UNDERSTANDING THE SELF: COMPREHENSIVE

REVIEWER
I. THE PHYSICAL SELF

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

A: It refers to the body , which includes basic
Q: What is the Physical Self? parts (head, neck, arms, legs) and internal organs
(brain, heart, lungs, etc.).
Q: When does the body perform its
A: During infancy and old age.
function least well?
Q: When does physical efficiency A: Physical efficiency generally peaks in early
generally peak? adulthood and declines into middle age.
A: Adolescence. It begins with the onset
Q: What is the most crucial stage of of puberty and is characterized by rapid physical
development, and why? changes, including the maturation of the
reproductive system.
A: Nature (Genetics) refers to inherited
Q: What is the difference traits. Nurture (Environment) refers to factors
between Nature and Nurture in outside of heredity that influence development,
physical development? such as diet, climate, social and economic
factors.
A: It is a person's overall evaluation of their
own worth and everything about a person that
Q: What is Body Image?
others can observe (height, weight, skin color,
clothes, etc.).
A: Body Dissatisfaction, Depression, Low Self-
Q: What are the effects of Poor
Esteem, and Eating Disorders (like Bulimia and
Body Image?
Anorexia Nervosa).
Q: How does culture influence the A: Beauty standards are culturally diverse. For
concept of beauty? example:

• Egyptian: Slim, high waist, narrow hips, and

long black hair.

• European (Renaissance): Full figure and

rounded hips.
Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

• Some tribes (Malaysia, Philippines,

Indonesia): Flat noses were considered most
attractive.

THE MATERIAL SELF

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

Q: According to William
A: Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual Self, and Pure
James, what are the four
Ego.
Constituents of the Self?
Q: What is the core idea A: The material self is made up of
of the Material Self, our body, clothes, immediate family, and home. James
according to William proposed that our possessions and body are extensions of our
James? identity.
A: He stated: "We regard our possessions as part of
Q: What did Russell Belk
ourselves. We are what we have and what we
(1988) propose about
possess". Losing an important item can feel like losing a
possessions?
part of ourselves.
Q: How does the
A: It begins in infancy, when we learn to distinguish
development of the
between the self and others.
Material Self begin?
Q: How do possessions A: Material things become tied to happiness, achievements,
relate to identity in and relationships , and items can symbolize significant
adulthood? memories.

III. THE SPIRITUAL SELF (AND LOGOTHERAPY)

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

A: It is the innermost and most personal part of who we
Q: What is the Spiritual
are. It includes our sense of right and wrong, our ability
Self, according to
to make choices, and our desire to find meaning or purpose
William James?
in life.
Q: What is the A: Soul is what makes you you (your thoughts, feelings, and
difference between Soul emotions). Spirit is the part of you that connects to God or
and Spirit? something higher.
Q: What is Religion,
A: It is "A set of cultural beliefs and practices that include
according to Rebecca
belief in supernatural beings and sacred rituals".
Stein (2011)?
Q: What is Viktor A: It is a form of existential theory. Its primary driving force
Possible Question Key Point Answer Source
is the "Will to Meaning," which is the search for meaning in
Frankl's Logotherapy?
every human life.
A: 1. The human being consists of body, mind, and
Q: What are the three
spirit (or soma, psyche, and noos). 2. Life has
basic assumptions of
meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable.
Logotherapy?
3. People have a Will to Meaning.
A: 1. By creating a work or doing a deed (Creative Values).
Q: What are the three
2. By experiencing something or encountering
ways to discover
someone (Experiential Values), particularly through Love.
meaning in life,
3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable
according to Frankl?
suffering (Attitudinal Values).

IV. THE SEXUAL SELF

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

A: It is one of the fundamental drives behind a
person's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. It
Q: What is SEXUALITY?
covers biological, social, psychological, and
cultural aspects.
A: Primary characteristics refer to
the reproductive organs present at birth (e.g.,
Q: Differentiate Primary ovaries, testes,
and Secondary Sex vagina). Secondary characteristics refer to non-
Characteristics. reproductive physical features that develop
during puberty (e.g., breast development, body
hair).
Q: What are the 5 Stages
of Freud’s Psychosexual
A:
Development, their focus,
and the possible fixation?
Stage Focus
Oral activities
Oral (0-1 yr)
(sucking, tasting)
Controlling
Anal (1-3 yrs) bowels/bladder
(toilet training)
Genitals and
Phallic (3-6 yrs) differences
between sexes
Peer/social
Latent (6-Puberty) relationships and
gender roles
Genital (Puberty-Adulthood) Sexual desires
Possible Question Key Point Answer Source
directed toward
others
A: Solitary Behavior involves only one
Q: What is the difference
individual (e.g., masturbation). Sociosexual
between Solitary and
Behavior involves more than one person (e.g.,
Sociosexual behavior?
male with female, male with male, etc.).
A:

