Asynchronous machines

[Link]épresentation
1. Constitution and operating principle
2. Engine or génébreeder
3. The slip
[Link] schémaéequivalent
1. Preparation for a phase...................................................................................................................2
2. Simplification of the diagraméma
a. Problem positionème
[Link]équences......................................................................................................................................3
[Link]ébutéusual equivalents
4.Détermination oféléments of the schémaéequivalent
a. Essayà run with the rotor short-circuited............................................................................................3
[Link] with the rotor short-circuited, blockedé and under tension réduite......................................................4
III. Power Report......................................................................................................................................6
1. Operation in engine
2. Operation in génératrice
IV. Coupleéelectromagnetéantique..........................................................................................................................8
1. Introduction
Expression of the coupleéelectromagnébased on theéléments of the schémeéequivalent.......................8
3. Curve representationérepresentative of theéEvolution of the couple as a function of the slip...............................................8
a. Asymptotes and special points
[Link] curveésentative..........................................................................................................................8
c.ÉEvolution of the coupleéelectromagnétorque as a function of speed (in rpm)......................................8
[Link] functions and génératrice...............................................................................................8
Stabilityé of functioning
Operating point......................................................................................................................9
[Link] conditioné...........................................................................................................................9
[Link].............................................................................................................................................9
[Link] diagram of the intensityés (callé also circle diagram)...................................................15
[Link]............................................................................................................................................15
2. Operating point trajectory:........................................................................................................15
[Link]été16
VI.Démarriage and speed variation .............................................................................................................16
[Link]............................................................................................................................................16
2. Action on the effective value of stator voltages.............................................................................16
[Link] on the rérotor resistance............................................................................................................17
4. Operationà V/f constant.............................................................................................................18
[Link] of the number of pôthe..................................................................................................................19
6. Change of direction of rotation ............................................................................................................. 19
VII. Operation in génératrice (sometimes calledé asynchronous alternator.................................................27
1.Réreversibilityé27
2. Utilization
[Link]
b. Supply oféenergyà a rébucket
c. Production oféenergy in isolated siteé32
I. Presentation
1. Constitution and operating principles
2. Motor or generator
3. The slide

Exercise 1 (Only one answer possible)

["A motor has four poles, it is powered by","The synchronous speed of a motor is equal to"]
a three-phase network of frequency 50 Hz. Its speed is 1000 rpm, its shaft rotates at 970 rpm.
synchronism is worth: Sliding is equal to:
1500 rpm 3000 rpm 750 rpm 3% 3.1% -3%

3. A motor has a pair of poles. It is 4. A machine with two pairs of poles is

powered at 50 Hz and runs at 2900 rpm. It is powered by a three-phase network with a frequency of 50 Hz.
slipping is equal to: Its spindle rotates at 1600 rpm. The slip is constant.
à:
3.4% 3.3% -3.3% - 6.7% - 6.2% 6.7%

["5. A motor with three pairs of poles is","6. A three-phase motor is powered by a network"]
fed by a three-phase network of 50 Hz frequency. three-phase of 50 Hz frequency. At stop its slip
Its slip is 5%. The shaft turns at: is equal to
1000 rpm 995 rpm 950 rpm 0 1 Impossible to define

7. La vitesse de synchronisme d’un moteur alimenté8. La vitesse de synchronisme d’un moteur alimenté
Under 50 Hz is equal to 1500 rpm. The motor under 50 Hz runs at 1000 rpm. When the frequency is
behaves at 25 Hz, the synchronous speed is:
a pair two pairs four pairs 1000 rpm 500 rpm 2000 rpm
of poles
{"question_9":"What is the frequency of three-phase power?","question_10":"The synchronous speed of a machine"}
of a motor with six poles whose speed powered at 50 Hz is 1500 rpm. If its speed is
synchronous is worth 1000 rpm? at 1550 rpm, it operates in:
157 Hz 50 Hz 25 Hz Moteur Génératrice Impossibleàdéfinir

11. A motor with four poles is powered by 12. When a motor is powered under voltage of
a three-phase network with a frequency of 50 Hz and runs at a fixed frequency of 1350, accelerates, its slip:
RPM. The frequency of the rotor currents is equal.
à:
increase diminish Impossible
5 Hz 50 Hz Impossible to determine determine

II. The equivalent circuit

Setup for a phase

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 2. Simplification of the diagram
a. Position of the problem
b. Consequences

3. Usual equivalent schemes

Req etLeqare the rotor impedances referred to the stator.

• When the losses in the iron are negligible,

• Representation of stator leakage inductance

4. Determination of elements of the equivalent circuit

The equivalent circuit studied is represented here:

The tests to be performed to determine the elements are
identical for all asynchronous machines.

In the following, numerical values are

proposed. The stator tensions have a frequency
equal to 50 Hz.

a. No-load test with the rotor short-circuited.

The effective value of the stator voltages is nominal as well as their frequency.

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No mechanical load is coupled to the shaft. The rotation speed is assumed to be equal to the speed of
synchronism.
➢ We measuresIs0etPs0(three-phase wattmeter or the two wattmeters method or Vs 230 V
single-phase wattmeter correctly connected. Is02.8 A
• Represent the wiring diagram for this test and indicate the operating procedure. Ps0= 200 W
• What is the value of the slip for this test? Deduce the value of [Link] the equivalent diagram
useful for this essay.
• Quelélément consomme de la puissance active ? Quelélément consomme de la puissance réactive ?
➢ Recall the relationships between:
• the active power for the empty test, one of the elements of the equivalent circuit and the effective value of the voltage
or of intensity.
• the reactive power for the open circuit test, one of the elements of the equivalent circuit and the effective value of the
tension or intensity.
• Deduce the relationships allowing the calculation of [Link] on the measured quantities in this test.

Remarks:
• To reach synchronous speed, an auxiliary motor can be coupled with the asynchronous machine, it
then provides the mechanical losses.
• If no auxiliary machine is usable, it is possible to separate iron losses from mechanical losses by
relevant the evolution of no-load losses as a function of the square of the effective value of the supply voltage. The
The prolongation of this curve (theoretically a straight line) towards the y-axis gives the mechanical losses.
Indeed, if the effective value of the voltages is zero, then the losses in the iron are zero and only the remain.
mechanical losses.
• If the stator resistance is not negligible (in the case of low-power machines), it is possible to
measured during a continuous test. During the no-load test, the losses by Joule effect in the stator must be taken into account.
taken into account.

b. Test with the rotor short-circuited, blocked and under reduced voltage.
The tree is blocked by a powder brake or a shoe. The engine is at a standstill. The effective value of the voltages
Stator currents are set so that the effective current intensity is nominal.
➢ We measure VsccIsccetPscc(three-phase wattmeter or method of two wattmeters or wattmeter Vscc= 40 V
single-phase correctly connected. Iscc= 4.8 A
• Represent the wiring diagram for this test and indicate the operating procedure. Pscc= 230 W

• What is the value of the test? Represent the useful equivalent scheme for this test.
• Quelséléments consomment de la puissance active ? Quelséléments consomment de la puissance réactive ?
• Express the power Pfcc consumed by Rf during this test. Derive the expression for power
consumed by the resistance as a function of Vscc,PsccetRf.
• Calculate the losses due to Joule effect in the rotor.
• Calculatejscc(the calculation of its cosine allows it to be determined), the intensity lags behind the voltage.
• RepresentsccIs0ccandIstccon a Fresnel diagram (Vsccis placed vertically and oriented upwards). Read
IstccOn the Fresnel diagram (it is also possible to determine Istccusing complex numbers).
• Express the losses due to Joule effect in the rotor as a function of Ret and [Link] R.
➢ By applying the same approach with reactive power, determine L.

