PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Subject Code : 1BPLC105B CIE Marks : 50

Lecture Hours : 40 (T) 24 (P) SEE Marks : 50

Credits : 04

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
Module -1
The way of the program: The Python programming language, what is a program?
What is debugging? Syntax errors, Runtime errors, Semantic errors, Experimental
debugging.
Variables, Expressions and Statements: Values and data types, Variables, Variable names
and keywords, Statements, Evaluating expressions, Operators and operands, Type
converter functions, Order of operations, Operations on strings, Input, Composition,
The modulus operator.
Iteration: Assignment, Updating variables, the for loop, the while statement, The Collatz 3n + 1
sequence, tables, two-dimensional tables, break statement, continue statement, paired
data, Nested Loops for Nested Data.
Functions: Functions with arguments and return values.
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
The Python programming language
- High-level language
- Multi-purpose (Web, GUI, Scripting, etc.)
- Object Oriented
- Interpreted
- Strongly typed and Dynamically typed
- Focus on readability and productivity

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
History of Python:
- Developed by Guido van Rossum during 1980 and 1990 at the National
Research Institute for Mathematics & Computer Science in Netherland
- Derived from ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix
shell and other scripting languages
- Python 1.0 was released in 1994.
- Python 2.0 was released in 2000, 2.7.11 is the latest edition of Python 2
- Python 3.0 was released in 2008
- Python 3.5.1 is the latest version of Python 3

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
Features of Python:
Easy-to-learn: Few keywords, simple structure, clearly defined syntax
A broad standard library: Python's bulk of the library
Interactive Mode: Support interactive testing and debugging of code
Database: Provides interfaces to all major commercial databases
GUI Programming: Supports creation of GUI applications
Scalable: Provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
The Python programming language
- Python Interpreter :Engine that translates and runs Python code

- Python Interpreter works in two modes: immediate mode and script mode
- Immediate mode (shell): Type Python expressions into Python Interpreter
or shellwindow, and the interpreter
immediately shows the result
- The >>> is called Python prompt
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
The Python programming language
Script mode: Alternatively, you can write a program in a file and use the
interpreter to execute the contents of the file.
- Such a file is called a script, can save to disk, printed, and so on.
- To write a script you need something like a text editor
- Tools which come with both text editor and interpreter, called
Integrated Development Environment or IDE
- For Python: Spyder, Thonny or IDLE, Jupyter NoteBook

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
What is a program ?
- Program is a sequence of instructions that specifies to particular task
- Possible Instructions are
Input: Get data from keyboard or file or some other device such as sensor
Output: Display result on screen or send to file or other device such as motor
Math: Perform basic mathematical operations
Conditional execution: Check for certain conditions and execute the
appropriate sequence of statements.
Repetition: Perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
What is a debugging ?
- While writing programs, programmer can do mistake
- It often leads to errors
- Programming errors are called bugs
- The process of tracking down and correcting them is called debugging
- Three kinds of errors: syntax errors, runtime errors & semantic errors
- It is a intellectual, challenging and interesting part of programming
- Debugging is like detective work, experimental science

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
Syntax Errors
- Python can execute a program only if program is syntactically correct
- Otherwise, the execution fails and returns an error message
- Syntax refers to the structure of a program and the rules about that
structure

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
Runtime Errors
- The errors can appear only during the execution or run a program
- These errors also called exceptions

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 The way of the Program
Sematic Errors
- If there is a semantic error in the program, program will run successfully
- Computer will not generate any error messages
- The meaning of the program (its semantics) or result will be wrong

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- A value is the fundamental things like: a letter or a number, that
program manipulates
Example: 4 or "Hello, World!“
- Values are classified into classes or data types
- 4 is an integer and "Hello, World!" is a string
- Strings belong to the class str and integers belong to the class int

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- type function can be used to check class of particular value
>>> type("Hello, World!")
<class 'str'>
>>> type(17)
<class 'int'>
- Numbers with a decimal point belong to a class called float, because
these numbers are represented in a format called floating-point
>>> type(3.2)
<class ‘float'>
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- What about values like "17" and "3.2"? They look like numbers, but they
are in quotation marks like strings
>>> type("17")
<class 'str'>
>>> type("3.2")
<class 'str'>
- Strings in Python can be enclosed in either single quotes ( ' ) or
double quotes ( " ), or three of each ( ''' or """ )

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- Strings in Python can be enclosed in either single quotes ( ' ) or
double quotes ( " ), or three of each ( ''' or """ )
>>> type('This is a string.')
<class 'str'>
>>> type("And so is this.")
<class 'str'>
>>> type("""and this.""")
<class 'str'>
>>> type('''and even this...''')
<class 'str'>

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- Double quoted strings can contain single quotes inside them, as in
"Bruce's beard"
- And single quoted strings can have double quotes inside them, as in
'The knights who say "Ni!" '.