1. Natural/Rhythm: Calendar method, Basal

Body Temperature (BBT) method.

Q: What are three

methods of
contraception/family
planning? 2. Barrier/Chemical: Male Condoms, Female
Condoms, Diaphragm/Cervical Cap,
Spermicides.

3. Hormonal: Oral Contraceptives, Transdermal

Patch, Vaginal Ring, Hormonal Injections.

V. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

Q: What is the main factor
A: The Philippines' national identity was shaped by over
that has shaped the
three centuries of colonization , which introduced
contemporary Filipino
foreign culture, beliefs, language, and religion.
identity and culture?
A: It is the habit of procrastination or delaying tasks
Q: What is the Filipino
("Mamaya na" attitude). The effect on the Political Self
value/trait called "Filipino
is that it leads to inefficiency, delays in government
Time"?
projects, and a lack of accountability.
Q: What are simple ways to A:
practice being a good Filipino
citizen?
Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

* Be responsible: Follow laws like traffic rules and

proper waste segregation.

* Value our history: Read about heroes, visit historical

sites, or watch historical films.

* Support local products: Buy local snacks/clothing or

eat at local restaurants.

* Speak our language with pride: Use Filipino in

everyday conversations and learn deeper words.
Q: What are examples of
showing respect in Filipino A: Saying "Po" and "Opo" to elders.
culture?

VI. THE DIGITAL SELF

Possible Question Key Point Answer Source

Q: What is the
A: The Internet allows individuals to adopt identities that
distinction between Real
may differ from who they are in real life. This distinction
Identity and Online
leads to differences in how people behave online and offline.
Identity?
Q: What is "Selective A: It is the act of choosing what we show others to control
Self-Presentation" in thehow they see us. People share selected information to create
digital world? a positive image.
A: The online environment gives people greater freedom to
Q: How does the internet explore, experiment with, or even hide aspects of their
influence Gender and gender that may not be accepted offline. This shows that
Sexuality? gender is continually shaped and performed in online
experiences.
Q: What four questions A: 1. Is this post necessary? Is there a real benefit to this
should you ask yourself post? 2. Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries
before posting content of family values? 3. Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15
Possible Question Key Point Answer Source
years? 4. Have we resolved this issue (if it involves a
online?
sensitive family matter)?
A: * Guard your passwords. * Limit what you share.
Q: What are key safety
* Remember that anything you put online is there forever.
tips for proper values
* Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
and attitudes online?
* Report strange or bad behavior online.

onversation with Gemini

base on this files create a reviwerer for me that is easy to understand then
put all the keypoints and important details please. I am a first year college
student at WMSU then toms is our exam the following are the coverage. Like
list all the possible questions with its answer please like literal all reviwer
Hello! I understand you have an exam tomorrow for your "Understanding the
Self" course at WMSU, and you need an easy-to-understand, comprehensive
reviewer with key points and possible questions based on the files you
provided.

Here is your detailed, question-and-answer-based reviewer, covering

the Physical, Material, Spiritual, Sexual, Political/Filipino, and Digital
Self.

🧠 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF:

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER
I. THE PHYSICAL SELF

Possible Key Point So

Question Answer ur
ce

Q: What is A: It refers to
the Physical the body ,
Self? which includes
basic parts
(head, neck,
arms, legs) and
internal organs
(brain, heart,
lungs, etc.).
Possible Key Point So
Question Answer ur
ce

Q: When does A: During infan

the body cyand old age.
perform its
function least
well?

Q: When does A: Physical

physical efficiency
efficiency generally peaks
generally in early
peak? adulthood and
declines into
middle age.

Q: What is A: Adolescenc
the most e. It begins with
crucial stage the onset
of of puberty and
development, is characterized
and why? by rapid
physical
changes,
including the
maturation of
the reproductive
system.

