APPLIED BASIC SCIENCES

SPECIALTY: MINING OPERATIONS

THEME: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED IN MINING

TEACHER: ING. EDGAR MAMANI PACO

MEMBERS:

MOLLO YAULLI, JOSLAN MARCO

LUNA PINTO, JUNIOR RAFAEL

FLORES PARI, BRUNO

LEÓN MACHACA, LUIS FERNANDO

GROUP: A
 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED IN MINING

OBJECTIVES:

Objetivo principal:

Recognize and identify all gas and dust measurement equipment,

pressure, temperature, that will be used in mining.

Secondary objective:

Have a good knowledge regarding the use of equipment in mining.

Control the risks with the equipment used in mining.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN MINING TOPOGRAPHY
DEFINITION:

The term topography refers to thedisciplineotechniquethat is in charge of

describe in detail the surface of a certain oneland. This branch,
according to what is said, it focuses on the study of all the principles and processes that

provide the possibility to transfer the particularities to a graphsurfaceyes

whether natural or artificial.

TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS:

We can classify thetopographic equipmentin three categories:

1-To measure angles.- here are the compass, the transit, and the theodolite.
2-To measure distances.- here is the measuring tape, the odometer, and the
distancemeter
3-To measure slope.- here you find the hand level, the rail, the fixed one,
tilting, automatic.

OPTICAL THEODOLITE:

It is the evolution of mechanical transit, in this case, the circles are made of glass, and they bring

a series of prisms for observing in an additional eyepiece.

The reading of the vertical and horizontal angle accuracy ranges from 1 minute to one
tenth of a second.

ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE:

It is the version ofoptical theodolitewith the incorporation of electronics to make the

readings of the vertical and horizontal circle, displaying the angles on a screen
removing errors of appreciation, it is simpler in its use, and requires less
Parts are simpler to manufacture and in some cases their calibration.

DISTANCEMETER:

Electronic device for measuring distances, it works by emitting a beam.

light, whether infrared or laser, bounces off a prism or directly onto the
surface, and depending on the time it takes for the beam to cover the distance is how
this is determined.

TOTAL STATION:

A total station is referred to as an electro-optical instrument used in surveying.

whose operation is based on electronic technology. It consists of the
incorporation of a distancemeter and a microprocessor into an electronic theodolite.

Some of the features it incorporates, and which are not available in the
theodolites, are a liquid crystal display (LCD) alphanumeric screen, warning LEDs,
independent lighting from sunlight, calculator, distance meter, tracker
(trajectory follower) and the ability to save information in format
electronic, which allows it to be used later on personal computers
GPS NAVIGATORS:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) or Global Positioning System (more commonly known
with the acronym GPS, although its correct name is NAVSTAR-GPS) is a System
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that allows for worldwide determination
position of an object, a person, a vehicle, or a ship, with precision up to
of centimeters, using differential GPS.

There are two types:

Portable GPS: These are more for recreational purposes and applications that do not require
high precision, consists of a device that fits in the palm of the hand, they have the
integrated antenna, its accuracy can be less than 15m.
In addition to providing our position on the horizontal plane, they can indicate the
elevation by means of the same signal from the satellites.
Differential GPS: It is a system that provides GPS receivers with corrections.
from the data received from GPS satellites, in order to provide a greater
precision in the calculated position. These devices have accuracies from several
millimeters to less than half a meter.

LEVELS:

A level is a tool that provides us with a reference in relation to a plane.

horizontal. This device helps to determine the elevation difference between two
points with the help of a state.
Laser levels were and continue to be a novelty believed by some people.
they are more precise, but the reality is different; there are those that only project a
line on a wall, its correct name is crossliner, they are mainly used in
interiors, since in outdoors with the sunlight it is difficult to see the line that is projected
on a wall for example, a line that is between 1 and 2 millimeters wide,
so if precision.