Exercise 2
We consider a machine whose characteristics are as follows:
• 220 V – 380 V 4 poles, the stator is coupled in star
• Star-connected rotor winding in short circuit
• Power supply: 380 V – 50 Hz
A no-load test, under nominal voltage, allowed the measurement of the line current intensity: I 0= 10.5 A, and the
absorbed power :P0 1.16 kW.

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A test at nominal load, under nominal voltage, allowed for the measurement of the line current intensity:
Iname= 23 A, the absorbed power: Panomaly12.6 kW and the slipname= 0.038.

We neglect the leakage resistances and inductances in what follows.

statorics as well as mechanical losses. Here we provide the
simplified equivalent diagram of a phase of the machine.

1. Exploitation of the empty trial:

Calculate the power factor of the machine at no load; calculate the
values of R0etX0.

2. Exploitation of the nominal trial:

a. By reasoning on one phase, calculate the active power P2reactiveQ2and relatives2consumed by the
dipole (D).
b. Calculate the values of R2etX2.

Exercise 3 (Only one answer possible)

We study a machine whose equivalent schematic for one phase is
negative representation.
Indications noted on the nameplate:
400 V ; 45 A ; 24 kW ; 1450 tr/min
A synchronous speed test allowed for the measurement of the
powerP = 1300 W, the effective value of the composite voltages
U= 400 V et l’intensitéefficace des courants en ligneI= 15 A.
A short circuit test with a locked rotor allowed measuring the power P = 1450 W, the effective values of the voltages.
composed U= 63 V and the effective intensity of the line currents I= 45 A.
1. During a no-load test at synchronous speed (short-circuited rotor), the equivalent circuit becomes:

2. During the empty test, the apparent power is 3. During the empty test, the reactive power is equal to
equal to (in kVA): to (one) :
31.2 10.4 18.0 54.0 31.1 10.3 17.9 54.0

4. The equivalent resistance Rfhas value: 5. The magnetizing inductance Lmhas value (in
mH) :
110W40.7W123W
16.3 49.4 28.4 9.4

6. During the locked rotor short circuit test, the 7. During the locked rotor short circuit test, the
reactive power is equal to (in kVAR): power for the entire set of resistors is equal to:
4.69 8.38 759 36 W 97.5 W 32.3 W

8. During the blocked rotor short circuit test, 9. The equivalent resistance Ra for value:
the intensity in the resistance is equal to:
38.0 A 45.0 A 42.6 A 0.781W 0.260W 0.233W

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 10. During the blocked rotor short circuit test, the 11. The equivalent inductance for value:
reactive power for the inductance Lmstealthy
775 var 256 var 445 var 1344 var 2.32 mH 7.77 mH 2,59 mH

III. Power balance

1. Operation in engine
The absorbed power is electrical, the useful power is mechanical.
• Absorbed power: Pa =3V sI scos s it is important not to forget to multiply by three because the machine is
three-phase
• Joule losses in the stator: P js=3RsI s2 withRsthe resistance of a stator winding. These losses
are neglected in many problems. In this case, the resistance does not appear in the equivalent circuit.
V s2
• Losses in the iron at the stator: Pfer =3 (Watch out for three !). These losses are overlooked in very
Rf
numerous problems. In this case, the resistance does not appear in the equivalent circuit.
• Power transmitted to the rotor: it is the power received by the stator minus the losses in the iron.
Ptr=P a−P fer or Ptr=3 V sI stcos st withjstthe phase shift between Vsand Ist.
Note: if the Joule losses in the stator are not negligible then Ptr=P a−P js−P iron
R
The only equivalent rotor element that consumes active power is the power transmitted to the rotor
g
R
can also be written Ptr=3.Is2t (one must not forget to multiply by three because the machine is three-phase).
g
This power is also called electromagnetic power.
• Joule heating losses in the rotor P jr=3.R I2st (one must not forget to multiply by three because the machine is
three-phase). The resistance R represents the resistance of one phase of the rotor brought back to the stator. The losses due to effect
Joules at the rotor are related to the power transmitted to the rotor by P jr=g P tr .
• Losses in the iron at the rotor: they are negligible because the rotor currents have a low frequency.
• Mechanical power: it is the portion of power transmitted to the rotor that is actually transformed into
mechanical power. It is equal to the power transmitted to the rotor minus the losses due to Joule effect.
rotor Pm =P tr−P jr
According to the above Pm =P tr−g P tr= 1−g  P tr
R R 1−g
Pm =3.I2st−3.RIs2t =3 −R I s2t=3R  I 2st
g g g
Everything happens as if the mechanical power was
1−g
consumed by the fictional resistance R  sometimes
g
called 'motion resistance'.
This resistance appears on the equivalent circuit diagram above.
• Useful power: it is equal to the mechanical power decreased by mechanical [Link]éca .
Ppertesmécacorresponds to the friction on the bearings, to ventilation, ...
Pu =P m−Plosséca These losses do not appear on the equivalent diagram (they are sometimes integrated into the ...
resistanceRfThey are neglected in very many problems.
• Return
It is the ratio of useful power to the
Pu
active power = .
Pa

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If the mechanical losses in the iron and by the Joule effect in the stator are negligible, the efficiency is expressed as:
P m 1−g P tr
= = =1−g
Pa Ptr
If the slip is high, the efficiency of an asynchronous motor is low because of the Joule heating losses in the rotor.
increase with the slip.
The yield can be determined from direct tests, the method of separate losses, or methods
of opposition.
2. Operation in generator mode
The absorbed power is mechanical, the
useful electrical power.
As for the engine operation, we
list the losses in iron, the losses by
Joule effect at the rotor and mechanical losses.

Exercise 4
We consider the same engine as in exercise 2.
• What is the coupling of the stator windings?
• For the rated load, calculate the following quantities: rotational speed (in rpm), power factor,
moment of useful couple, efficiency.

Exercise 5
The nameplate of an asynchronous motor provides the following information:
400 V ; 16,5 A ; cos j= 0,82 ; 8,5 kW ; 4 pôles ; 50 Hz ; 1420 tr/min
1. Calculate its yield and total losses.
2. Compare the calculated yield from the previous question and its approximate value if mechanical losses and
Statorics (in the iron and by Joule effect) are negligible.

