Electric Demand

Summary - The purpose of filing the lawsuit Now, the electric demand is a quantity whose
Electricity forecasting is to provide the basic elements for sizing. The measure depends on the case study: for the selection or
the set of generation facilities that cover such replacement of conductors, fuses, or switches,
demand from a specific area and facilitate the selection of priorities adjustment of protections and load balancing are used
in investments, schedule the pace of the start-up of the
amperes; while for planning the
natural resources and analyze the planning and exploitation of the
new facilities. system, studies of consumed energy, energy not
sold, and energy loss is measured in kilowatts;
I. INTRODUCTION for the selection of transformer capacity
and load relief is measured in kilovolt-amperes. For
Like any productive system, so does the electrical system reactive compensation studies may be advantageous
designs, plans, and builds to meet the needs record of demand in kilowatts.
of electricity consumption, and its maximum capacity corresponds to
the maximum demand made by consumers. From this [Link] demand
way, both the generation units and the networks of
transport and distribution of electricity have the mission of The demand for electrical equipment corresponds to
satisfy consumption needs. its average power in an interval of 15
minutes. The electric meters take readings
This report will detail the every 15 minutes, meaning that there are 4 in an hour
meaning of "Electric Demand" aiming at values and in 24 hours, 96 demand values. In
mainly expose how its determination is made, of what a month of 30 days therefore there are 2,880 values of
factors depend, as well as the mechanisms and methods that demand. For billing purposes, the meter
they lead us to the same one. To achieve this, this research has been stores in its internal memory the maximum value of
based on the collection of theoretical information and reports demand recorded among all these 2,880 values
realized by recognized institutions. throughout the month.

An example would be:

II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH
General Knowledge: In a one-hour interval in which it is recorded
valores cada 15 minutos, de: 10 kW, 26 kW, 85 kW
The electrical demand of a system can be defined At 225kW, the meter will register as a value of
such as current intensity, or electrical power, maximum demand is the data of 225 kW since it was the
relative to a specific time interval, which absorbs maximum demand value of the interval and this
its load to function. This interval is repeat throughout the month. If for the case of the
it is called demand interval, and its indication is example, this value of 225 kW corresponds to the value
mandatory for the proper interpretation of a maximum of the month (the maximum value of 2,880
determined demand value. This can be found data), it will be the one invoiced on the electricity bill.
starting from the energy consumption of a device or machine.
The following formula is used: The maximum demand is billed from the
consumptions over 3,000 kWh are not billed
í ( ℎ) to residential customers.
=
(ℎ)
The sequence of electric demand values such as
Electric demand intervals are usually 15, 30
The time function is called 'Load Curve', and
or 60 minutes. The 15 or 30-minute ones are applied
its graphic representation, Load Profile; when such
commonly in billing, selection of capacity
the succession corresponds to a whole day, it will have,
of equipment, balancing studies and transfer of
respectively, a Daily Load Curve (DLC) and a
loading. The 60-minute interval allows for construction
Daily Load Profile (PCD). Of course, the 'profile'
Daily Load Profiles for consumption analysis
the shape of the load curve will depend on the
of energy, determine the efficiency of devices, and
measurement procedure.
also to develop a comprehensive expansion plan
of the electrical power distribution system. No
As indicated, the electric meters record
However, for the selection of fuses and the adjustment of
the energy consumption of the customers and in form
It is also important to know the protections.
indirectly determine the demand of each customer each
instantaneous maximum demands
15 minutes. Some meters have the ability to
store up to 3 months of demand data in your

Electric Demand
 memory internal allowing to know the load factor, that is, under certain conditions, it is
demand behavior. This behavior muy difícil lograr modificaciones al factor de carga
comes to shape the load curve, which is very because there are already defined schedules, such as for
useful for determining anomalies in energy consumption example in office buildings. There are others
expected from a specific team or system, based on the conditions in which the modification of the curve of
total consumption of a property. load is possible, achieving increases in the factor of
load and possible decreases in billing.

