue. Then put blue down on
the table. Now, orange is clear (since blue was removed). Now, red is on the table. So
we can pick up red and stack it on orange.

53
Step 5: pick up red (which is on table and clear). Then stack red on orange
(which is clear). Now, orange has red on top. Then, we need to get yellow onto blue.
Yellow is on table. Blue is on table. So we can pick up yellow and stack it on blue.

Wait, but after step 4, blue is on table. So step 6: pick up yellow (on table,
clear), stack on blue (which is on table and clear). Then done.

Let’s outline the steps:

1. Unstack yellow from red (since yellow is clear, hand empty).

2. Put down yellow.
3. Unstack red from blue (now holding red).
4. Put down red on table.
5. Unstack blue from orange (since blue is clear now).
6. Put down blue on table.
7. Pick up red (now on table, clear).
8. Stack red on orange (which is clear on table).
9. Pick up yellow (on table, clear).
10. Stack yellow on blue (on table, clear).

But let’s check if each step is valid.

Step 1: Unstack yellow from red. Since yellow is on top of red and clear, hand is empty.
Valid. Now holding yellow.
Step 2: Put down yellow. Valid. Now yellow is on table, clear. Hand empty.
Step 3: Unstack red from blue. Red is on blue and clear (since yellow was removed).
Hand is empty. Valid. Now holding red.
Step 4: Put down red. Now red is on table. Hand empty.
Step 5: Unstack blue from orange. Blue is on orange and clear (since red was removed).
Hand empty. Valid. Now holding blue.
Step 6: Put down blue. Now blue is on table. Hand empty.
Step 7: Pick up red. Red is on table and clear. Valid. Now holding red.
Step 8: Stack red on orange. Orange is on table and clear. Valid. Stack red on orange.
Now orange has red. Hand empty.
Step 9: Pick up yellow. Yellow is on table and clear. Valid. Now holding yellow.
Step 10: Stack yellow on blue. Blue is on table and clear. Valid. Done.
This achieves the goal: red on orange, yellow on blue.

But wait, the initial plan might be more efficient. Let me check if there’s a
shorter way. For example, after step 3 (holding red), instead of putting red down, can
we directly stack red on orange? But orange is under blue. So to stack red on orange,
orange must be clear. But orange is under blue. So we need to move blue off orange
first. So steps would need to unstack blue from orange, which requires blue to be clear.
But blue is under red. Wait, no. After step 3, we have unstacked red from blue, so blue
is now clear (since red was removed). So blue is on orange. So after step 3 (unstack red
from blue, holding red), then we can unstack blue from orange (since blue is clear). But
we’re holding red, so we need to put red down first. So steps 3-4: unstack red from
blue, put red down. Then unstack blue from orange, put blue down. Then stack red on
orange, stack yellow on blue.

So the plan I outlined earlier is necessary. Alternatively, maybe we can opti-

mize by not putting red down but holding it while moving blue. But according to the
rules, you can only hold one block at a time. So you can’t hold red and then unstack
blue. You have to put red down first.

Therefore, the plan is as outlined: 10 steps. But maybe the user expects a
shorter plan? Let me see. Wait, let’s count the steps in the initial example. The first

54
problem’s plan had 8 steps. Maybe this one can be done in fewer?

Alternative approach: After unstacking yellow and putting it down, can we then
unstack blue from orange, but that would require first removing red. Wait, no. Let’s see:

Initial stack: orange (table) -> blue -> red -> yellow.

Step 1: Unstack yellow from red, put down yellow.

Now, stack is orange -> blue -> red (clear).

Step 2: Unstack red from blue, holding red.

Now, stack is orange -> blue (clear).

Step 3: Unstack blue from orange, holding blue.

Step 4: Put down blue.

Step 5: Stack red onto orange.

Step 6: Stack yellow onto blue.

Wait, that would be steps 1-6. Let’s check:

1. Unstack yellow from red → hold yellow.

2. Put down yellow → hand empty.
3. Unstack red from blue → hold red.
4. Unstack blue from orange → but wait, we’re holding red, so can’t unstack blue.
Need to put red down first.

So step 4 would be put down red, then unstack blue. So:

3. Unstack red from blue → hold red.

4. Put down red → hand empty.
5. Unstack blue from orange → hold blue.
6. Put down blue → hand empty.
7. Pick up red → hold red.
8. Stack red on orange → hand empty.
9. Pick up yellow → hold yellow.
10. Stack yellow on blue → done.

Same as before. So 10 steps. But perhaps there’s a smarter way. Let’s think
again.