Exercise 6
The studied machine has four poles and is powered at a frequency
at 50 Hz. At its nominal operating point, the effective current is equal
At 40 A, the effective value of a single voltage is 230 V, the factor of
power 0.87 and the rotational speed 1350 rpm. The equivalent diagram for
a phase is represented against.
I. Assessment of losses
What is the value of the losses due to Joule effect in the stator?

What is the value of the losses in the iron in the stator?

3. Does the equivalent scheme provide indications on mechanical losses?
II. Power Balance
1. Calculate the absorbed power.
2. Calculate the power transmitted to the rotor.
3. Calculate the losses due to Joule effect in the rotor.
4. Calculate the yield if mechanical losses are negligible.

Exercise 7
The test described on the next page was carried out on a motor, consisting of two pairs of poles, of which the stator is
coupled star: the ammeter shows 4 A and the voltmeter 24 V.
1. Calculate the resistance of a stator winding.
The nominal effective current is equal to 3.4 A. Calculate the losses due to Joule effect at the stator.

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In 'normal' operation, the effective value of the voltages
composed is equal to 400 V and their frequency is 50 Hz. In these
Under conditions, the losses in the iron are equal to 120 W.
3. We study an operating point characterized by a factor
with a power of 0.84, a rotation speed of 1430 rpm and
an effective intensity of 3.0 A.
a. Calculate the absorbed power.
b. Calculate the power transmitted to the rotor.
c. Calculate the losses due to Joule effect in the rotor.
d. Calculate the mechanical power.
The efficiency for this operating point is 79.5%. Evaluate the mechanical losses.

IV. Electromagnetic couple

1. Introduction
The power transmitted to the rotor is in a field. The mechanical power is transmitted to a shaft.
turning at synchronous speedWs (in rad/s). turning at speedW(in rad/s).
The electromagnetic couple can therefore be calculated from the following two relations:
P tr Pm
C em= or C em=
s 
These two relations are equivalent.


P tr  1−g
C me= =P tr Pm
Indeed S= so   and like Ptr  1− g =P m so C em=
1− g 
1−g
2. Expression of the electromagnetic couple in terms of the elements of the equivalent diagram.

3. Representative curve of the evolution of torque as a function of slip Cem =f(g)

a. Asymptotes and special points
b. Representative curve
c. Evolution of the electromagnetic couple as a function of speed (in rpm).
The curve below represents the evolution of the electromagnetic couple as a function of the rotation speed of
the tree.
• Place the speedss(synchronism), 2ns and
-ns.
• Identify the speeds corresponding to
minimal and maximal couples and indicate them
operating zone for the
low slips.
• Locate the starting couple.

d. Engine and generator operations

If the [Link] positive then the machine operates as a motor. Otherwise, it operates as
generator.
Indicate on the graphinf(n) above the operating zones in motor and generator.

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For operation as a generator: if the speed is negative, it is referred to as a brake generator. If the speed is
Positive and above the synchronous speed, we speak of a hypersynchronous generator. Place these
functions on the graph.
4. Stability of operation
a. Operating point
The resistant couple of the load
mechanics is noted Cr. The point of
mechanical operation is located at
the intersection of the characteristics of
electromagnetic and resistant couple.
b. Stability condition
The operating point is stable
yes
d C rd C in

d  d

This equation means that the slope of the curve representing the resisting couple must be greater than the slope of
the representative curve of the electromagnetic torque.
d Cr d Cin
• In the example above: 0 and 0 if the operating point is at P1, inequality is
d d
verified, the operating point is stable.
d
• In the above example: if the resisting couple increases by ∆Cr(he passes deCràCr+∆Cr) then 0 ,
dt
d
according to the law of dynamics for rotating systems: Cem− C r  C r  =J The engine slows down and
dt
the operating point shifts from P1àP2.
c. Examples
• Motor driving a load imposing a constant resisting torque (case of lifting)
The initial operating point is
located in P1.
Nutrition statorique being
removed, the machine slows down.
If the power is restored before
the complete stop of the group then the point of
operation can be situated in P2or
P3.

d Cr d C in
In both cases =0 and >0 the points P2and P3corresponding to unstable operations,
dΩ dΩ
the speed and the torque will evolve.
d
At point P2 The speed increases and the operating point 'moves' towards P.1.
dt
d
At point P3 0: the speed decreases and the group drops out (the speed becomes zero).
dt

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For this type of mechanical load, the
operational points located outside
of the interval [-gmax,gmaxare unstable.

Indicate on the graphCinf(n) as mentioned above,

the areas of stable operations and
unstable for a mechanical load
imposing a constant resistant couple.

• Motor driving a load imposing a quadratic resistant torque (dependent on the square of the
speed, case of fans.
The graph opposite represents the couple
electromagnetic of a motor as well as
the resistant pairs of two charges
quadratic equations.
Indicate the operating point for
the charge 'Cr2Is it stable?
Indicate the operating point for
the charge "Cr1. Is it stable?
Why is it desirable to avoid a
long-term operation with the
charge "Cr1» ?

Exercise 8
An asynchronous motor exhibits the mechanical characteristic
against this
1. Give the torque at startup, the torque
of the maximum couple.
The engine is successively coupled to three loads.
mechanics for which the moment of the resisting torque is constant:
Cr1= 8 N.m,Cr214 N.m and so onr310 N.m.
2. Can the engine start in each of the cases?
3. It is assumed that the engine drives the load C.r2(the
The start was carried out using an external device.
a. Check that we obtain two points of intersection on the mechanical characteristic:
• point A at 663 rpm
• Point B at 1,348 rpm.
b. The operating point of the engine is located at B. It is assumed that due to an external reason (disturbance) the
The speed of the 'motor + load' assembly increases slightly. Using the characteristic, show that the
The engine torque decreases slightly. How does the speed then evolve?
c. The operating point of the engine is located at A. It is assumed that for an external reason (disturbance)
the speed of the 'motor + load' assembly increases slightly. Using the characteristic, show that the
The moment of the engine couple increases slightly. How does the speed then evolve? Deduce that it is a
unstable zone.

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Exercise 9 (BTS Extract 2010)
This exercise focuses on the sizing of an asynchronous motor intended to drive an extraction fan.
air in a furniture manufacturing factory.
We want to determine the feeding conditions of the machine that allow us to achieve the extraction speed.
valeur souhaitée,v'= 23 m.s-1.
I. Phase model of the asynchronous machine in steady state
To obtain the mechanical characteristic of the machine
asynchronous, we use the simplified equivalent model of a
motor phase representation against.

We neglect mechanical losses as well as losses due to effect.