A load factor greater than 70% can be interpreted

like a stable load curve with few variations
in the demand and, therefore, the displacement of
loads to distribute demand more efficiently
it is more difficult compared to a customer who
have a load factor below 70%.

Another way to analyze the load factor is in terms of

of production. For example, a load factor of 30%
it means that of the total productive capacity of the
the plant is only taking advantage of 30%; that is,
an increase in this variable can be interpreted
like an increase in production or a decrease
Figure 1.- Load curve corresponding to a full day at the maximum demand.

In addition to the measurement frequency determined by The formula to calculate the load factor in a month of
the demand interval, also the method 30 days is:
sampling has a significant impact on the
characterization of the load. There are two basic ways Real energy consumed in 30 days
sampling in measurement: discrete, if the record is of =
Maximum Demand × 24⁄ ℎ í × 30 í ⁄
instant load, or by integration, if registered
the energy absorbed during each interval.
1.2. Theoretical evolution
A load curve resulting from a discrete sampling
hardly representative of a behavior
individual, or of a small group. However, according to Most electric service companies
investigations carried out in 2002, it is worth making the they distinguish the behavior of demand over
reservation that the problem regarding the sampling method a base of classes, characterizing each class by a
it's not that serious when the load being measured Typical PCD, which represents the usage pattern
it is that of a complete feeder, or of a substation. expected from the load for a client of that type
day of maximum demand of the system, that is,
the peak day (during which the system of
distribution must support the greatest demand of
calendar year). Such profiles describe the
most important aspects from the point of view
from the distribution planner: the magnitude of the
maximum demand or peak load per customer, the
duration of the peak, and the total energy consumed. With
planning purposes, it is a common practice
to assume that the behavior of a typical profile
it is cyclical.

A relevant term to mention is the 'Factor of 1.1.1 How to determine the predictable electrical demand?
"Load", an indicator that relates to the actual consumption of
energy of a plant with energy consumption The methods for establishing forecasts of
projected in that plant, assuming an operation the demand for electricity is numerous,
continues from the maximum demand recorded, in a but conceptually they can be grouped into
determined period of time. two categories. In the analytical methods, there
consider that energy production is
The load factor can vary between 0% and 100%, being included in the general economic activity, and
preferably a value close to 100%. However, the its historical evolution can be assessed as
the operating method of each plant will determine the value of

Electric Demand
 a growth factor that will endure in the 3. National Demands
extrapolation of this trend.

Another method within this same category 3.1.1. The Generation

relates electric production to the
economy a through a model The classical generation was based on some
econometric that analyzes indicators and large generation groups with control
factors from both fields. The model that the clear of the process that allows to respond to the
international experience has demonstrated demand in a clear and predictable manner.
as more useful, consists of establishing the For several decades this generation
correlation between annual increases of the centralized is turning into a
electricity production y some index Distributed generation and generation
macroeconomic such as GDP. renewable.

The second category of methods is the A distributed generation, characterized by

direct projection, which can expand the to have a smaller size and be associated
knowledge of the demand through a normally to another production process
survey that analyzes the essential points of (cogeneration) which is the one that governs the
consumption and its possible evolution. This method operation of electricity generation.
it is applicable only in cases of prognosis
in the short term, and its greatest usefulness consists in A renewable generation (well centralized
the breakdown of the demands in monthly, in large parks or distributed in small ones
daily and even hourly of the treated system. facilities) characterized by low
Taking into account the long-term horizon control over electric production, to
From the study, the analytical method was adopted. this will depend on the availability of the resource
primary (solar, wind).

2. World Demand The same as in consumption, if it is analyzed the

network area to which it is connected
Global electricity demand is a matter of utmost importance. renewable resource, the variation of its
importance as it increases every year as it was in production is much more dynamic than in the
in 2018 where it increased by 2.3% due to an economy national aggregate and has a greater effect on
global robusta and higher heating levels and the customers connected in that area.
Cooling indicated by Dr. Fatih Birol, Director
Executive of the International Energy Agency (IEA). 3.1.2. Mechanisms
This is why energy generation also
solar energy increased by 31% in the year The design of the mechanisms that facilitate the
2018. Furthermore, the International Energy Agency demand participation is an aspect
(AIE) prepares a load curve in kWh every year key for the development of this activity, already
thus having a consumption of 3132.148 kWh in 2014 that allow achieving the objectives while
(graph 2). consider the characteristics of the clients and
of the markets and infrastructures they address
to optimize.