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- Strings enclosed with three occurrences of either quote symbol are
called triple quoted strings
- They can contain either single or double quotes

>>> print('''"Oh no", she exclaimed, "Ben's bike is broken!"''')

"Oh no", she exclaimed, "Ben's bike is broken!"
>>>

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Values and data types
- Triple quoted strings can even span multiple lines:
>>> message = """This message will
... span several
... lines."""
>>> print(message)
This message will
span several
lines.
>>>

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variables
- A variable is a name that refers to a value
- The assignment statement gives a value to a variable
>>> message = "What's up, Doc?"
>>> n = 17
>>> pi = 3.14159

- The assignment token = should not be confused with equals token ==

- The assignment token = assign or bind a value at RHS to variable at the LHS

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variables
>>> message = "What's up, Doc?"
>>> n = 17
>>> pi = 3.14159

- If you ask the interpreter to evaluate a variable, it will produce the value that is
currently linked to the variable:
>>> message
'What's up, Doc?'
>>> n
17
>>> pi
3.14159

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variables
- Basically, an assignment is an order

>>> 17 = n
File "<interactive input>", line 1
SyntaxError: can't assign to literal

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variables
- We use variables in a program to “remember” things
- But variables are variable, means they can change over time
- You can assign a value to variable, and later assign a different value to the
same variable >>> day = "Thursday"
>>> day
'Thursday‘
>>> day = "Friday"
>>> day
'Friday'
>>> day = 21
>>> day
21

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variable names : Rules for naming variables
- Variable names can formed using letters (A-Z) digits (0-9) and under score (_)
- But must begin with a letter or an underscore (Ex: sum or _sum)
- Must not begin with digit (Ex: 5sum Invalid variable name)
- Keywords cannot be used (Ex: class, str, int, float invalid variable names)
- Case sensitive (Upper case and lower case letters are distinct
(Ex: sum or Sum or SUM all are different )
- The underscore character ( _) can used in variable names with multiple words,
such as sum_of_numbers or average_on_sum
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Variable names : Rules for naming variables
- If you give a variable an illegal name, you get a syntax error:
>>> 76trombones = "big parade"
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> more$ = 1000000
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> class = "Computer Science 101"
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
- 76trombones is illegal because it does not begin with a letter
- more$ is illegal because it contains an illegal character dollar sign
- class is one of the Python keywords, keywords cannot be used
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Keywords
- Python has thirty-something keywords

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Statements
- A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute
- When you type a statement on the command line Python executes it
- Statements don’t produce any result
- We have only seen the assignment statement so far

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Statements
A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute
- When you type a statement on the command line Python executes it
- Statements don’t produce any result
- We have only seen the assignment statement so far
- Some other kinds of statements are: while statements, for statements,
if statements, and import statements.

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Evaluating Expressions
- An expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and calls to
functions
- If you type an expression at the Python prompt, the interpreter evaluates it and
displays the result:

>>> 1 + 1
2
>>> len("hello")
5

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Operators and operands
- Operators are special tokens that represent computations like addition,
multiplication and division
- The values the operator uses are called operands
- The tokens +, -, and *, and the use of parenthesis for grouping

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Operators and operands

* is for multiplication
20+32
** is for exponentiation
hour-1
hour*60+minute
minute/60
5**2
(5+9)*(15-7)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Operators and operands
- Python gives us two different flavors of the division operator
1. In Python 3, the division operator / always yields a floating point result
2. Floor division uses the token //, its result is always a whole number
and if it has to adjust the number it always moves it to the left on the
>>> 7 / 4
number line 1.75
>>> 7 // 4
1
>>> minutes = 645
>>> hours = minutes // 60
>>> hours
10

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Type converter functions
- Python has type converter functions int( ), float( ) and str( )
- Which will convert their argument values into types int, float and str
respectively
- The int( ) function can take a floating point number or a string as
argument, and convert argument value into an int type
- For floating point numbers, it discards the decimal portion of the number
Process we call truncation towards zero on the number line

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Type converter functions
>>> int(3.14)
3
>>> int(3.9999) # This doesn't round to the closest int!
3
>>> int(3.0)
3
>>> int(-3.999) # Note that the result is closer to zero
-3
>>> int(minutes / 60)
10
>>> int("2345") # Parse a string to produce an int
2345
>>> int(17) # It even works if arg is already an int
17

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Type converter functions

- what do we expect?