Q: What is A: Nature (Gen

the difference etics) refers to
between Nat inherited
ure and Nurt traits. Nurture(
ure in Environment)
physical refers to factors
development? outside of
heredity that
influence
development,
such as diet,
climate, social
and economic
factors.
Possible Key Point So
Question Answer ur
ce

Q: What is A: It is a
Body Image? person's overall
evaluation of
their own
worth and
everything
about a person
that others can
observe (height,
weight, skin
color, clothes,
etc.).

Q: What are A: Body

the effects of Dissatisfaction
Poor Body , Depression, L
Image? ow Self-
Esteem,
and Eating
Disorders(like
Bulimia and
Anorexia
Nervosa).

Q: How does A: Beauty

culture standards
influence the are culturally
concept of diverse. For
beauty? example:

• Egyptian: Sli
m, high waist,
narrow hips, and
long black hair.
 Possible Key Point So
Question Answer ur
ce

• European
(Renaissance):
Full figure and
rounded hips.

• Some tribes
(Malaysia,
Philippines,
Indonesia): Fla
t noses were
considered most
attractive.

II. THE MATERIAL SELF

Possible Key Point Answer Sour

Question ce

Q: A: Material
Accordi Self, Social
ng to Self, Spiritual Self,
William and Pure Ego.
James,
what
are the
four
Constitu
ents of
the
Self?

Q: What A: The material self

is the is made up of
core our body, clothes, i
idea of mmediate family,
 Possible Key Point Answer Sour
Question ce

the and home. James

Material proposed that our
Self, possessions and
accordin body are extensions
g to of our identity.
William
James?

Q: What A: He stated: "We

did regard our
Russell possessions as
Belk part of ourselves.
(1988) We are what we
propose have and what we
about possess". Losing an
possessi important item can
ons? feel like losing a part
of ourselves.

Q: How A: It begins
does the in infancy, when we
develop learn to distinguish
ment of between the self
the and others.
Material
Self
begin?

Q: How A: Material things

do become tied
possessi to happiness,
ons achievements,
relate to and relationships ,
identity and items
in can symbolize
adultho significant
od? memories.

III. THE SPIRITUAL SELF (AND LOGOTHERAPY)

Possible Key Point Answer Sour
Question ce

Q: What A: It is
is the the innermost
Spiritual and most
Self, personal part of
according who we are. It
to William includes our
James? sense of right
and wrong, our
ability to make
choices, and
our desire to
find meaning or
purpose in life.

Q: What A: Soul is what

is the makes
difference you you (your
between thoughts,
Soul and feelings, and
Spirit? emotions). Spiriti
s the part of you
that connects to
God or
something
higher.

Q: What A: It is "A set of

is cultural beliefs
Religion, and practices that
according include belief
to in supernatural
Rebecca beings and sacr
Stein ed rituals".
(2011)?

Q: What A: It is a form of
is Viktor existential
Frankl's theory. Its
Logothera primary driving
py? force is the "Will
to
Meaning," which
is the search for
 Possible Key Point Answer Sour
Question ce

meaning in every
human life.

Q: What A: 1. The human

are the being consists
three of body, mind,
basic and
assumpti spirit (or soma, p
ons of syche, and noos).
Logothera 2. Life has
py? meaning under
all circumstances,
even the most
miserable.
3. People have
a Will to
Meaning.

Q: What A: 1. By creating
are the a work or doing
three a deed(Creative
ways to Values).
discover 2. By experienci
meaning ng something
in life, or encountering
according someone(Experi
to Frankl? ential Values),
particularly
through Love.
3. By
the attitude we
take toward
unavoidable
suffering (Attitud
inal Values).

IV. THE SEXUAL SELF

Possible Key Point Answer Source
Question

Q: What is A: It is one of
SEXUALITY? the fundamental
drives behind a
person's feelings,
thoughts, and
behaviors. It
covers biological,
social,
psychological, and
cultural aspects.

Q: A: Primarycharacteri
Differentiat stics refer to
e Primary the reproductive
and organs present at
Secondary birth (e.g., ovaries,
Sex testes,
Characterist vagina). Secondaryc
ics. haracteristics refer to
non-reproductive
physical features that
develop during
puberty (e.g., breast
development, body
hair).