Is there a way to avoid putting red down twice? Let’s see:

After unstacking red from blue (step 3, holding red), can we directly stack red
onto orange? No, because orange is under blue. So orange is not clear. We need to
move blue off orange first. So to move blue, we need to have blue clear. After step 3,
blue is clear (since red was removed). So unstack blue from orange (step 4), but we’re
holding red. So we need to put red down first. So steps 3-4:

3. Unstack red from blue → hold red.

4. Put down red → hand empty.
5. Unstack blue from orange → hold blue.
6. Put down blue → hand empty.
7. Pick up red → hold red.
8. Stack red on orange → hand empty.

55
9. Pick up yellow → hold yellow.
10. Stack yellow on blue → done.

No, same steps. So it seems unavoidable. Therefore, the plan must have these
steps. So the correct plan is as outlined.

DeepSeek-R1 on Alfworld.

Okay, let’s tackle this task step by step. The goal is to put a cool lettuce in the
countertop. First, I need to find a lettuce. The user has already opened the fridge and
checked countertop 1. The fridge had a bowl, bread, cup, egg, pan, plate, potato, and
tomato, but no lettuce. Then they went to countertop 1 and saw a lettuce 1 there.

Wait, the task requires a *cool* lettuce. The lettuce on countertop 1 is probably
not cool because it’s not in the fridge. So maybe we need to take that lettuce, cool it in
the fridge, and then put it back on a countertop. But first, check if that lettuce is already
cool. If not, cool it.

Alternatively, maybe there’s another lettuce in the fridge that the user didn’t
see. Wait, the fridge had a tomato 2 but no lettuce. So the only lettuce is on countertop
1. So the plan is: take lettuce 1 from countertop 1, cool it in the fridge, then move it to a
countertop (maybe the same one or another). But the task says p̈ut a cool lettuce in
countertop,̈ so the lettuce needs to be cooled first.

Wait, but the fridge might not have a lettuce. The user checked fridge 1 and it
didn’t have lettuce. So the lettuce on countertop 1 is the one to use. So take it, cool it in
the fridge, then put it back on a countertop. Let me check the steps again.

Current state: User is at countertop 1, which has lettuce 1. The fridge was
opened and had no lettuce. So steps would be:

1. Take lettuce 1 from countertop 1.

2. Go to fridge 1.
3. Cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1.
4. Move the cooled lettuce to a countertop (maybe countertop 2 or 3, but the task just
says c̈ountertops̈o any is fine).

Wait, but after cooling, the lettuce is cool. Then move it to a countertop. But
the user might need to place it in a specific countertop, but the task doesn’t specify
which. So any countertop is acceptable as long as the lettuce is cool.

So the actions would be:

Take lettuce 1 from countertop 1.

Then go to fridge 1.

Cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1.

Then move lettuce 1 to a countertop (like countertop 2 or 3, but if the original

countertop 1 is allowed, maybe that’s okay. However, the task says p̈ut a cool lettuce in
countertop,̈ which could mean placing it in any countertop, possibly a different one.
But since the lettuce was already on countertop 1, maybe moving it back after cooling
is needed. But the original position is countertop 1, so perhaps moving it to another
countertop to fulfill the task. But the task doesn’t specify which, so maybe any is fine.

56
Alternatively, perhaps the user just needs to ensure the lettuce is cool and in a
countertop. So cooling the existing lettuce and leaving it on countertop 1 might not
work if the cooling process requires moving it. Wait, the cooling action requires using
the fridge. So the steps are take the lettuce, cool it in the fridge, then move it to a
countertop.

So the user is currently at countertop 1. They can take the lettuce here, then
go to fridge 1, cool it, then move it to a countertop. Let’s outline the steps:

Action: take lettuce 1 from countertop 1

Then, go to fridge 1.

Cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1.

Then move lettuce 1 to a countertop (maybe countertop 2 or 3, but check if

they are available. The user has countertop 1, 2, 3. Countertop 1 already has the lettuce,
but after cooling, moving it to another countertop would fulfill the task.

But wait, the task is to p̈ut a cool lettuce in countertop.S̈o as long as the let-
tuce is cool and placed in any countertop, it’s done. So even if it’s the same countertop,
as long as it’s cooled. However, the user might need to move it to ensure it’s placed
after cooling. Let’s proceed.

So after taking the lettuce, cooling it, the next step is to move it to a counter-
top. The user can choose countertop 2 or 3. Let’s check if those are accessible.