>>> int("23 bottles")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10:
'23 bottles'

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Type converter functions
- The type converter function float( ) can convert an integer argument
into a float value
- Also convert syntactically legal string into a float value

>>> float(17)
17.0
>>> float("123.45")
123.45

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Type converter functions
- The type converter function str( ) can convert its argument into string value
- Also convert syntactically legal string into a float value

>>> str(17)
'17'
>>> str(123.45)
'123.45'

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Order of Operations
- When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of
evaluation depends on the rules of precedence
- Python follows the same precedence rules for its mathematical operators that
mathematics does
- The acronym PEM-DAS is a useful way to remember the order of operations:

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Order of Operations
- Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an
expression to evaluate in the order you want.
- Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first
- EX: 2 * (3-1) is 4 # 3-1 evaluate first due to parentheses
- Exponentiation has the next highest precedence
- Ex: 2**1+1 is 3 #2**1 evaluate first

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Order of Operations
- Multiplication and Division operators have the same precedence, which is
higher than Addition and Subtraction
Ex: 2*3-1 # 2*1 evaluate first , then subtraction evaluates
- Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left-to-right, they
are left-associative
- Ex: 6-3+2 # first 6-3 evaluates, then addition due to left-to-right associative

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Operations on String
- We cannot perform mathematical operations on strings
- The following are illegal
Ex:
>>> message - 1 # Error
>>> "Hello" / 123 # Error
>>> message * "Hello" # Error
>>> "15" + 2 # Error

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Operations on String
- But + operator work with strings
- The + operator represents concatenation, means joining the two operands
by linking them end-to-end.
Ex:
fruit = "banana"
baked_good = " nut bread"
print(fruit + baked_good)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Input
- The input() is built-in function in Python for getting input from the user
- Input() function returns entered value in string always

>>> name = input("Please enter country name: ")

Please enter country name: India
>>> name
'India'

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Input
- Input() function returns entered value in string always
>>> age = input("Please enter your age: ")
Please enter your age: 22
>>> age
'22'

- We need to convert string into int or float using the int() or float() converter
functions
>>> int(age)
22
>>> float(age)
22.0

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Composition
- Combining variables, expressions, statements and function calls into larger chunks

response = input("What is your radius? ")

r = float(response)
area = 3.14159 * r**2
print("The area is ", area)
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Composition

r = float( input("What is your radius? ") )

2 print("The area is ", 3.14159 * r**2)

or

print("The area is ", 3.14159*float(input("What is your radius?"))**2)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
The modulus operator
- The modulus operator works on integers
- Gives remainder when first number is divided by second number
- Percent sign (%) is used as modulus operator

>>> r = 7 % 3
>>> print( r )
1

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
The modulus operator

total_secs = int(input("How many seconds, in total?"))

hours = total_secs // 3600
secs_still_remaining = total_secs % 3600
minutes = secs_still_remaining // 60
secs_finally_remaining = secs_still_remaining % 60
print("Hrs=", hours, " mins=", minutes,"secs=", secs_finally_remaining)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: for statement Syntax:
for variable in list :
- for loop processes each item in a list <STATEMENT>
- Each item in turn is assigned to the loop variable, and then
body of the loop is executed

for friend in ["Joe", "Zoe", "Zuki", "Thandi", "Paris"]:

invite = "Hi " + friend + ". Please come to my party!"
print(invite)

- Running through all the items in a list is called traversing the list
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: for statement
Syntax:
for variable in list :
<STATEMENT>

numbers = [5, 6, 32, 21, 9]

running_total = 0
for number in numbers:
running_total = running_total + number
print(running_total)
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: for statement Syntax:
for variable in list :
Example: Generate Table <STATEMENT>
for x in range(13):
0 1
print(x, "\t", 2**x) 1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
6 64
7 128
8 256
9 512
10 1024
11 2048
12 4096

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: while statement
Example-1:
Syntax n=6
while <CONDITION>: current_sum = 0
<STATEMENT>
i=0
while i <= n:
current_sum += i
i += 1
print(current_sum)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: while statement
Example-2:The Collatz 3n + 1 sequence
Syntax n = 1027371
while <CONDITION>: while n != 1:
<STATEMENT>
print(n, end=", ")
if n % 2 == 0:
n = n // 2
else:
n=n*3+1
print(n, end=".\n")
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: while statement
Example-3:Counting digits
Syntax

while <CONDITION>: n = 3029

<STATEMENT>
count = 0
while n != 0:
count = count + 1
n = n // 10
print(count)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: while statement
Example-3:Counting digits only 0 and 5
Syntax n = 2574301453
while <CONDITION>: count = 0
<STATEMENT> while n > 0:
digit = n % 10
if digit == 0 or digit == 5:
count = count + 1
n = n // 10
print(count)
Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: The break statement

- The break statement is used to immediately leave the

body of its loop
- The next statement to be executed is the first one after
the body

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: The break statement

for i in [12, 16, 17, 24, 29]:

if i % 2 == 1: # If the number is odd
break # ... immediately exit the loop
print(i)
print("done")