Q: What are A:
the 5
Stages of
Freud’s
Psychosexu
al
Developmen
t, their
focus, and
the possible
fixation?

Stage Focus

Oral (0-1 yr) Oral

activities
(sucking,
Possible Key Point Answer Source
Question

tasting)

Anal (1-3 yrs) Controllin

g
bowels/bl
adder
(toilet
training)

Phallic (3-6 yrs) Genitals

and
differenc
es
between
sexes

Latent (6-Puberty) Peer/

social
relations
hips and
gender
roles

Genital (Puberty- Sexual

Adulthood) desires
directed
toward
others

Q: What is A: Solitary
the Behavior involves
difference only one individual
between (e.g.,
Solitary and masturbation). Socio
Sociosexual sexual
behavior? Behavior involves
more than one
person (e.g., male
with female, male
with male, etc.).

Q: What are A:
three
 Possible Key Point Answer Source
Question

methods of
contracepti
on/family
planning? 1. Natural/
Rhythm:Calendar
method, Basal Body
Temperature (BBT)
method.

2. Barrier/
Chemical:Male
Condoms, Female
Condoms,
Diaphragm/Cervical
Cap, Spermicides.

3. Hormonal: Oral
Contraceptives,
Transdermal Patch,
Vaginal Ring,
Hormonal Injections.

V. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO

Possible Key Point Answer Sourc

Question e

Q: What is A: The
the main Philippines'
factor that national identity
has was shaped
shaped by over three
the centuries of
contempor colonization ,
Possible Key Point Answer Sourc
Question e

ary which introduced

Filipino foreign culture,
identity beliefs,
and language, and
culture? religion.

Q: What is A: It is the habit

the of procrastinati
Filipino on or delaying
value/trait tasks ("Mamaya
called na"
"Filipino attitude). The
Time"? effect on the
Political Self is
that it leads to
inefficiency,
delays in
government
projects, and a
lack of
accountability.

Q: What A:
are simple
ways to
practice
being a
good * Be
Filipino responsible:Foll
citizen? ow laws like
traffic rules and
proper waste
segregation.

* Value our
history:Read
about heroes,
visit historical
sites, or watch
 Possible Key Point Answer Sourc
Question e

historical films.

* Support local
products: Buy
local
snacks/clothing
or eat at local
restaurants.

* Speak our
language with
pride:Use
Filipino in
everyday
conversations
and learn deeper
words.

Q: What A: Saying "Po"

are and "Opo" to
examples elders.
of
showing
respect in
Filipino
culture?

VI. THE DIGITAL SELF

Possible Key Point Sourc

Question Answer e

Q: What is A: The Internet

Possible Key Point Sourc
Question Answer e

the allows
distinction individuals to
between adopt identities
Real that may differ
Identity from who they
and Online are in real
Identity? life. This
distinction leads
to differences in
how people
behave online
and offline.

Q: What is A: It is the act

"Selective of choosing
Self- what we show
Presentati others to
on" in the control how
digital they see
world? us. People
share selected
information
to create a
positive
image.

Q: How A: The online

does the environment
internet gives
influence people greater
Gender freedom to
and explore,
Sexuality? experiment
with, or even
hide aspects of
their gender
that may not be
accepted
offline. This
shows that
gender is
continually
Possible Key Point Sourc
Question Answer e

shaped
and performed
in online
experiences.

Q: What A: 1. Is this
four post
questions necessary? Is
should you there a real
ask benefit to this
yourself post? 2. Is it
before appropriate?
posting Does it stay
content within the
online? boundaries of
family
values? 3. Will
this seem as
funny in 5, 10,
or 15
years? 4. Have
we resolved this
issue (if it
involves a
sensitive family
matter)?

Q: What A: * Guard
are key your
safety tips passwords.
for proper * Limit what
values and you share.
attitudes * Remember
online? that anything
you put online
is there
forever. * Do
not be
mean or
embarrass other
people online.
* Report
 Possible Key Point Sourc
Question Answer e

strange or
bad
behavior onlin
e.
How about soley create a reviwer for me only like all everything

📝 WMSU UNDERSTANDING THE SELF: ALL-

INCLUSIVE REVIEWER
This reviewer contains key points, definitions, and possible questions
based only on the provided files.