But first, after taking the lettuce from countertop 1, the user needs to go to
fridge 1, cool it, then go to a countertop (maybe countertop 2 or 3) and move the lettuce
there.

Wait, the user is currently at countertop 1. After taking the lettuce, they need
to go to fridge 1. Then, after cooling, they need to go to a countertop (like countertop 2)
and move the lettuce there.

So step-by-step:

1. Take lettuce 1 from countertop 1.

2. Go to fridge 1.

3. Cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1.

4. Go to countertop 2.

5. Move lettuce 1 to countertop 2.

Alternatively, maybe countertop 3. Let’s see. The user’s environment has countertop 1,
2, 3. After cooling, moving to any of them is acceptable.

But let’s proceed with the actions.

Current observation after the user’s last action: They are at countertop 1, which has
lettuce 1. So first, take the lettuce.

Action: take lettuce 1 from countertop 1

57
Assuming that works, then go to fridge 1.

Then cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1.

Then go to countertop 2 or 3, then move the lettuce there.

So the next actions would be:

take lettuce 1 from countertop 1

Then, go to fridge 1

cool lettuce 1 with fridge 1

Then, go to countertop 2 (or 3)

move lettuce 1 to countertop 2

But the user might need to check if countertop 2 is accessible. Let’s see in the
initial observation: countertop 3, 2, 1 are present. So they can go there.

So the plan is correct.

Claude3-7-sonnet on Plan Re-plan.

Let’s understand the current situation after the unexpected event:

1. The state right before the unexpected event (after step 8):
- We had stacked yellow block on top of orange block
- Orange block was on top of red block
- Red block was on the table
- Blue block was on the table (we had put it down in step 6)
- Hand was empty

2. Step 9 was: p̈ick up the blue block¨

3. But the unexpected event after step 9 shows:

- Blue block is clear
- Hand is empty
- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Yellow block is not clear
- We are not holding the blue block

This is very strange. Instead of picking up the blue block as intended, some-
how the blue block has automatically moved to be on top of the yellow block. This
contradicts the action we tried to execute, which was to pick up the blue block, not to
stack it on the yellow block.

Now I need to make a new plan from this unexpected state:

Current state after the unexpected event:

- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Yellow block is on top of orange block
- Orange block is on top of red block
- Red block is on the table
- Hand is empty

58
- Blue block is clear

Goal state:
- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Orange block is on top of red block
- Yellow block is on top of orange block

Comparing the current state with the goal state:

1. Blue block is already on top of yellow block (goal already satisfied)
2. Orange block is already on top of red block (goal already satisfied)
3. BUT yellow block is on top of orange block, which is the opposite of what we want.
We want yellow block to be on top of orange block.

So the core issue is that we need to reverse the positions of yellow and orange
blocks while keeping the blue block on top of yellow and orange block on top of red.

Let me create a step-by-step plan:

1. Unstack blue block from yellow block (so we can move yellow)
2. Put down blue block on the table
3. Unstack yellow block from orange block
4. Put down yellow block on the table
5. Unstack orange block from red block
6. Put down orange block on the table
7. Pick up yellow block
8. Stack yellow block on top of orange block
9. Pick up blue block
10. Stack blue block on top of yellow block

But wait, this would leave the red block alone on the table, not with orange
block on top of it.

Let me review the constraints and goals again...

Sorry, I misread the goal. Let’s look at it again:

- Blue block is on top of yellow block (already satisfied)
- Orange block is on top of red block (need to check)
- Yellow block is on top of orange block (conflicting with current state)

The current state has:

- Blue block on top of yellow block
- Yellow block on top of orange block
- Orange block on top of red block
- Red block on the table

So actually we have orange block already on top of red block (goal satisfied),
but we need to reverse the positions of yellow and orange blocks while keeping blue
on top of yellow.

So we need to:
1. Unstack blue block from yellow block
2. Put down blue block on the table
3. Unstack yellow block from orange block
4. Put down yellow block on the table
5. Unstack orange block from red block
6. Put down orange block on the table
7. Pick up yellow block

59
8. Stack yellow block on top of orange block
9. Pick up blue block
10. Stack blue block on top of yellow block

But now red block would be alone on the table, which conflicts with orange
block being on top of red block.

Let me reflect again more carefully...

The goal state is:

- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Orange block is on top of red block
- Yellow block is on top of orange block

Current state:
- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Yellow block is on top of orange block
- Orange block is on top of red block
- Red block is on the table
- Hand is empty
- Blue block is clear

I need to create a stack with: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Currently we have: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Actually, the current state exactly matches the goal state! The blue block is on
top of the yellow block, the orange block is on top of the red block, and the yellow
block is on top of the orange block.