There are two types of signals or programs that

they encourage demand participation, the
based on price and based on signals.

Those based on price signals that seek

the client's response before changes in the
prices (response of demand). Within
this section contains the rates with
time-based discrimination (time of use-TOU)
prices during critical peak periods
(critical peak pricing-CPP) and the prices in
real time (real time pricing-RTP).

Those based on quantity signals that

they seek to alter the behavior of the
Graph 2. Electric consumption kWh 2000-2014
consumers in the search for something

Electric Demand
 benefit for the system (active management of the Smart meters, what are they
demand). They aim to equip the TSOs/DSOs with in charge of recording the consumption of the
tools to optimize networks from clients in intervals whose resolution is at
of the flexibility of demand. Examples of except for the market one or the one from the programs
these types of programs are the ones that allow the that are being put into operation (totalled
more or less direct control over the in periods or directly the load curve
demand, which can currently be signed hourly or quarter-hourly.
some major clients with the operator of
system. As management of the Verification technologies for variation of
demand to develop, other consumers customer consumption behavior. For
smaller ones could start to lend the cases of demand management is
these services, generally in the form it is necessary to verify the correct compliance
added. on the part of the client of the exchange contract
increase/decrease of power in response to a signal
The practical implementation of these programs sent. For this, models are needed.
It is done through rates or agreements normalized estimates of the baseline curve,
contractual. Within the rates there that is, of the customer's behavior in
distinguish between volumetric and based ones in case of no signal received, which is compared with
in capacity. The volumetric rates go the actual curve recorded during the period of
oriented towards conveying the correct signals of activation of a signal.
energy consumption, while the rates
based on capacity they seek to send signals The replacement of the meters with new ones
about the power used at each moment. smart remote-managed meters and with
The first ones are therefore more directed towards capacity to record different rates and
correct the consumption profile in everything the load curve is currently running
moment, while the latter in response to European legislation and
they are mainly concerned about the ends Spanish that programs the change of
of the system. accountants in 2018.

There are also mixed approaches seeking a Industrial consumption depends

combined effect and there is even the option of a lot of the production process they serve and,
to combine it with some type of relationship therefore, the ability to manage the
contractual for the benefit of the system. demand will be very variable depending on the
characteristics of the industry. Thus, a high
3.1.3. Technologies the furnace will have low reduction capacity
load when processing the metal
Demand management requires a bankrupt, the same as a company that
management capacity of loads, and within works with information servers. In the
these heads differ from those corresponding to On the other end are the industries with
industrial or large consumption accumulation capacity, such as for example
consumers of the corresponding to the the canneries or desalination plants of
residential and commercial consumptions. water.

Currently, models are implemented In the commercial and residential sectors,

demand management for large clients the consumptions are more similar within
industrial, so the great challenge for the each category allowing the design of
development of active demand management more standardized technological solutions.
it consists of extending management capacity Within the domestic sector, there are various
from the loads from this reduced number of types of loads that differ in terms of their
large consumers up to all types of management capacity. Thus, for example, the
consumers. air conditioning equipment is what most
flexibility they offer (in addition to being the ones that
In addition to the technologies themselves more energy consumer), the
signal communications between the different appliances operating
agents and control technologies of the unattended (washing machine, dishwasher) have
loads, there are two basic technologies an intermediate flexibility the yones from
necessary to be able to start up interactive operation (brown lines and
demand participation, accountants very low or no flexibility.
intelligent and verification technologies.