I. THE PHYSICAL SELF

Possible Question Key Point Answer

Q: What is the A: Refers to

Physical Self? the body, which
includes basic parts
(head, neck, arms,
and legs) and
internal organs
(brain, heart, lungs,
etc.).

Q: When is the A: During infancy a

body's nd old age.
function leaste
fficient?

Q: When does A: Early

physical adulthood, then
efficiency declines into middle
generally age.
peak?

Q: What is the A: Adolescence. It

most crucial begins with the
stage of onset
Possible Question Key Point Answer

development of puberty and is

and its defining characterized by
event? rapidly physical
changes, including
the maturation of
the reproductive
system.

Q: Differentiate A: Nature (Genetic

Nature vs. s) refers to inherited
Nurture. traits. Nurture(Envi
ronment) refers to
outside factors
(e.g., diet, climate,
socioeconomic
factors).

Q: What is A: Everything about

Body Image? a person
that others can
observe (height,
weight, skin color,
clothes, hairstyle,
etc.).

Q: What is Self- A: A
Esteem? person's overall
evaluation of his
or her own worth.
Low self-esteem is
very common in
adolescence.

Q: List 3 effects A: Body

of Poor Body Dissatisfaction,
Image. Depression, Low
Self-Esteem, Eating
Disorders (Bulimia,
Anorexia Nervosa),
and Body
Modification.

Q: Give an A: Egyptian: Slim,

example of a high waist, narrow
 Possible Question Key Point Answer

cultural beauty hips, and long black

standard. hair. European
(Renaissance): Ful
l figure and rounded
hips were
considered
beautiful. Some
Tribes (Malaysia,
Philippines,
Indonesia): Flat
noses were
considered most
attractive.

II. THE MATERIAL SELF

Possible Key Point Answer

Question

Q: What are A: Material

the four Self, Social
Constituents Self, Spiritual Self,
of the Self, and Pure Ego.
according to
William James
(1890)?

Q: What are A: Our body,

the our clothes,
components of our immediate
the Material family, and
Self? our home.

Q: What is A: "We regard our

Russell Belk's possessions as
(1988) famous part of ourselves.
statement We are what we
about have and what we
possessions? possess".

Q: How does A: It begins

the Material in infancy when we
 Possible Key Point Answer
Question

Self develop? learn to distinguish

the self vs. others.

Q: What role A: They are a form

does Clothes of self-expression
play? and reflect our
personality. They
also influence our
attitudes and
behavior.

Q: Why is A: Immediate Family

Immediate is a part of our self
Family/Home (part of our self dies
part of the when they do). The
Material Self? Home is where we
put much of
ourselves and is
a symbol of
belonging.

Q: What do A: They are tied

possessions to happiness,
symbolize in achievements, and
adulthood? relationships. They
symbolize significant
memories.

III. THE SPIRITUAL SELF & LOGOTHERAPY

Possible Key Point Answer

Question

Q: How did A: It is the innermost

William and most personal
James define part of who we are.
the Spiritual It includes our sense
Self? of right and wrong,
ability to make
choices, and
our desire to find
Possible Key Point Answer
Question

meaning or purpose
in life.

Q: A: The Soul is your

Differentiate thoughts, feelings,
the Soul and and emotions (what
the Spirit. makes you you).
The Spirit is the part
of you that connects
to God or
something higher.

Q: How did A: "A set of cultural

Rebecca beliefs and practices
Stein (2011) that include belief
define in supernatural
Religion? beings and sacred
rituals".

Q: What is A: An existential
Viktor theory where the
Frankl's primary driving force
Logotherapy? in a human being is
the "Will to
Meaning," the search
for meaning in life.

Q: What are A:
the three
ways to
discover
meaning in
life 1. By creating a
(Logotherapy work or doing a
)? deed (Creative
Values).

2. By experiencing
something or
encountering
 Possible Key Point Answer
Question

someone(Experientia
l Values), especially
through Love.

3. By the attitude we
take toward
unavoidable
suffering(Attitudinal
Values).

Q: What is A: Love is the only

Frankl's view way to grasp
on Love? another human
being in the
innermost core of
their personality. It
enables the beloved
person to actualize
their potentialities.

IV. THE SEXUAL SELF

Possible Key Point Answer

Question

Q: What is A: One of
SEXUALIT the fundamental
Y? drives behind a person's
feelings, thoughts, and
behaviors. It covers
biological, social,
psychological, and
cultural aspects.