Wait, that’s not right. Let me be more precise about the description. In the
current state:
- Blue is on yellow
- Yellow is on orange
- Orange is on red
- Red is on the table

The goal state is:

- Blue is on yellow
- Orange is on red
- Yellow is on orange

This would create a stack with: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Now I see the issue. In the current state, we have yellow block on orange
block, but in the goal state, we want orange block on red block and yellow block on
orange block.

So we need to rearrange. Let’s plan it:

1. Unstack blue block from yellow block

2. Put down blue block on the table
3. Unstack yellow block from orange block
4. Put down yellow block on the table
5. Pick up orange block
6. Stack orange block on top of red block (this actually maintains an already satisfied
goal)

60
7. Pick up yellow block
8. Stack yellow block on top of orange block
9. Pick up blue block
10. Stack blue block on top of yellow block

Wait, this doesn’t make sense again. Let me carefully re-read the initial condi-
tions and goals.

Given:
- Current state: blue on yellow on orange on red (with red on the table)
- Goal state: blue on yellow on orange on red (with red on the table)

These are identical! So we’ve already reached the goal state. No further ac-
tions are needed.

Let me re-read one more time...

Ah, I see the issue. I’ve been misreading the description of the current state.
Let’s be very precise:

Current state after the unexpected event:

- Blue block is on top of yellow block (blue on yellow)
- Yellow block is on top of orange block (yellow on orange)
- Orange block is on top of red block (orange on red)
- Red block is on the table
- Hand is empty
- Blue block is clear

Goal state:
- Blue block is on top of yellow block (blue on yellow)
- Orange block is on top of red block (orange on red)
- Yellow block is on top of orange block (yellow on orange)

But wait, this is a logical contradiction. If yellow is on orange, orange cannot

simultaneously be on yellow. I think I’ve been misreading something.

Let me reread the goal:

M̈y goal is to have that the blue block is on top of the yellow block, the orange block is
on top of the red block and the yellow block is on top of the orange block.¨

If blue is on yellow, yellow is on orange, and orange is on red, we get the

stack: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Now let’s reread the current state after the unexpected event:
- Blue block is on top of yellow block
- Yellow block is on top of orange block
- Orange block is on top of red block
- Red block is on the table

This gives us the stack: blue on yellow on orange on red.

It seems like we’ve already achieved the goal! If that’s the case, our plan would be
empty because we don’t need to do anything more.

Let me double check my understanding of the current state and goal one more time:

Current state: blue on yellow on orange on red

61
Goal state: blue on yellow on orange on red

Since these match, we’ve achieved the goal. Our plan would be empty.

Wait, let me carefully reread the goals again to make sure I haven’t misunder-
stood:

M̈y goal is to have that the blue block is on top of the yellow block, the or-
ange block is on top of the red block and the yellow block is on top of the orange block.¨

So, blue is on yellow, orange is on red, and yellow is on orange. This would
create: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Current state: blue on yellow on orange on red.

Yes, the current state matches the goal state. We don’t need to perform any
additional actions.

But wait, this seems too simple. Let me check if I’ve misunderstood some-
thing.

In the goal:
- blue is on yellow
- orange is on red
- yellow is on orange

This would result in the configuration: blue on yellow on orange on red.

In the current state after the unexpected event:

- blue is on yellow
- yellow is on orange
- orange is on red

This results in the configuration: blue on yellow on orange on red.

The two configurations match. We’ve already achieved the goal, so no further
actions are needed. Our plan would be empty.

Actually, let me double check my interpretation by drawing out these configu-

rations:

Goal:
blue
yellow
orange
red
table

Current state:
blue
yellow
orange
red
table

Yes, they match. We’ve already achieved the goal state, so no further actions
are needed. The plan is empty.

62
Deepthinking Examples. Deepthinking refers to structured, logical, and systematic reason-
ing that effectively breaks down a problem and leads to a clear, well-founded conclusion.

Claude3-7-sonnet on Plan Generation.

Let’s analyze the initial conditions and the goal carefully.