Electric Demand
 A new one has recently appeared. daily, which allows for various analyses to be conducted
electric consumer that is expected to of energy consumption, of device performance or
will incorporate massively into the network and that complete expansion plans.
it deserves special consideration. It is about
of the electric vehicle, which has the The continuous evaluation of electric demand, in
characteristic of offering great flexibility in short time intervals, through load curves
its load since, in general, it remains and daily load profiles, allows detecting failures in the
connected to the network for most of the electric grid distribution system, in order to
day, and allows a complete modulation of the optimize the same.
charge. The electric vehicle is looming
as an ideal complement to the generation Since it is possible to know the electrical demand
of renewables and, without a doubt, as a national through various sampling methods, is
catalyst of management programs they can find different alternatives and mechanisms to
demand. satisfy such electrical demand through energy
renewable or non-renewable electricity.
4. Experiences of the demand.
A good set of agreements between suppliers and
There are numerous participation experiences of the distributors will ensure better cooperation, which
demand, both in domestic-commercial customers will allow customers to benefit from the appropriate
like with large consumers. However, if operation of the market that guarantees a supply
well the experiences with large consumers already of efficient, sustainable and safe electricity.
they have been incorporated into the usual practice in some
electric markets (one example of this is the The exercises on CA practiced in the laboratories
ENERNOC's activity in the USA, have been of great importance for the realization of this
active demand participation programs work, since the average expression consumed of a
for small consumers, and except for a few the circuit in said current is used to determine
exceptions have generally had so far the electricity demand as it is consumed
experimental character. In any case, the vast majority truly through the circuits.
they have been oriented towards responding to demand.
Distinguishing or characterizing the load is important because the
In any case, these experiments have a great sampling method has a significant influence on
value, as they allow for an estimation this, given that with this information it will be possible to carry out a
realistic response of consumers to discrete sampling or by integration regarding whether it is
program, and therefore of the possible benefits that a load snapshot o for intervals,
can contribute. In fact, DOE (2006) shows how correspondingly.
the benefits obtained in real programs
they are always below those obtained in Because electric demand can be expressed
simulations or theoretical estimates. as a function of time, the can be estimated the
energy requirements, as well as consumption of
Most participation programs of the electric energy of a population over time
demands have taken place in the United States and biweekly, monthly, yearly, among others, being able to carry out
Canada. The first ones, in the 1980s, different projections and expansion plans.
took place in Wisconsin and Illinois, although due to
supposedly they used much less technology Ultimately, a proper incentive system is crucial.
more complex than the current ones: in these cases it was about and efficient technologies to make possible the
only to expose residential customers to active participation of the client. Without this participation, it does not
block tariffs. There is demand management.

III. CONCLUSIONES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The management of electric demand is a tool
that allows optimizing the generation assets, The contribution of knowledge by each of the
transport and distribution and therefore contribute to the authors of this report were very significant; however,
improve the efficiency and sustainability of the system This research would not have been possible without the great support
electric anywhere in the world. of recognized professionals, authors of articles, books,
blogs and other reports such as Fernando García, David
The assessment of the magnitude of electrical demand, in Trebolle, Kelly Hernández, among others; whose knowledge
time intervals represent a very important parameter and information have led to a greater understanding and
important for the construction of load profiles

Electric Demand
theoretical expansion on the topic addressed, and to whom
we owe all our gratitude.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alvarado, J. 'Load, Demand and Electric Energy: Concepts

fundamentals for electricity distribution (2017).
Consulted the 19 of June en:
[Link]

"Electricity Demand" Consulted on June 20 at:

[Link]

[3] García, F; Trebolle, D; Gaudó, M; Galán, J; Linares, P; Conchado, A.

Electrical Demand Management (2013) Consulted on June 20
en: [Link]

"Electrical and Billing Terms." Consulted on June 25 at:

[Link]
_billing.pdf

Willis, H. "Spatial Electric Load Forecasting." Second Edition (2002)

AIE Communications. (2019). Global Energy Demand.

8/09/2019 of Guide Chile Energy Site web:
[Link]
increase-a-23-in-2018-its-fastest-pace-in-the-last-decade/

Electric Demand
Electric Demand