Joule at the stator: pM ≈0 and p js≈0

Tests have been carried out on the engine to calculate the value of each element.
• Test under nominal voltage: n0≈1500 RPM−1 ; P0=5.10 kW and I 0=86 A
• Nominal load test: the values are those of the nameplate, namely 110 kW; 1484 rpm-1for
f=50 Hz 230 V / 400 Vh= 0.946 ; cosj= 0.85 and it was measured at the stator: P = 116 kW and I = 198 A.
1. What powers model the elements RF and R of the equivalent model?
2. The numerical values obtained are X M=2.69Ω ; X =0.167Ω and r=15 mΩ Complete these
results by calculating the numerical value of RF .
We will consider these four constant values for the rest of the problem.
II. Power transmitted to the rotor
r
Express the power Ptr transmitted to the rotor based on and current I' .
g
2. Show that with the considered assumptions, this transmitted power can also be expressed asPtr =T u.ΩS with
T u useful couple moment of the engine.
3. Deduce the expression of T u based on r , g , I' and ΩS
III. Useful couple
The operating conditions of the engine in this application mean that its slip always remains below
at 2 %.
r
1. Show that in first approximation X≪
g
2. Taking this result into account, relate the effective value of the current to the effective value of the voltage.
3. The moment of the useful couple can then be written in a simple form T u= A (ΩS −Ω) that is to say
T u=K(nS −n)
3V 22 π
Show that the coefficient Ka for expression K= . , if the speeds are expressed in revolutions per
r.Ω2S 60
minute.
4. Derive the condition on the voltage V and the frequency f that the speed controller must ensure to make this
coefficient K constant.
5. Calculate K using the nominal values.
IV. Operating Point
The previous condition being met, the mechanical characteristicT u=f(n) the engine is, in its useful zone,
the right of expressionT u=44.9(nN −n)

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Trace this line for the frequency f = 50 Hz, in the same diagram as the mechanical characteristic of
fan (response document below). We will place the operating points corresponding to
T u=0 N.m and T u=900 N.m .

2.
3. Describe how this line moves if the variator reduces the frequency of the voltages.
4. Deduce the effect of frequency reduction on the air flow rate of the fan.
The torque moment corresponding to the operating point, adopted to reduce consumption
energy (extraction speed set to 23 m/s-1) is worth T =510 N.m .
5. Using the response document above, determine the frequency f1 of the frequency that must be imposed by the
variable to achieve this operating point.

Exercise 10 (Extract BTS 2010)

This exercise focuses on the sizing of asynchronous machines driving machining spindles.
I. Mechanical characteristic of the asynchronous machine
Each asynchronous machine driving a spindle has
three pairs of poles. The diagram is recalled next to it.
equivalent of a phase of this machine in steady state
permanent sinusoidal, where V is the complex number
associated with the simple network voltage, Rest the resistance of a
rotor winding referred to the stator, it is worth 0.54W.

V
The asynchronous machine is controlled by a variable speed drive. =[Link]−1 constant, where is the
f
frequency of stator currents (of pulsationwThe effective value of the single-phase network voltage.
In the overall problem, mechanical losses of the machine are neglected.
R
1. Under the operating conditions of the machine, it is considered that Lω is much lower than .
g
Express I r the effective value of the current I r depending on V, return of the slip g.
2. Derive the expression for electromagnetic power Pin from the machine depending on V, Retg.

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3. Recall the definition of slip as a function of synchronous speed. NS and the speed of
rotation N m of the machine.
4. Show that the moment of the electromagnetic couple is expressed as:
2
3.p2 V whereN S and N m
Cem =K.(N S–Nm ) with K= .( ) are expressed in [Link]-1.
120.π.R f
5. Check that K = 2.81 N.m .[Link]
6. Calculate N S for a frequency of stator currents f = 46 Hz.
7. Pourf= 46 Hz, plot Cin depending on N m on the answer document below.

8. On this same document, the graph of the resisting moment is provided. Cr applied to the engine
asynchronous for a feed rate . DéterminerV les [Link]−1
coordonnées
a =40 [C em0; Nm0] you
operating point of the system in its initial state.
II. Machine safety measures
During a operating cycle, the pins reach their highest rotational speed during the phase of
definition. Thus, in the event of an emergency system shutdown (for example, due to an intrusion in the security area), it is
During this phase, the constraints to stop the pins are the most important.
The asynchronous machine driving a spindle exerts a
useful couple moment C u on the input tree (see
the figure opposite). Dry friction exerts on this
same tree a couple moment C 0=0.5 N.m .
We note the moment of inertia of the system reduced to
the machine's tree.
1. Apply the fundamental principle of dynamics
on the machine tree, we will note Ωm the speed
angular rotation of the machine expressed in rad.s-1.

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 2. In the initial operation, the machine stopped in wheel.
free C u=0 N.m The speed evolution profile is
represented in the figure opposite.
d Ωm
3. Calculate the quantity during this phase of
dt
deceleration.
4. Deduce that the value of the moment of inertia is
J =52,7.10−3kg.m2 .
We now want to obtain the proposed speed profile on the
document response below right.
d Ωm
5. Calculate the quantity during this new phase of
dt
deceleration.
6. Calculate the moment of the useful couple Cu correspondent
this phase of deceleration.

7. On this response document, draw the curve.

C u depending on the time.
8. Recall the expression of useful power
Pu provided by the asynchronous machine. In
deduce the layout of Pu depending on the time
on the response document.
9. Indicate the mode of operation of the
asynchronous machine during this phase
10. Calculate the maximum power Pm à
dissipate (we will neglect the losses of the machine).

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To do this, we associate each spindle drive.
a braking resistance R = 60W(figure opposite).
At the start of braking, when the switch K is closed,
the continuous bus voltage isubus(t)=600 V
11. Calculate the power PR dissipated in the
resistance at the beginning of braking.
12. Compare PR and Pm The resistance of
Is the braking system properly sized?

V. Vector diagram of intensities (also called circle diagram)

1. Introduction
This involves representing the associated complex numbers.
to the intensities on a vector diagram.
The equivalent diagram used is represented here.
The tensionVsis placed vertically and oriented towards the
high

The intensity Is0is 90° behind Vs.

The intensity Isis late byjssurVs(js is calculated or determined
experimentally).
The law of knots Is=Is0+Istallows to placestSee the diagram
on the opposite side:

2. Operating point trajectory:

• Sig= 0 :Is=Is0soIst= 0, the operating point is at A. See the diagram below on the left.
• Sigtend towards infinity :Is Is0+Istand the three vectors are collinear and in the same direction (see the diagram)
below on the right). It is exceptionally possible to add the effective values.sIs0+Ist. The point
The operation is in B.
Vs R
At this operating point I st = car 0
L g

g= 0 g∞

Asynchronous machines Page 15 TS2 ET 2014-2015

It shows that the point
of operation (M
on the graph opposite)
moves on a circle
from center 0 (middle of
Vs
AB) and radius
L

3. Property
Vs
If the report is constant, so the circle diagram is unchanged and the intensities are not modified.
f
Note: if the voltage drops across the stator impedances are not negligible (that is to say
when the frequency, therefore Vs, is too weak) then the property is not verified.