ELECTRONIC LEVELS:

These work like optical levels, and additionally can take readings.
electronically with state codes with barcodes, this is very practical,
that the measurement is very quick, and appreciation or reading errors are eliminated, even
of finger, since they have memory to store and process data, they can
display on screen a resolution of a tenth of a millimeter, and measure distances with
a resolution of one centimeter.
LASER TOPOGRAPHY:

Laser topography is an innovative system that consists of a 3D scan.

of unidirectional parallel lines, this system uses the same principle of the
total station for measuring angles and three-dimensional distances which allows it
collect information in a very short time. The range can reach up to
the 1400m with good accuracy, allowing the measurement capability to be achieved
superior even in adverse atmospheric conditions and the evaluation of multiple
echoes of destiny.
The line scanning mechanism is based on a multi-faceted polygonal mirror.
fast rotation, which provides totally linear exploration lines,
unidirectional and parallel, the data from the linear and angular measurements are
thrown in real time.
SEISMOGRAPHS FOR BLASTING AND VIBRATIONS:

The measurement and recording of the intensity and frequency of seismic vibrations and
acoustic waves, produced by the blasting in mining operations, quarries,
construction of public works, demolitions, etc., is mandatory, in
so much that they can affect nearby structures, buildings, areas to varying degrees
urban, etc.

Blast seismographs are offered, depending on the models, with digital recording of the
signals captured by a triaxial geophone plus a microphone for the acoustic wave, u
other combinations of sensors, as well as additional and simultaneous graphic recording
about a plotter or built-in printer by the equipment. The graphic registration carried out in
it is often required by the competent authorities, in order to
to guarantee the non-manipulation or fidelity of the obtained data, when such
records must serve as certification in official reports.

SLOPE MONITORING RADAR

The management of risks associated with slope instability is essential in

safe and economical operations of open pit mines. More than 80 Radars for
Slope Monitoring (SSR, for its acronym in English) has been installed in large
mines around the world for managing these risks. SSR technology is
today considered the best practice in the global mining industry for management of
unstable slopes with critical production. The SSR uses radar to scan
the distance from the slope wall, continuously monitoring the movements of the slope. The
technology detects and alerts users about slope movements with a
sub-millimeter precision. Radar waves penetrate through rain, dust and
smoke, providing real-time data 24 hours a day. The systems
SSR has detected and registered alerts about movements in more than 200 drops of
rock and failures, ranging from small wedges of fault with a few tons to
failures of more than thirty million tons, which has allowed many
operations to gain productivity, planning and safety.

Radar Profile for Slope Monitoring

Capabilities and specifications of the Radar system for Slope Monitoring:
High precision deformation +/-0.1mm (Standard deviation).
Perforated disc and other features that allow operation in
operations with strong winds.
The measurement range is 1700 meters.
• Scans 270 degrees horizontally and 120 degrees vertically.
Between 1-30 minutes is the repeat rate for scanning areas (varies depending on the
area being scanned.
The RF exposure (<0.05mW/cm2) is a factor of 200 below the acceptable limit.
for the general population (1 mW/cm2).

Vibration and mining machinery tolerant.

The system weighs approximately 1500 kg.
• Remote source power provider, continuous monitoring 24/7.
Real-time monitoring.
Alarm system that automatically alerts the mine about excessive movements.
of which can be defined by the user.
The system is a system for all types of weather that has operated in conditions
climates from polar to tropical and at altitudes above 4500m.
 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR UNDERGROUND MINING

We will discuss instruments that measure:

Dust particles

Measure vapors

DUST PARTICLE MEASURERS

Dust is small particles of solids. The main danger of dusts

dangerous is that they can be breathed in and penetrate the lungs. The smallest particles
small ones are the most dangerous because they can penetrate the lungs and have
harmful effects, or be absorbed into the bloodstream and pass to parts of the
organism, or they can cause eye injuries. Under certain conditions the
Powders can explode, for example, in grain silos or flour mills.

Meter 3886

The Kanomax series dust particle meters aspirate, for example, a certain
amount of air and count the number of particles. The 3886 meter is an analyzer
real-time with memory and software for data transmission to the computer.
All meters operate according to current regulations and are sent calibrated.
factory (ISO calibration certificate optional). The recalibrations (according to the
specifications of the internal quality control) can be carried out at any
moment paying the calibration fee.
Other Dust Particle Meters