Initial Conditions:
- The red block is clear
- The yellow block is clear
- The hand is empty
- The orange block is on top of the blue block
- The yellow block is on top of the orange block
- The red block is on the table
- The blue block is on the table

So the initial configuration is:

“‘
yellow
orange
blue red
table table
“‘

Goal:
- The red block is on top of the blue block
- The orange block is on top of the yellow block
- The yellow block is on top of the red block

So the goal configuration is:

“‘
orange
yellow
red
blue
table
“‘

Let me plan the steps to achieve this goal:

1. First, I need to disassemble the current stack:

- Unstack yellow from orange
- Put down yellow on table
- Unstack orange from blue
- Put down orange on table

2. Then I need to build the new stack:

- Pick up red (which is on the table)
- Stack red on top of blue
- Pick up yellow (which we put on the table)
- Stack yellow on top of red
- Pick up orange (which we put on the table)
- Stack orange on top of yellow

Let me double-check this plan against the constraints:

For step 1 (dismantling):

- Yellow is clear initially, so we can unstack it from orange

63
- Once yellow is removed, orange becomes clear and can be unstacked from blue
- We’re always putting blocks down with our hand and making our hand empty again

For step 2 (building):

- Red is clear on the table, so we can pick it up
- Blue is clear on the table, so we can stack red on it
- Yellow was on the table and clear, so we can pick it up
- Red on blue is clear, so we can stack yellow on it
- Orange was on the table and clear, so we can pick it up
- Yellow on red on blue is clear, so we can stack orange on it

The plan seems valid. Let me write it out formally:

1. unstack the yellow block from on top of the orange block

2. put down the yellow block
3. unstack the orange block from on top of the blue block
4. put down the orange block
5. pick up the red block
6. stack the red block on top of the blue block
7. pick up the yellow block
8. stack the yellow block on top of the red block
9. pick up the orange block
10. stack the orange block on top of the yellow block

Let me confirm this one more time. After this plan is executed, we should
have:
- The orange block on top of the yellow block
- The yellow block on top of the red block
- The red block on top of the blue block
- The blue block on the table
This matches our goal, so the plan is correct.

DeepSeek-R1 on HotpotQA.

Okay, let’s tackle this question. The user wants to know which performance act has a
higher instrument-to-person ratio: Badly Drawn Boy or Wolf Alice.
First, I need to figure out what each act’s setup is like. Badly Drawn Boy is a solo artist,
right? But he might use multiple instruments during performances. Wolf Alice is a
band, so they probably have more members. But the key is the ratio of instruments per
person.
I should start by searching for Badly Drawn Boy. Let me check his typical live setup.
If he’s a solo artist, he might play several instruments himself or use backing tracks.
On the other hand, Wolf Alice is a four-piece band, each member might play one
instrument, but maybe some switch instruments during the show.
Wait, maybe I should confirm the number of members in each act. Badly Drawn Boy is
just one person, so if he uses multiple instruments, that ratio would be higher. Wolf
Alice has four members. If each plays one instrument, their ratio is 1:1. But if Badly
Drawn Boy uses, say, three instruments alone, his ratio is 3:1, which is higher.
I should search each artist to get details on their live performances. Let’s start with Badly
Drawn Boy. Search[Badly Drawn Boy]. Then check the instruments he uses. Similarly,
Search[Wolf Alice] to find their band members and instruments. Then compare the
ratios.

64
 DeepSeek-R1 on Tool Selection.

Okay, let’s see. The user is asking for the hourly weather forecast for tomorrow,
including several specific details like temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed,
and cloud coverage. I need to check the list of tools provided to find one that can
handle weather-related queries.

Looking at the tool descriptions:

1. **lsongai** mentions weather in its description. It says it provides AI-powered

content including weather. That seems promising.
2. **jini** offers real-time information and can search for news, images, etc., but it’s not
clear if it does hourly forecasts specifically.
3. **metaphor_search_api** accesses high-quality content but doesn’t specify weather.
4. The other tools like RoboAd, PolishTool, BookTool, MediaTool, timemachine,
MusicTool, and seoanalysis don’t relate to weather.

So, **lsongai** directly lists weather as one of its services, which makes it the
best fit here. The other tools either don’t mention weather or focus on different areas.
Even though jini provides real-time info, it’s more general and might not break down
the forecast hourly. Therefore, lsongai is the appropriate choice.

D Examples of Ignoring Facts.

We have observed that LRM often becomes overly immersed in its own reasoning process
and neglects the necessary interaction with the environment. We present some examples
where the red font indicates the assumptions of the LRM on the observations and the answer
is given based on the assumptions.

DeepSeek-R1 on HotpotQA.

▶qustion: Q: Seven Brief Lessons on Physics was written by an Italian physicist that
has worked in France since what year?