VI. Starting and speed variation

1. Introduction
➢ At startup, g = 1, the stator current under nominal voltage is significant (see the circle diagram) and
the low starting torque (see the evolution of the electromagnetic torque as a function of slip or)
the speed).
➢ The electromagnetic coupling as a function of slip is given by the relationship shown here:
To vary the speed (and thus the slip), it is possible to act on:
• the rotor resistance referred to the stator: R R
• the pulsation or frequency of stator currents:wphew 3pV2s g
C em=
• the effective value of the stator voltages: Vs 2f R 2
  L 
2
• the number of pole pairs :p g

2. Action on the effective value of stator voltages

➢ The machine's stator is powered by stator voltages of variable effective value and fixed frequency.
➢ The graphs on the side represent the evolution of
couple and intensity for two effective values
different stator voltages. We denote V1etV2
these two values are respectively linked to
Cem1I1etc.em2I2Which of the tensions is the most
raised?

• Identify the effective intensity on the curves

stator currents at startup. What is the
I 2D
value of ?
I 1D
• Identify on the curves the starting pairs and
C em2D C em2max CurvesCin= f(n) for two effective values of the
maximal. Calculate and . Thisstator voltage
C em1D C em1max
Is the starting type well suited to the load?
mechanics opposes a constant resisting torque?

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• Place on the graphinf(n) the resistant couple of
the mechanical load if it is equal to 75% of the torque of
weakest start.
Bring out the operating points for
each of the effective values of the stator voltages.
➢ Advantages: the starting intensity is lower,
it is divided by two if the effective value of the
stator tensions are halved.

Curves I = f(n) for two effective values of the

stator voltage
➢ Disadvantages:
• The starting couple is weaker, it is divided by four if the effective value of the stator voltages is
divided by two.
• The speed variation depends on the effective value of the stator voltages but also on the load.
➢ Realization: autotransformer on the stator, powered by a variator, star-delta starting.
3. Action on the rotor resistance
➢ We vary the resistance of the rotor windings.
➢ The graphs below represent the evolution of the couple and intensity for two values of the resistance.
rotor. On noteRh1etRh2these two values are related respectively to Cem1I1etCem2I2. Which one of
Which resistance is the highest?

Curves I = f(n) for two values of resistance

rotor

CurvesCinf(n) for two values of resistance

rotor
• Identify the starting and maximum pairs on the curves. According to the results of paragraph IV.2,
Indicate the curve corresponding to the highest rotor resistance.
• Identify on the curves the effective intensity of the stator currents at startup. How does it evolve if the
Does rotor resistance increase?
• Place on the graphCinf(n) the resistant couple of the mechanical load if it is equal to 75% of the couple of
weakest startup. Display the operating points for each resistance value
rotorics.
➢ Advantages: As stated in paragraph IV.2, the maximum torque value does not depend on the value of the
resistance.

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➢ Disadvantages:
• Resistors generate losses due to the Joule effect, which penalizes efficiency.
• The variation in speed, like the variation in the effective value of stator voltages, depends on the
charge. Note that it is not possible with the cage rotors.

➢ Realization:
• For a wound rotor, resistances are connected to its terminals.
• For squirrel cage rotors, it is possible to achieve a variation in rotor resistance by using doubles.
cages (one internal, the other external) or cages with deep notches.
At startup, the frequency of rotor currents
is elevated. Due to the film effect (or effect of
skin), they circulate around the cage: this one
therefore presents a high actual resistance. Over time
measurement of acceleration, the frequency of currents
rotor speeds decrease and they penetrate deeper:
the actual resistance of the cage decreases.

Skin effect: the density of an alternating current flowing in a conductor is greater at its
the periphery than in its center (the transition is not abrupt). The thickness in which the current flows decreases.
when the frequency increases. For copper at 50 Hz, the useful area has a thickness of 9 mm.

➢ Improvement: the energy lost at the rotor due to Joule effect can be recovered and reintroduced into the grid using
a hyposynchronous waterfall. This technique is no longer used for engine operations but is making a comeback.
in the hypersynchronous generators used for wind turbines (doubly fed machines).
4. Operation at V/f constant
➢ The machine's stator is powered by stator voltages with effective value Vet and variable frequency f:
the V/fest ratio maintained constant.
➢ If the stator impedances are neglected, the Boucherot relation allows us to write V s= 2.22 Nsfm let it be
Vs Vs
m= If the report If it is kept constant, what can be said about the maximum flow?
2.22Nsf f
➢ The graph on the side shows the evolution of the couple
electromagnetic as a function of speed for two
values of the frequency of stator voltages. The
The graph on the following page represents the evolution of
current as a function of speed for these two
same values. We note V1,f1etV2,f2these values,
they are linked respectively to Cem1,I1etcem2,I2.
• Which of the voltages is the highest?
• Identify the couples and the static intensities at
Beginning. Are their respective evolutions
interesting?
• Place the resistant couple of the load on the graph.
mechanics if it is equal to 75% of the torque of
weakest start. Bring out the points Curves Cin= f(n) for two effective values of
of operation. Does the speed depend on the stator tensions.
mechanical charge?

Asynchronous machines Page 18 TS2 ET 2014-2015

➢ Setup for small displacements.
electromagnetic couple can be written as:
3 V s2 g
C em=
s r
• Recall the expression of the function ofWandWs.
• Show that the expression of the couple
electromagnetic can be written C to me=Ks−
by specifying the literal value of K.
➢ Advantages: the intensity of the starting current is
limited. In the useful operating range, the
curvesCinf(n) are close to the vertical, the
the rotational speed is almost independent of the Curves I = f(n) for two effective values of
charge. stator tensions.

➢ Disadvantages and improvements:

• The inverter is "relatively" complex.
• For low frequency values (thus of
tension), the stator impedances are no longer
negligible and the curvesCin= f(n) deform.
On the graph opposite, the voltage drop at
the terminals of the stator resistance is not
negligible, the torque curves for the low ones
frequencies (thus the low speeds) are different
from those for high frequencies.
• There is no holding couple when the machine
Stop.

• To improve performance, we use the 'Boost' for low frequencies, compensation for
slippage and vector commands.
5. Variation in the number of poles
By modifying the connections between the stator coils, it is possible to change the number of poles of the
machine and therefore its synchronous speed for a given supply frequency.
Example:
By modifying the connections between
two constitutive coils of a
machine phase, it is possible
going from four poles to two
poles

6. Change of rotation direction

To reverse the direction of rotation of an asynchronous motor, it is sufficient to reverse the order of the phases of the three-phase system.
of tension that powers it. If it is connected to a network, the change of direction is achieved by reversing two
stator phases (this inversion can be permanently wired or controlled by contactors). If it is connected to
a speed controller, it is the control sequence of the switches of the output inverter that must be
modified.