Dust particle meters P311

Max. concentration of dust: 4,000,000 particles/m3, for measurements in rooms
white, measures 5 sizes.
Dust particle meters KM 3887
Measures temporarily or continuously, memory, software, for 0.3 / 0.5 and 5 µm.
MicroDust Pro CEL-720 dust particle meters
Ideal particle meters for industrial processes, suitable for
control jobs.
DT-9880 particle meters
Meters with video and photo recording, for 0.3 / 0.5 / 1.0 / 2.5 / 5.0 and 10 µm.
FLUKE 985 dust particle meters
For heating applications, air conditioning, 6 channels, size
particles from 0.3 µm to 10.0 µm.
P611 dust particle meters
According to ISO 21501-4, JIS B9921, 10 particle sizes, large memory,
certificate for clean rooms.
DustSentry particle meters
Meters for measuring TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, real-time measurement.
real.
Dust particle meters KM 3900
Measurement of 6 different sizes, flow rate of 28.3 l/min, memory of 5000 values.
KM 3792 dust particle meters
(Fixed installation / for particles with a thickness of 0.2 and 0.3 µm, RS-485.

VAPOR MEASUREMENT

Many liquid chemical substances evaporate at room temperature, which

It means that they form a vapor and remain in the air. The vapors of some
Chemical products can irritate the eyes and skin, and their inhalation can have
serious health consequences. The vapors can be flammable or explosive.

2020ComboPRO Portable PID Analyzer for Aromatics and VOCs.

The 2020ComboPRO is an economical solution for monitoring VOCs such as dioxins.

furanes and hexachlorobenzene but with a highly developed equipment. The
2020ComboPRO represents the latest advancement in VOC measurement
coupled to a simple operation of the instrument. It is designed to respond
quickly to emergencies while providing an easy-to-interpret analysis. The
The 2020 ComboPRO measurement range is from 0.1 to 10,000 ppm and measures a wide range

variety of chemicals for environmental applications, industrial hygiene, gas stations,

refineries, petrochemical plants and emergency response. In addition, it can
to be used for the analysis of Benzene using Draeger tubes -optional-.

2020ppbPRO Portable PID Analyzer for Aromatics and VOCs with scale in
ppb.

Measures VOC compounds at very low concentrations, ideal for gas stations,
refineries, petrochemical plants, analysis of Formaldehydes when using the tubes
Draeger (R) -included-. It also applies to the analysis of Benzene, dioxins,
["furans","hexachlorobenzene","clean rooms","environmental sampling","tank leaks"]
subterranean, exposure in work areas, emergency response
characterization of H2S in water treatment plants, pesticides, and studies of
remediation.
 MEASUREMENT OF GASES

It is easy to detect the presence of gases by their smell, but there are other gases that are not.

they can smell at all and can only be detected with special equipment. Some
Gases produce irritating effects immediately and others may be warned.
only when health is severely damaged. The gases can be
flammable or explosive.

MULTI-GAS METER CO, O2, H2S, LEL (ENMET RECON 4)

The ongoing pollution of the atmosphere and the global scarcity of energy resources,
they generate the need to carry out efficient controls of pollutant emissions,
as well as to reduce and optimize the consumption of combustion systems.
Text 310 - Simple and economical

Testo 310 combustion gas analyzer, including 180 mm probe with cone,
silicone hose for pressure measurement, particle filters x 10 units, plug of
pressure x 10 u and briefcase. Robust and lightweight instrument for daily use

Text 340 - Simultaneous measurement of up to 4 gases

PCE's testo 340 analyzer equipped with O2 sensor and integrated measurement of
differential pressure/velocity, incl. rechargeable battery, calibration protocol and strap
of transportation.

Extension of the measurement range for a sensor or optionally for all

sensors
Methane meter

To carry out these measurements, usually a person had to remain in the mine.
day and night. Today, thanks to this device, it can be obtained accurately and in a short time.
time the exact record the volume of gas, storing the information in
software.

The canister is a mechanical, electronic, and software component. A group of

Colombian professionals worked for three to four months to achieve the design.
definitive,” comments Eduardo Fajardo, Development Engineer at the CIF.

In the first series production, 15 canisters were manufactured. In the second, which
it corresponds to an improved version of the device, 30 were made, of which some
are currently used in mines of Cundinamarca.

"When the exact amount of methane is known, it can be collected and used as
combustible, thus avoiding the negative environmental impact it causes by leaving it in the air,
Fajardo affirms.

Conclusions:

It was possible to know and identify the measuring instruments that are used in
mining, all the types and brands that we can find, of these too
learn its correct use.
One could learn the proper handling of mining instruments,
It should also be understood that many of these can be used in other environments.
All risks can be controlled and managed properly, and with help
from the different measuring equipment even more.