▶output:
#Next action:
Think: Okay, let’s tackle this question step by step. The user is asking about the book
"Seven Brief Lessons on Physics" written by an Italian physicist who has worked in
France since a certain year.
First, I need to identify the author of the book. The title "Seven Brief Lessons on Physics"
is specific, so searching for that should give me the author. Let me start by searching
the book’s title.
So, the first action would be to Search[Seven Brief Lessons on Physics]. That should
provide the author’s name. Once I have the author, I can then look up their work
history in France. The author is Carlo Rovelli, as per the search result. Now, I need
to find out when he started working in France. Since the search result mentions he
works in France, I should look up the specific year he began there. Maybe the next
step is to search for Carlo Rovelli’s career details, specifically focusing on his move to
France. Alternatively, looking up keywords like "France" or "worked in France" in his
Wikipedia entry might give the exact year. The observation from the search says he has
worked in France since 2000. So, the answer would be 2000. Therefore, the final action
is to Finish with that year.
Thought: I need to find the author of "Seven Brief Lessons on Physics" first, then
determine when he started working in France.
Action: Search[Seven Brief Lessons on Physics] Observation: Seven Brief Lessons
on Physics (Italian: *Sette brevi lezioni di fisica*) is a book by Italian physicist Carlo

65
Rovelli. Rovelli is known for his work in quantum gravity and has worked in France
since 2000. #Next action: Thought: The observation states Carlo Rovelli has worked in
France since 2000.

QWQ-32B-Preview on Web Shop.

▶qustion: I need a purple braces brush that is easy to carry, and price lower than 30.00
dollars.
▶history trajectory: ...
▶output:
#Next action:
Action: click[Back to Search]
Action: search[braces brush purple easy carry under $30]
Observation:
[Back to Search]
Page 1 (Total results: 20)
[Next >]
[B07HJZPQ4D]
Orthodontic Toothbrush for Braces, Purple, Compact Head for Easy Carry $5.99
[B08YJZT6M2] Portable Braces Brush Set, Purple Travel Size for On-the-Go Clean-
ing $7.99 [B09XZQWVYD] Compact Braces Brush, Purple, Perfect for Travel and Daily
Use $4.99.
Action: think[These results look more promising. I need to find a braces brush that’s
purple, easy to carry, and under $30. The first option is an orthodontic toothbrush with
a compact head, which seems suitable for easy carry. The second is a portable set, and
the third is a compact brush. I should check each one to see which best fits my needs].
Observation: OK.
Action: click[B07HJZPQ4D]
Observation:
[Back to Search]
[< Prev]
color [purple][blue][green]
size [standard][compact]
Orthodontic Toothbrush for Braces, Purple, Compact Head for Easy Carry
Price: $5.99
Rating: 4.5 stars (100 + ratings)
[Description] [Features] [Reviews] [Buy Now]
Action: think[This brush is purple and has a compact head designed for easy carry. It’s
specifically for braces and costs $5.99, which is well under $30. I should check if it’s
easy to carry and if the compact size meets my needs].
Observation: OK.
Action: click[compact]
Observation: You have selected the compact size.
Action: click[Buy Now]
Task finished

QWQ-32B-Preview on ALFWorld.

▶qustion: Observation: You are in the middle of a room. Looking quickly around
you, you see a cabinet 6, a cabinet 5, a cabinet 4, a cabinet 3, a cabinet 2, a cabinet 1, a
coffeemachine 1, a countertop 3, a countertop 2, a countertop 1, a drawer 3, a drawer 2,
a drawer 1, a fridge 1, a garbagecan 1, a microwave 1, a shelf 3, a shelf 2, a shelf 1, a
sinkbasin 1, a stoveburner 4, a stoveburner 3, a stoveburner 2, a stoveburner 1, and a
toaster 1.
Your task is to: put a cool lettuce in countertop.

66
▶history trajectory: ...
▶output:
#Next action:
Action: Alright, I need to put a cool lettuce on the countertop. First, I need to find a
lettuce and then cool it before placing it on the countertop. Let’s think about where I
might find a lettuce.

I remember that in this simulated environment, food items like lettuce could be in the
fridge, on countertops, or maybe in cabinets or drawers. So, I should start by checking
the fridge since lettuce is typically stored there to keep it fresh.

I’ll go to the fridge first.

**Action: go to fridge 1**

**Observation: The fridge 1 is closed.**

Okay, I need to open it to see inside.

**Action: open fridge 1**

**Observation: You open the fridge 1. The fridge 1 is open. In it, you see a lettuce 1.**

Great! I found a lettuce in the fridge. Now, I need to take it out.