Exercise 11
The following tests are carried out for an asynchronous motor whose nameplate indicates 230 V/ 400 V.
Emptytest:effectivevalueofasinglevoltage230V,effectivecurrentinline1.6A;absorbedpower240W.
Short-circuit test: effective value of a single voltage 48 V, effective current in line 3.2 A; power
absorbed 156 W.

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1. Determine the elements of the equivalent circuit of a phase of the motor (use the notations from the course).
We want to start this motor driving a fan using a star-delta start.
2. What is the nominal effective value of the voltage at
terminals of a stator winding?
3. Give the effective values of the simple voltages and
composed of the network that allows this type of start.
4. The mechanical characteristic of the engine is given.
below for a power supply under nominal voltage.
assuming that the useful couple is proportional to the square of the
power supply tension, overlay tracing with this
curve, the mechanical characteristic for a tension 3
weaker.

The fan opposes a resisting torque of moment Cr = 15.10-6.n2(rpm).

a. Plot this characteristic on the graph above.
b. Where are the operating points in star coupling and delta coupling?
c. What is the advantage of this type of startup? Why is it well suited for this type of load?

Exercise 12 (BTS Extract 2009)

This exercise is about the motorization of a pumping system. The drive motor of the pump is a
three-phase asynchronous machine of 7.5 kW. The motor-pump assembly is submerged at the bottom of the well.
The nominal characteristics of this engine are as follows:
• useful power: PuN=7.5 kW
• rotation speed: nN =2870 [Link]−1
• frequency: f N=50 Hz
• tension U N =400 V
• intensity I N=17 A
• power factor cosϕ N=0,84
The pump is mechanically connected to the engine by a direct coupling, so that both have the same speed.
of rotation.
I. Motorization of the pump
We carried out a series of measurements on the pump in place in the well for an average water level in the borehole.
which will be assumed constant. These measurements allowed to plot:
• the mechanical characteristic of the pump, that is to say the driving torque as a function of the speed of
rotation. This curve is provided on the answer document below.

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• The pump flow rate in relation to its
rotation speed. This curve is
represented in the figure opposite.
1. Determine the synchronous speed
nominal nS and the number of pairs of
poles of this engine.
2. Deduce the value of the nominal slip.
gN .
3. Calculate its nominal yield ηN .
4. Calculate its nominal useful torque T uN .

5. Add to the response document (previous page) the mechanical characteristic of the engine of which only the part
a useful will be drawn (between the no-load operation and the nominal operation), for a supply frequency
of 50 Hz. This feature will be clearly named " C0 ».
6. Deduce the value QN the flow rate obtained when the pump motor is powered under voltage and frequency
nominal. Show then that the expected maximum flow of 10 m3.h-1is conceivable.
II. Variable speed training
The pump motor is controlled by a speed variator ATV61.
This dimmer operates according to the principle shown in the diagram of the response document below (diagram provided
by the manufacturer). It is possible to connect a braking resistor between the unused terminals PA and PB,
in our application. The resistor CR is short-circuited during normal operation (it is only used during the
powering up the controller.
The ATV61 inverter manages the speed of the asynchronous motor with a so-called U/f constant control.

1. On the reply document above, clearly identify the following three functional parts of the variable speed drive:
rectifier; voltage filtering; inverter.
2. By analyzing the reversibility of the application, explain why a braking resistance was not used here?
3. When connecting the pump motor to the variable speed drive, is it important to respect the phase order?
Why?
4. The variator allows for the modification of the power supply voltage frequency of the motor. How does it evolve then?
useful part of the mechanical characteristic of the engine knowing that the control is of the type U/f constant?
5. Thunder, pump speed allowing to achieve the expected average flow rate Q=7 m3.h−1 .
6. Trace on the response document of the previous page the mechanical characteristic of the corresponding engine.
Q=7 m3.h−1 , which must clearly be named " C1 ».
7. Deduce the useful couple T u delivered by the motor and the frequency of the output voltages of the inverter for
this operation.
8. What is the flow rate obtained for a frequency f' = 26.3 Hz at the output of the variable speed drive?

Asynchronous machines Page 21 TS2 ET 2014-2015

9. Does the pump motor control by the variable frequency drive meet the flow requirements of our
installation? Justify.

Exercise 13
On the nameplate of a three-phase asynchronous motor, the following indications are stated: 230 V / 400 V;
50 Hz ; 3.2 kW ; 1455 rpm ; cosj0.76; yieldh= 0.87.
I. Generalities
Determine the number of poles of the stator.
2. Calculate the nominal electrical power absorbed by the motor.
3. What should be the voltage between phases of the three-phase power supply allowing to connect this motor to
star then in triangle?
4. Calculate for each coupling the nominal value of the line current intensity I.

II. Study of the coupled star motor

In the continuation of the problem, the stator is star-connected.
1. The resistance between two terminals of the coupled stator is measured hot by the voltamperometric method;
the measured tension is equal to U1= 11.2 V for a current supplied by the power supply I1= 7.0 A.
a. Provide the principle diagram of the assembly specifying the nature of the measuring devices and the nature of
the power supply that is supposed to be adjustable.
b. Calculate the resistance between the terminals of the coupled stator.

2. We want to experimentally determine the total losses in the iron of the stator and the mechanical losses of the
engine.
a. Provide the principle diagram of this setup with the necessary measuring devices. Specify the conditions.
of the test and give an approximate value of the rotation frequency of the motor during this test.
b. Make an assessment of the active powers involved in this
essay specifying the notations used.
3. Determine for the nominal operating point:
a. The slip.
b. The moment of the useful torque Tu.
c. It is accepted that the useful part of the mechanical characteristic
Tu (n) of the engine is a line, being the rotation frequency
of the engine; plot this characteristic on the document-
response opposite.

III. Speed Variation

This engine is used to drive a load which imposes a
couple resistant of momentTr = 14 N.m constant
1. It is powered by a three-phase network 400 V, 50 Hz; determine the rotation frequency.1of the group.
U
2. We want to vary the speed of this motor while keeping the ratio constant. (What is the effective value
f
of a voltage and the frequency of the power supply voltage.
a. With what device can we achieve this speed variation?
b. We want to train the machine at the rotation frequency n2= 1 170 tr/min :
• Draw the new mechanical characteristic of the engine knowing that the useful parts of the characteristics for
different values remain parallel to each other.
• Determine the new synchronous speed.
• Determine the new frequency of the power supply voltage for the motor.

Asynchronous machines Page 22 TS2 ET 2014-2015

Exercise 14 (BTS Excerpt 2012)
This exercise deals with the sizing of the motorization of a centrifuge, used in the process of
sugar production from beets, with the aim of improving productivity.
I. Constraints due to the new centrifugation cycle
The document below represents the centrifugation cycle before modification, the response document on the page.
24 represents in its upper part the new centrifugation cycle. We propose to build in this part
the current profile of the couple imposed by the new functioning cycle.

