Nervous System
Nervous System
➢ connects all your body parts and transmits signals
from one part to another
➢ It is a system of cells, tissues, and organs that
regulates the body’s responses to internal and
external stimuli.
➢ includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex
network of nerves. This system sends messages
back and forth between the brain and the body. The
brain is what controls all the body's functions.
Major Divisions and Parts of the
Nervous System
➢Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
➢Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢serves as the main processing
center for the entire nervous
system.
➢receives and processes all of the
information from all parts of the
body.
➢ Central
Nervous
System (CNS)
➢ serves as the main
processing center
for the entire
nervous system.
➢ receives and
processes all of the
information from
all parts of the
body.
➢Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢BRAIN
➢SPINAL CORD
➢ Central Nervous System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢This is an organ located within the
skull that functions as organizer and
distributor of information for the
body.
➢ Central
Nervous
System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢ This is an organ
located within the
skull that functions
as organizer and
distributor of
information for the
body.
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢ This is an organ located
within the skull that functions
as organizer and distributor
of information for the body.
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢Cerebrum
-large, upper part
of the brain that
controls activity
and thought.
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢Cerebellum
-the part under
the cerebrum that
controls posture,
balance, and
coordination
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
BRAIN
➢ Brain Stem
-the part that connects
the brain to the spinal
cord and controls
automatic functions
such as breathing,
digestion, heart rate,
and blood pressure
Other
important
parts of the
brain
Parietal
lobe
• is one of the brain's major
lobes.
• It sits near the upper back
area in the skull. The lobe
processes sensory
information received from
the outside world, mainly
relating to touch, taste, and
temperature
Temporal
Lobe
• is a pair of areas on your
brain's left and right sides.
• These areas, which are inside
your skull near your temples
and ears, play a role in
managing your emotions,
processing information from
your senses, storing and
retrieving memories, and
understanding language
Occipital
Lobe
• sit at the back of the head and
are responsible for visual
perception, including colour,
form and motion. Damage to
the occipital lobe can include:
Difficulty with locating objects
in environment. Difficulty with
identifying colours (Colour
Agnosia) Production of
hallucinations..
Frontal
Lobe
• is the front-most part of your
brain.
• It's responsible for control over
many abilities, including the way
you think, how you move and
how you remember things. It's
also a key part in your social
skills, and helps you understand
and control how you talk,
behave and interact with others.
➢Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢BRAIN
➢SPINAL CORD
➢ Central Nervous System (CNS)
SPINAL CORD
➢This serves as a channel for signals between
the brain and the rest of the body, and
controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes
without input from the brain
➢About 40-50 cm long
➢Connect the brain and the body
➢Composed of gray and white matter
➢Responsible for involuntary movements
(responses)
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
SPINAL CORD
➢ This serves as a channel for signals
between the brain and the rest of the body,
and controls simple musculoskeletal
reflexes without input from the brain
➢ About 40-50 cm long
➢ Connect the brain and the body
➢ Composed of gray and white matter
➢ Responsible for involuntary movements
(responses)
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
SPINAL CORD
➢ This serves as a channel for signals
between the brain and the rest of the body,
and controls simple musculoskeletal
reflexes without input from the brain
➢ About 40-50 cm long
➢ Connect the brain and the body
➢ Composed of gray and white matter
➢ Responsible for involuntary movements
(responses)
➢ Central Nervous
System (CNS)
SPINAL CORD
➢ This serves as a channel for signals
between the brain and the rest of the body,
and controls simple musculoskeletal
reflexes without input from the brain
➢ About 40-50 cm long
➢ Connect the brain and the body
➢ Composed of gray and white matter
➢ Responsible for involuntary movements
(responses)
Major Divisions and Parts of the
Nervous System
➢Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
➢connects the central nervous system to the
organs and limbs.
➢consists of the nerves that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord. These nerves form the
communication network between the CNS and
the body parts.
➢Carries impulses from the sensory nerves to
the CNS and from the CNS to the motor nerves.
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ connects the central nervous
system to the organs and limbs.
➢ consists of the nerves that branch
out from the brain and spinal
cord. These nerves form the
communication network between
the CNS and the body parts.
➢ Carries impulses from the
sensory nerves to the CNS and
from the CNS to the motor nerves.
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ connects the central nervous
system to the organs and limbs.
➢ consists of the nerves that branch
out from the brain and spinal
cord. These nerves form the
communication network between
the CNS and the body parts.
➢ Carries impulses from the
sensory nerves to the CNS and
from the CNS to the motor nerves.
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ connects the central nervous
system to the organs and limbs.
➢ consists of the nerves that branch
out from the brain and spinal
cord. These nerves form the
communication network between
the CNS and the body parts.
➢ Carries impulses from the
sensory nerves to the CNS and
from the CNS to the motor nerves.
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Spinal Nerves
– the nerves that
carry motor and
sensory signals
between the spinal
cord and the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Spinal Nerves
– the nerves that
carry motor and
sensory signals
between the spinal
cord and the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Spinal Nerves
– the nerves that
carry motor and
sensory signals
between the spinal
cord and the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Spinal Nerves
– the nerves that
carry motor and
sensory signals
between the spinal
cord and the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers
that carry
information into
and out of the
brain stem
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers
that carry
information into
and out of the
brain stem
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers
that carry
information into
and out of the
brain stem
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers
that carry
information into
and out of the
brain stem
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers
that carry
information into
and out of the
brain stem
Two Main Divisions
•Somatic Nervous System
•Autonomic Nervous System
• is made up of nerves that link the brain
and spinal cord to voluntary or skeletal
muscles that are under conscious
Two Main control as well as to skin sensory
Divisions receptors. Specialized nerve fiber ends
called sensory receptors are
Somatic responsible for detecting information
Nervous within and outside of the body.