**Action: take lettuce 1 from fridge 1**

**Observation: You pick up the lettuce 1 from the fridge 1.**

Now that I have the lettuce, I need to cool it. Wait, but it’s already in the fridge, which
is cold. Maybe "cool" here means to make sure it’s chilled. Perhaps I need to place it
back in the fridge for a bit to ensure it’s cool, but since it was already in there, maybe
it’s already cool enough.

Alternatively, maybe "cool" refers to a specific action I need to perform, like using the
sink or another appliance to clean or chill it further. I should consider what it means to
"cool" a lettuce.

Let me think about this. In a kitchen, to cool something, I might place it in the fridge or
even under running cold water. Since it’s already in the fridge, maybe I don’t need to
do anything extra. Perhaps the instruction assumes it’s already cool if it’s from the
fridge.

But to be thorough, maybe I should rinse it under cold water in the sink to make sure
it’s cooled off.

**Action: go to sinkbasin 1**

**Observation: At the sinkbasin 1, you see nothing.**

I need to turn on the tap to get water.

**Action: use sinkbasin 1**

**Observation: You turn on the tap, and water starts flowing from the sinkbasin 1.**

67
Now, I can rinse the lettuce under the cold water.

**Action: clean lettuce 1 with sinkbasin 1**

**Observation: You rinse the lettuce 1 under cold water from the sinkbasin 1.**
Alright, now the lettuce is cleaned and cooled. I can turn off the tap.

**Action: use sinkbasin 1**

**Observation: You turn off the tap, and the water stops flowing from the sinkbasin 1.**

Now, I need to place this cooled lettuce on the countertop. Let’s see which countertop
is available.

I recall there are countertop 1, countertop 2, and countertop 3. I should choose one that
has space to place the lettuce.

**Action: go to countertop 1**

**Observation: On the countertop 1, you see a knife 1, a pan 2, a pan 1, and a plate 1.**

Hmm, there are already some items on countertop 1. Maybe I can place the lettuce
there, but it’s better to choose a countertop that has less clutter.

**Action: go to countertop 2**

**Observation: On the countertop 2, you see a apple 2, a butterknife 2, a fork 3, a

houseplant 1, a knife 2, a lettuce 3, a spatula 1, and a winebottle 1.**
Countertop 2 also has multiple items, including another lettuce. Maybe I should
choose countertop 3.

**Action: go to countertop 3**

**Observation: On the countertop 3, you see a apple 1, a book 1, a bread 1, a butterknife

3, a glassbottle 2, a glassbottle 1, a knife 3, a lettuce 2, a lettuce 1, a papertowelroll 1, a
plate 3, a spoon 1, a statue 1, and a vase 2.**
Countertop 3 is quite full as well. Maybe I should pick the one with least items.

**Action: go to countertop 1**

**Observation: On the countertop 1, you see a knife 1, a pan 2, a pan 1, and a plate 1.**
Compared to others, countertop 1 has fewer items. I’ll place the lettuce there.

**Action: put lettuce 1 on countertop 1**

**Observation: You place the lettuce 1 on the countertop 1.**

Perfect! I’ve successfully put a cool lettuce on the countertop. I think that completes
the task.

**Final Action: put lettuce 1 on countertop 1**

68
E Summary of experimental results

E.1 Details for Efficiency and Token Cost on

Table 8 offers a glimpse into the efficiency and computational cost of various models across
seven tasks, evaluated under the LaRMA framework with LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct, GPT-4o,
and Claude3.5-sonnet as actors. Efficiency, measured in seconds, and cost, quantified in
tokens, reveal distinct patterns: LRMs like DeepSeek-R1 and Claude3.7-sonnet consistently
exhibit higher execution times and token usage, particularly in reasoning-intensive tasks
such as Generation and Execution, reflecting their deeper reasoning processes. In contrast,
LLMs tend to maintain lower costs and faster execution in tasks like Awareness and Selection,
underscoring their efficiency in execution-driven scenarios. Notably, KnowledgeQA stands
out with elevated token consumption across all models, hinting at its complexity. These
metrics illuminate the trade-offs between reasoning depth and resource demands, providing
a foundational perspective for optimizing agent design.