1. Phases 2, 4 and 6
Nothing being modified for these phases, record on the response document on page 24 the value of the moment of the
couple.
For the following questions, we recall the fundamental principle of dynamics for rotational systems:
dΩ
C word=J. +C res whereC word and Cres are respectively the moment of the engine torque imposed by the
dt
motorization and the moment of the opposing resistant torque from the load, J the moment of inertia of the entire
rotating elements andWthe angular rotation speed (expressed in rad.s-1).

Asynchronous machines Page 23 TS2 ET 2014-2015

 Response document

2. Deduce from the value of the torque moment for phases 2, 4, and 6 the value of Cres .
Phase 1
2
The moment of inertia of the drum is given by the relation J tam=M tamRme with M you the mass of the drum
and RI am the radius of the drum (drum data: diameter of 1.1 m and mass of 1250 kg).
a. Calculate J you by explicitly providing its legal unit.
dΩ
b. Calculate during phase 1.
dt

c. Deduce then that the moment of the mechanical torque during this phase is close to 3020 N.m.

Asynchronous machines Page 24 TS2 ET 2014-2015

4. Phase 3
During phase 2, we introduced 1750 kg of 'cooked mass' with a specific density ρmc=1450 kg.m−3 in the
drum. Given the rotation, this mass will 'stick' to the periphery of the drum, altering the moment
inertia of the whole. Its value becomes I'tam=1530 USI (unit of the international system) at the end of
filling
We make the simplifying assumption that the value of the moment of inertia (1530 USI) does not vary during phase 3 (in
In reality, it decreases because the juice starts to be eliminated during the acceleration.
dΩ
a. Calculate during phase 3.
dt
b. It follows that the torque during this phase is close to 4400 N.m.
Phase 5
At the end of the centrifugation phase, the juice has been extracted and the moment of inertia is therefore modified. Its value becomes
J''tam=1270 USI .
dΩ
a. Calculate during phase 5.
dt
b. It can then be inferred that the moment of the mechanical torque during this phase is close to -3740 N.m.
6. Determination of motor or generator operating modes
a. Draw on the answer document on page 24 the profile of the moment of the mechanical couple Cword to be provided by
the motorization throughout the centrifugation cycle.
b. Complete the response document on page 24 by shading the boxes corresponding to a mode of
engine operation (M) or generator (G) of the driving machine.
II. Choice of a new variator
The characteristics of the engine are as follows:
PuN= 315 kW ;UN= 400 V ;IN= 580 A ; cosjN= 0.82 ;nN741 trillion minutes-1; hN= 0.96 ;fN= 50 Hz
The speed controller and the motor have the ability to handle a 50% overload for a
duration of 60 s. There are several versions of this variator: 1 quadrant, 2 quadrants, and 4 quadrants.
Calculate the nominal torque moment of the proposed new engine.
2. Specify the version of the drive that the company must order to meet the specifications.
3. Overloading of the motor variator
a. From the response document page 24, identify the maximum torque required for training the
centrifuge
b. Then express the motor torque overload as a percentage.
c. Justify the choice of the motor - variable speed drive pair in terms of overload and overload duration.
d. What physical quantities does the variator act on in the engine to enable rotation?
980 [Link]-1?
4. Reversibility of the motor variator
Below is a classic structure of a motor-variable.

a. Does this structure allow the necessary mechanical reversibility? Justify the answer.
b. If the answer is negative, propose a solution.

Asynchronous machines Page 25 TS2 ET 2014-2015

Exercise 15
A three-phase asynchronous motor 220 V / 380 V, 50 Hz has a 4-pole stator connected in star and a cage rotor.
nominal supply, we obtained:
• Live, a current of 6 A.
• at nominal load, a line current of intensity 19.4 A, an absorbed power of 11 kW, and a frequency of
rotation of 1440 rpm.
In the whole problem, we neglect the stator leakage resistances and inductances, iron losses, and losses.
mechanics.
I. Study of the machine powered by a fixed network
The asynchronous machine is powered at 220 V / 380 V, 50 Hz.
1. Determine for operation at nominal load:
• the slide
• the absorbed reactive power.
Give the wiring diagram of the two wattmeters allowing to measure the active power and the power
Reactive absorbed.
Calculate
• the moment of the nominal coupleCn.
• the rotor losses due to Joule effect.
2. Show that the elements of the equivalent phase diagram given opposite.
have for values:
L= 117 mH ;l= 9,4 mH ;r= 0,5W
r
2
6V g
3. Show that the torque of the machine can be written as: C=
 r 2
  l
2
g
4. For what value of sliding gmaxIs the moment of the couple maximal? Give the value of this maximum.
Cmaxand the corresponding rotation frequency in rpm.
5. Plot the shape of the graph showing the torque as a function of the rotation frequency from 0 to
3000 rpm. Specify the operating type according to the rotation frequency.
II. Study of the motor powered by variable frequency and V/f = constant
V
The simple tension and its frequency remain in a constant ratio. =k =4.4 volts / Hertz until
f
the nominal supply of the machine. We assume the machine is not saturated: the value of L is independent of the
frequency.
1
C=A
1. Show that the expression for the torque of the couple can then be written as r g l  Give the value

gl r
digital A.
2. Does the maximum torque value depend on the supply frequency?
3. In stable steady state, for a fixed moment C of the couple, it is shown that the quantity gwremains constant
when the frequency varies.
SiNsis the sync frequency, the rotation frequency, express N = Ns − N What is the
Nf varies with a fixed couple?
Property of when
Specify the values of for 
couples
N n [Link].
4. Dans un tableau, donner les valeurs numériques de la fréquence de rotationNen tr/min pour les trois valeurs
10 Hz, 30 Hz, and 50 Hz of frequency and corresponding operations:
• empty
• nominal couple Cn

Asynchronous machines Page 26 TS2 ET 2014-2015

• maximum couple Cmax.
5. Trace the pattern of the characteristic network C(N) for the previous three frequencies, limiting it to the case of
stable operation in the engine. In the continuation of the problem, we will limit ourselves to this case.

6. Determine the minimum frequency to achieve a starting torque at least equal to the nominal torque C.n.
The engine drives a mechanical load that opposes a constant moment resistance torque.
Cr= 40 N.m. Determine the rotational frequency of the group in steady state for a supply to
frequency 30 Hz (One can make approximations by justifying them).
8. By showing the impedances on the phase equivalent diagram, establish a property without calculation.
remarkable effective value of the current flowing in line when the supply frequency of the asynchronous motor
varies while the moment of the resisting couple remains constant (We will set V=Kw and we will use linearity of
equations of electricity.

Exercise 16
A two-pole motor runs at 2850 RPM when connected to a 50 Hz frequency network. Calculate the
slippage.
2. To change the direction of rotation, two phases are reversed while the motor is running. Assuming that the
speed remains unchanged during the inversion, calculate the new slip.
What is the operating mode of the machine then? Is torque important? The effective intensity of the
Is stator current important?