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Pre-test loops

- for and while loops do their tests at the beginning,

before executing any part of the body, called pre-test
loops

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Pre-test loops
- for and while
for i in []: # List is empty, immediately exit the loop
if i % 2 == 1:
break
print(i)
print("done")

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Pre-test loops
- for and while
num=-1
while(num>0):
print(num)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Middle-test loops

- Sometimes we’d like to have the middle-test loop with the exit
test in the middle of the body
- Python just uses a combination of while and if
<CONDITION>: break to get the job done

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Middle-test loops

- Sometimes we’d like to have the middle-test loop with the exit
test in the middle of the body
- Python just uses a combination of while and if
<CONDITION>: break to get the job done

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Middle-test loops

total = 0
while True:
response = input("Enter the next number. (Leave blank to end)")
if response == "" or response == "-1":
break
total += int(response)
print("The total of the numbers you entered is ", total)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Post-test loops

- Sometimes we’d like to have the post-test loop with the exit test
in the end of the body
- Moving the if condition: break to the end of the loop
body we create a pattern for a posttest loop
- Post-test loops are used when you want to be sure
that the loop body always executes at least once

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: Post-test loops
import random
rng = [Link]()
while True:
number=[Link](1,1000)
print('New random number is : '+str(number))
response = input("Play again? (yes or no)")
rng = [Link]()
if response != "yes":
break
print("Goodbye!")

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: The continue statement

- This is a control flow statement

- It skip the processing of the rest of the body of the loop, for the
current iteration
- But the loop still carries on running for its remaining iterations

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Iteration: The continue statement

for i in [12, 16, 17, 24, 29, 30]:

if i % 2 == 1:
continue
print(i)
print("done")

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Paired Data:

year_born = ("Paris Hilton", 1981)

celebs = [("Brad Pitt", 1963), ("Jack Nicholson", 1937),

("Justin Bieber", 1994)]

print(celebs)
print(len(celebs))

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Paired Data:

- Now we print the names of those celebrities born before 1980:

for name, year in celebs:

if year < 1980:
print(name)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Nested Loops for Nested Data:

- List of students: Each student has a name which is paired up

with another list of subjects that they are enrolled for:
students = [
("John", ["CompSci", "Physics"]),
("Vusi", ["Maths", "CompSci", "Stats"]),
("Jess", ["CompSci", "Accounting", "Economics", "Management"]),
("Sarah", ["InfSys", "Accounting", "Economics", "CommLaw"]),
("Zuki", ["Sociology", "Economics", "Law", "Stats", "Music"])]

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Nested Loops for Nested Data:

- Let’s print out each student name, and the number of subjects
they are enrolled for:

for name, subjects in students:

print(name, "takes", len(subjects), "courses")

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Nested Loops for Nested Data:
- Now we’d like to ask how many students are taking CompSci?
- This needs a counter, and for each student we need a
second loop that tests each of the subjects in turn:
counter = 0
for name, subjects in students:
for s in subjects: # A nested loop!
if s == "CompSci":
counter += 1
print("The number of students taking CompSci is", counter)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Algorithms:
- Algorithm is a mechanical process for solving a category of problems
- Hard problems can be solved by step-by-step algorithmic processes
Ex: Newton’s method for finding square roots
better = (approximation + n/approximation)/2
n=8
threshold = 0.001
approximation = n/2
while True:
better = (approximation + n/approximation)/2
if abs(approximation - better) < threshold:
print(better)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Function: That require arguments
- Function is a named sequence of statements that belong
- Most functions require arguments
- Arguments provide data to function for generalization
- Python has a built-in function for computing the absolute value

Ex:
>>> abs(5) #abs function need single argument/parameter
5
>>> abs(-5)
5

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Function: That require arguments
- Some functions take more than one argument

Ex:
>>> pow(2, 3) #pow function need two arguments/parameters
8
>>> max(7, 11) #max function need two or more arguments/parameters
11
>>> max(4, 1, 17, 2, 12)
17
>>> max(3 * 11, 5**3, 512 - 9, 1024**0)
503

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Function: That return a values
- Calling each of these functions generates a value
- Assign that value to a variable or use as part of an expression

Ex:
biggest = max(3, 7, 2, 5)
2 x = abs(3 - 11) + 10

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga
 Variables, expressions and statements
Function: That return a values
Ex:
def final_amount(p, r, n, t):
a = p * (1 + r/n) ** (n*t)
return a # Function return the computed result

toInvest = float(input("How much do you want to invest?"))

fnl = final_amount(toInvest, 0.08, 12, 5)
print("At the end of the period you'll have", fnl)

Aruna Kumar P
Dept. of ISE, JNNCE, Shivamogga