Table 8: Efficiency and Token Cost Across Tasks for LLMs and LRMs with Three Actor
Models. Efficiency (seconds) and cost (tokens) are reported for seven tasks.
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct GPT-4o Claude3.5-sonnet
Task Model
Efficiency Cost tokens Efficiency Cost tokens Efficiency Cost tokens
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 57.65 532526 88.70 597962 28.13 254849
GPT-4o 52.24 473326 28.89 572293 30.33 218314
Claude3.5-sonnet 56.60 523440 120.01 650212 29.83 181096
Generation
DeepSeek-R1 165.46 667403 357.19 1035894 114.11 403364
Claude3.7-sonnet 197.45 1099433 295.27 1356622 140.37 370162
Gemini-2.0-Flash 79.50 513031 86.37 633534 32.90 268521
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 18.86 443310 34.39 472922 20.93 246071
GPT-4o 23.46 446057 12.45 485396 27.93 295167
Claude3.5-sonnet 22.50 481520 22.50 481520 20.69 194654
Re-plan
DeepSeek-R1 80.68 448820 103.95 513290 90.86 396407
Claude3.7-sonnet 77.37 813990 77.37 813990 114.56 382188
Gemini-2.0-Flash 29.08 442490 26.17 429744 25.55 300561
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 23.91 501738 38.37 441864 11.00 188536
GPT-4o 28.90 520843 15.19 437761 13.02 144347
Claude3.5-sonnet 26.08 552913 41.52 443940 9.51 110938
Execution
DeepSeek-R1 176.39 715638 189.67 590200 65.09 243360
Claude3.7-sonnet 138.32 1048238 166.24 714437 103.18 181152
Gemini-2.0-Flash 47.41 495885 35.89 382479 11.45 135106
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 93.41 1499388 94.30 1155639 89.32 1398278
GPT-4o 92.90 1277977 57.15 1113560 84.99 1230547
Claude3.5-sonnet 84.24 1486147 76.94 1304633 99.93 1353282
KnowledgeQA
DeepSeek-R1 111.49 1195417 125.60 1122352 129.62 1400946
Claude3.7-sonnet 102.67 1269863 116.72 1136742 122.89 1534442
Gemini-2.0-Flash 79.52 1198449 77.29 1016287 79.55 1183173
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 2.81 31078 5.63 34323 6.64 53736
GPT-4o 2.72 34762 11.70 40066 6.09 46445
Claude3.5-sonnet 3.42 34274 3.80 32736 5.60 35800
Awareness
DeepSeek-R1 4.74 33751 5.31 33659 7.39 42275
Claude3.7-sonnet 4.98 34771 8.34 129661 6.57 36999
Gemini-2.0-Flash 3.89 40383 5.14 31926 8.80 139581
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 12.38 117411 11.70 249875 14.62 272634
GPT-4o 10.28 217022 11.10 131609 11.66 231321
Claude3.5-sonnet 11.35 228091 11.00 228980 20.69 194654
Selection
DeepSeek-R1 28.12 242062 30.63 253521 33.57 264609
Claude3.7-sonnet 27.80 260764 25.87 246009 43.46 288882
Gemini-2.0-Flash 15.33 237176 16.94 230842 18.17 258228
LLaMA3.1-70B-Instruct 9.84 204913 10.37 187728 10.25 191372
GPT-4o 8.67 186424 6.38 161914 15.08 168944
Claude3.5-sonnet 8.56 235769 9.49 208544 10.64 210192
Capability
DeepSeek-R1 42.02 254229 56.14 259370 38.40 225218
Claude3.7-sonnet 18.53 304894 14.74 398463 20.38 274046
Gemini-2.0-Flash 9.81 172790 10.18 176777 9.39 171376

69
E.2 Details on the Combination of LLMs and LRMs via Reflexion

L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5

CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

50 75 100 20 30 40 50 75 100
DS-R1 0 25 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 10 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 25 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 6: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Plan.

L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5

CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

100 75 100
25 50 75 25
50
25 50 75
DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 7: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Re-Plan.

L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5

CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

60 75 100
30 4050 50 50 75
0 1020 0
25
0 25
DS-R1 L3.1-70B DS-R1 L3.1-70B DS-R1 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 8: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Plan Execute.

70
 L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5
CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

50 75 100 50 75 100 50 75 100

DS-R1 0 25 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 25 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 25 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 9: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Tool Awareness.

L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5

CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

100 100 100

25 50 75 25 50 75 25 50 75
DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 10: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Tool Selection.

L3.1-70B GPT-4o CL3.5

CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o CL3.5 GPT-4o

100 100 100

25 50 75 25 50 75 25 50 75
DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B DS-R1 0 L3.1-70B

CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0 CL3.7 Gemini-2.0

ReAct Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5

Figure 11: Performance trends across Reflexion iterations for Tool Capability.

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