System • Regulates the activities that are under
conscious control including muscular
and external sensory receptors like eye,
ear, nose and tongue.
Voluntary Motor Activities
• Walking or running – skeletal muscles in
the legs contract under conscious control.
Two Main
• Writing or typing – fine motor control of
Divisions hand and finger muscles.
Somatic • Speaking – coordinated movement of
Nervous tongue, lips, and vocal cords.
System • Playing sports or musical instruments –
complex voluntary muscle coordination.
• Lifting objects – activating arm and back
muscles intentionally.
Sensory Input (Conscious Perception)
• Feeling heat from a stove – sensory
neurons transmit signals about
Two Main temperature.
• Sensing pain from a cut – nociceptors send
Divisions pain signals to the brain.
Somatic • Touching a rough surface –
mechanoreceptors in the skin detect
Nervous texture.
System • Detecting body position (proprioception)
– receptors in muscles and joints inform
the brain about limb placement.
• Reacting to cold weather – consciously
perceiving the chill through skin receptors.
Two Main
Divisions
•is associated with the
Autonomic
Nervous involuntary control of
System body movements
• Sympathetic - it is activated when
the body is in a dynamic role or
Two Main stress. (e.g., increased heart rate
Divisions and breathing, dilation of pupil,
sweating, etc.)
Autonomic • The sympathetic system controls
Nervous “fight-or-flight” responses. In other
System words, this system prepares the
body for strenuous physical activity.
The events that we would expect to
occur within the body to allow this
to happen do, in fact, occur.
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight-
or-Flight)
Two Main • Increased heart rate when stressed
or exercising.
Divisions • Dilated pupils to improve vision in
Autonomic low light or danger.
Nervous • Rapid breathing during anxiety or
System physical exertion.
• Release of adrenaline to prepare
muscles for action.
• Reduced digestion (blood flow shifts
away from the stomach).
• Parasympathetic - it maintains body
functions and restores the body to
normal or relaxed mode.
Two Main • The parasympathetic system
Divisions regulates “rest and digest”
Autonomic functions.
Nervous • When the parasympathetic nervous
system (PSNS) is activated, it slows
System our heart and breathing rates,
lowers blood pressure and
promotes digestion. Our body
enters a state of relaxation, and this
relaxation breeds recovery.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
(Rest-and-Digest)
Two Main • Slowing heart rate after relaxation
or sleep.
Divisions • Stimulating digestion (secretion of
Autonomic saliva, stomach acid, intestinal
Nervous movement).
System • Constriction of pupils in bright light.
• Promoting urination and defecation
by relaxing sphincter muscles.
• Energy conservation by lowering
metabolic activity.
Activity 1
Break it Down!
(Adapted from DepEd Project EASE, Module 9: Life
Support Systems, pp. 4-6)
Objective:
Identify the parts of the nervous system
Procedure:
Using the given graphic organizer, fill in the missing
parts to complete the entire concept showing the structure
of the nervous system.
Guide Questions:
Q1. How will you differentiate the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and the
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) in terms of
their functions?
Q2. What might happen to the human body if
one part of the nervous system
fails to carry out its function properly?
Answers to Guide Questions:
Q1. The Central Nervous System (CNS) serves as the
main processing center for the entire nervous
system while the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
connects the central nervous system to the organs
and limbs by relaying information through the
nerves.
Q2. All the other parts of the nervous system will not
be able to carry out their corresponding functions,
and the other body systems will be affected as well.
NERVE CELL
• A type of cell that receives and
sends messages from the body to
the brain and back to the body.
The messages are sent by a weak
electrical current. Also called
neuron.
• The basic unit of the nervous
system.
• Nerve cells are called neurons
• There are billions of neurons in
the body. Some exist alone.
Others are joined together to
form organs like the brain and
spinal cord
Classification of Neuron
Sensory or Affective Neuron
Motor or Affective Neuron
Associative Neuron
Classification of Neuron
Sensory or Affective Neuron
-Carry impulses from the sense
organs to the brain and spinal
cord
Classification of Neuron
Motor or Affective Neuron
-are neuronal cells located in the central
nervous system (CNS) controlling a variety of
downstream targets. There are two main
types of MNs, (i) upper MNs that originate
from the cerebral cortex and (ii) lower MNs
that are located in the brainstem and spinal
cord.
Classification of Neuron
Associative Neurons
-Located in the CNS, analyze and
interpret the data or impulses
How is message transmitted?
Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors
Pain: Nocireceptors
Temperature: Thermoreceptors
Olfactory Receptors
Photoreceptors
How is message transmitted?
Sensory
Sensory Neuron
Organ
Stimulus
CNS
Motor
Effector Neuron
Homestasis
A condition wherein the human
body system is maintained in
balanced despite the changing
external factors.
Responsible in the regulation
and maintenance of the internal
environment of the body.
Regulate Body Temp, Salts,
acids and gases, Fluids,
Nutrients