Q: A: Primary refers to
Differentia the reproductive
 Possible Key Point Answer
Question

te Primary organs present at

and birth (e.g., ovaries,
Secondary fallopian
Sex tubes). Secondary refers
Characteri to non-reproductive
stics. physical features that
develop during puberty.

Q: List 3 A:
types of
Family
Planning
methods.
1. Hormonal: Oral
Contraceptives,
Transdermal Patch,
Hormonal Injections
(Depo-Provera).

2. Barrier/Chemical: Ma
le Condoms (protects
against STIs), Female
Condoms, Spermicides
(do not prevent STIs).

3. Permanent/
Surgical:Vasectomy
(male), Tubal Ligation
(female).

V. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO

Possible Key Point Answer
Question

Q: What is the A: Over three

primary factor centuries of
that set the colonization (by the
foundation for Spaniards, and
contemporary liberation from the
Filipino Japanese in 1946).
identity? Foreign culture,
beliefs, language,
and religion heavily
influenced the
identity.

Q: Aside from A: Values and

physical traits.
characteristic
s, what are
important
indicators of
national
identity?

Q: Give 3 A:
examples of
how to be a
good Filipino
citizen.
1. Be
Responsible: Follow
traffic laws and
proper waste
segregation.

2. Value
History: Read about
heroes, visit
historical/cultural
sites (museums), or
watch historical
 Possible Key Point Answer
Question

films.

3. Support
Local: Buy local
products (snacks,
clothing) or eat at
local restaurants
(karinderyas).

4. Speak our
language with
pride: Use Filipino in
everyday
conversations and
learn deeper words.

VI. THE DIGITAL SELF

Possible Key Point Answer

Question

Q: What is A: The internet allows

the main individuals to adopt
difference identities that
between Real may differ from who
Identity and they are in real life,
Online leading to different
Identity? behavior online and
offline.

Q: What is A: The act

Selective of choosing what we
Self- show others to
Possible Key Point Answer
Question

Presentation control how they see

? us and create a
positive image.

Q: How does A: It provides greater

the internet freedom to explore,
influence experiment with, or
Gender and hide aspects of
Sexuality? gender/sexuality not
accepted offline.
Gender is
continually shaped
and performed in
online experiences.

Q: What is A: Remember
the key rule that anything you
about online put online or post
content on a site is there
permanence? forever, even if you
try to delete it.

Q: List two of A:
the "Four
Questions" to
ask before
posting
content 1. Is this post
online. necessary? (Is there
a real benefit?).

2. Is it
appropriate? (Does it
stay within family
values?).
Possible Key Point Answer
Question

3. Will this seem as

funny in 5, 10, or 15
years?.

4. Have we resolved
this issue(if it
involves a sensitive
family matter)?.

Q: List 3 key A:
online safety
tips.

1. Guard your
passwords.

2. Limit what you

share.

3. Do not be mean
or embarrass other
people online.

4. Always tell if you

see strange or bad
behavior online.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF: KEY POINTS
REVIEWER
I. THE PHYSICAL SELF

 Definition: The body, which includes both basic visible parts (head, arms, legs) and
internal organs (brain, heart, lungs).
 Physical Efficiency:
o Performs least well during infancy and old age.
o Generally peaks in early adulthood and declines into middle age.
 Crucial Stage: Adolescence, which begins with the onset of puberty and involves
rapidly physical changes, including the maturation of the reproductive system.
 Nature vs. Nurture:
o Nature (Genetics): Inherited traits and biological factors.
o Nurture (Environment): Factors outside of heredity, such as diet, climate,
social, and economic factors.
 Body Image and Self-Esteem:
o Body Image: Everything about a person that others can observe (height, weight,
clothes, skin color, etc.).
o Self-Esteem: A person's overall evaluation of their own worth. Low self-esteem
is common in adolescence.
 Effects of Poor Body Image: Body Dissatisfaction, Depression, Low Self-Esteem,
Eating Disorders (Bulimia, Anorexia Nervosa), and Body Modification.
 Cultural Influence on Beauty: The concept of beauty is culturally diverse. For example:
o Egyptian: Slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long black hair.
o European (Renaissance): Full figure and rounded hips.
o Some Tribes (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia): Flat noses were considered
most attractive.

II. THE MATERIAL SELF

 Theorist: William James (1890) proposed the Material Self as one of the four
Constituents of the Self (Material, Social, Spiritual, and Pure Ego).
 Components: According to James, the material self is composed of
our body, clothes, immediate family, and home.
 Core Idea (Russell Belk, 1988): "We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We
are what we have and what we possess."
 Development: Begins in infancy when we learn to distinguish between the self and
others.
 Role of Possessions: Material items are tied to happiness, achievements, and
relationships. They symbolize significant memories and connect us to our past, present,
and future.
 Clothes: A significant part of the material self, serving as a form of self-expression and
influencing our attitudes and behavior.
  Immediate Family and Home: Are seen as extensions of the self, with the home being
a symbol of belonging.

III. THE SPIRITUAL SELF AND LOGOTHERAPY

 Spiritual Self (William James): The innermost and most personal part of who we
are. It includes our sense of right and wrong, ability to make choices, and the desire to
find meaning or purpose in life.
 Soul vs. Spirit:
o Soul: Your thoughts, feelings, and emotions (what makes you you).
o Spirit: The part of you that connects to God or something higher.
 Religion (Rebecca Stein, 2011): "A set of cultural beliefs and practices that include
belief in supernatural beingsand sacred rituals."
 Logotherapy (Viktor Frankl):
o An existential theory driven by the "Will to Meaning," which is the primary
search for meaning in human life.
o Basic assumption: Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most
miserable, and humans have a will to meaning.
 Three Ways to Discover Meaning:

1. Creative Values: By creating a work or doing a deed.

2. Experiential Values: By experiencing something or encountering someone (most
importantly through Love).
3. Attitudinal Values: By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering.

 Love: Frankl believed Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the
innermost core of their personality, and it enables the beloved person to actualize their
potentialities.

IV. THE SEXUAL SELF

 Sexuality: One of the fundamental drives behind a person's feelings, thoughts, and
behaviors, covering biological, social, psychological, and cultural aspects.
 Sex Characteristics:
o Primary: Reproductive organs present at birth (e.g., ovaries, uterus, vagina).
o Secondary: Non-reproductive physical features that develop during puberty (e.g.,
breast development, voice change).
 Family Planning/Contraception Methods:
o Hormonal: Oral Contraceptives, Transdermal Patch, Vaginal Ring, Subdermal
Implants, Hormonal Injections.
o Barrier/Chemical: Male Condoms (protects against STIs), Female Condoms,
Spermicides (do not prevent STIs), Diaphragm/Cervical Cap.
o Surgical (Permanent): Vasectomy (male) and Tubal Ligation (female).

V. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO

  Foundational Influence: The contemporary Filipino identity and culture were set
by over three centuries of colonization, which heavily introduced foreign culture,
beliefs, and religion.
 National Identity: Not only determined by race/physical characteristics, but also
by Values and Traits.
 How to be a Good Filipino Citizen (Simple Actions):
o Be Responsible: Follow traffic laws and proper waste segregation.
o Value History: Read/watch about heroes, visit historical/cultural sites
(museums).
o Support Local: Buy local products and eat at local restaurants (karinderyas).
o Speak our Language with Pride: Use Filipino in everyday conversations and
learn deeper words.
o Use the Internet Wisely: Verify news, avoid rude comments, and report harmful
content.

VI. THE DIGITAL SELF

 Identity Distinction: The Internet allows individuals to adopt an Online Identity that
may differ from their Real Identity, leading to differences in behavior online and
offline.
 Selective Self-Presentation: The act of choosing what to show others to control how
they perceive us and create a positive image.
 Influence on Gender/Sexuality: The internet provides greater freedom to explore,
experiment with, or hideaspects of gender/sexuality not accepted offline. Gender is
continually shaped and performed in online experiences.
 Key Online Values and Attitudes:
o Permanence: Remember that anything you put online is there forever, even if
you try to delete it.
o Guard your passwords and limit what you share.
o Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
o Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
 Four Questions to Ask Before Posting:

1. Is this post necessary? (Is there a real benefit?)

2. Is it appropriate? (Does it stay within family values?)
3. Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 years?
4. Have we resolved this issue? (Should a vulnerable or highly emotional issue be
made public?)