VII. Operation as a generator (sometimes called asynchronous alternator)

Reversibility
The Fresnel diagrams below are associated with an asynchronous machine.
where the equivalent diagram for one phase is represented here:
The respective orientations of intensity and voltage correspond to
receiver convention. The power at the stator is expressed as:Ps =3 V sI scos s

Make appearjson the Make appearjson the

diagram. diagram.

cos s0 so Ps0 cos s0 so Ps... 0 the

the machine operates in machine works in
………….. ………….

What is the sign of What is the sign of the

slip? Compare it slip? Comparer la
shaft rotation speed shaft rotation speed
with the speed of with the speed of
synchronism. synchronism.

In both cases, sine s 0 , the machine ________ reactive power.

A machine whose shaft rotates at a speed higher than the synchronous speed operates as a generator.
Hypersynchronous. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electromagnetic torque is negative:
they are a resilient couple.
Note: There is also generator operation when the slip is greater than one, this
operation is said to be "in generator braking" (see the paragraph on electromagnetic torque).

Asynchronous machines Page 27 TS2 ET 2014-2015

 2. Use
a. Braking
The stator of the machine is connected to a power source.
three-phase with frequency and effective value are
adjustable (V/fest maintained constant). The graph
The graph below represents the evolution of the couple
electromagnetic based on speed for two
noted frequencies1etf2the horizontal line figure
the opposing resistant couple by the applied mechanical load
coupled on the shaft.

Initially, the operating point is at P1:

Cem1=Cr1and the speed is constant and equal to1.
• The frequency is modified and becomes equal to f.2.
• Can speed evolve instantly?
• Where is the operating point located?
• Is the machine a 'motor' or a 'generator'?
• How does speed evolve?
• Show the operating point P on the graph2when the slowdown phase is complete.
When the supply frequency is decreased, the machine can operate as a generator.

Implementation: The speed controller powering the machine must be reversible. In many situations, it
it is necessary to add a dissipation resistor on the DC bus (braking option). This resistor is in
series with an electronic switch allowing it to be connected or not to the rest of the circuit.
The scheme herein
represents the structure of a
variable speed drive for
asynchronous machine, it is
made up of a rectifier and
of an inverter connected by a
continue bus.
The rectifier, which is often made up of diodes, is not reversible. The resistance is in series with an IGBT.
electronic switch
• What is the sign ofc(t) ?
• When the machine operates as a motor, what is the sign of it?c(t) ? Infer the sign of the average value of
uc(t).ic(t).
• During a braking phase, the kinetic energy of rotation is converted into electrical energy by the machine.
This energy is reinjected into the DC bus by the 'inverter' (it then operates as a rectifier). What is the
sign of Godc(t) in this situation?
• If the IGBT is blocked (switch open), how does the voltage across the capacitor evolve? What
What risks does this present if the braking phase lasts 'too long'?
• If the IGBT is conducting, how does the voltage across the capacitor evolve? Which element dissipates the energy?
Why is it not interesting to constantly maintain resistance?
b. Supply of energy to a network
• Hypersynchronous generator
The machine's stator is connected to a network that imposes the quantities on the stator (effective values of the phase voltages V
and frequency). The tree is driven by an external mechanical device: water turbine, wind turbine, ...
If the rotation speed is higher than the synchronous speed, then the machine operates as a generator.
Operation is used when the shaft rotational speed is relatively constant.

Asynchronous machines Page 28 TS2 ET 2014-2015

• Double-fed asynchronous machine
The principle diagram is represented
herewith:
The following study is conducted in steady-state
speed, all losses are ignored except
the losses due to Joule effect in the rotor, the diagram
The equivalent used is represented below.
The electrical powers for the stator and
the rotor is marked PstatoretProtor, the
Mechanical power (on the shaft) is noted
Pméca. The converter Cnv1 is a 'rectifier', Cnv2 is a
"inverter", they are connected through a DC bus (the
filter is not represented).
The equivalent diagram is oriented with the convention
receiver stator side: in motor operation, the
stator electric power is transferred to the rotor
stator= P rotorr 
and the tree from which the equation P P méca .

The rotary converter receives Pextsuch as:

P ext + P rotorr =P jr withPjrthe losses from Joule effect in the rotor. In motor operation with the rotor short-circuited
circuit,Pext= 0, the rotor consumes its losses due to Joule effect.
The synchronous speed is notedWsand that of the tree is notedW(in rad/s). The electromagnetic torque is
PstatorP méca PstatorP stator−P rotor
given by the relations C em= = and like Pméca=P rotaryr −P stator so = let it be
s  s 
s−
Protater =Pstator =g Pstator
s

When the machine operates as a generator, the power Pstatoris negative (because of the receiver convention
previously chosen), the following three cases may be encountered:
• g=0 the rotor rotates at the same speed as the rotating stator field, the rotor currents are
continuous, it is a synchronous generator operation.
• g<0 the rotor rotates faster than the synchronous speed. In this case P rotor0 (cargo < 0 and
Pstator0Pext. 
IfP jr So there is a transfer of energy from the rotor to the grid.
• g>0 the rotor turns slower than the synchronous speed. In this case Protor0 (cargo > 0 and
Pstator <0 There is an energy transfer from the network to the rotor.
Wind turbine application
The graph opposite represents a
example of power evolution on
the tree of the helix in function of the
generator rotation speed for
different values of wind speed.
These curves pass through a maximum that
depends on the rotation speed: for
to obtain this maximum power, the
the rotation speed of the machine must be
ajustéeàla vitesse du vent. D’autre part,
when the wind speed is low, this
maximum corresponds to speed
lower than the synchronous speed.

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Exercise 17 (Extract BTS 2014)
The structure of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) implemented in the G90 wind turbine
corresponds to the following synoptic:

I. Power balance
Reminder of the classic power balance of a squirrel-cage asynchronous machine in generator convention:

For the following, we will neglect all losses other than rotor joule losses. p jr ).
1. Determine the relationship betweenPstator , Pmech etg
2. Determine the relationship betweenp jr , Pstator etg
p jr ,
3. Deduce the relationship between Pmecha etg
These three relationships will be used to complete the power diagrams in the next section.
II. Rotor power
In a MADA-type structure, the electrical power at the rotor level corresponds not only to the losses.
rotational joules p jr of the previous balance sheet but also to the active power exchanged between the rotor and the grid
through two PWM converters. The designation p jr will henceforth be replaced by Protor ,
rotor active power.
The command of the converters allows to control the torque and thus, through regulation, the speed of the generator.
The advantage of the MADA is that it can operate well in hypo synchronism ( n<n s what in hyper
synchronism n>n s whether in motor mode or in generator mode, with a non-zero torque n=ns .
1. Determine based on the technical documentation of the G90-2MW wind turbines (page 31) and for a network of
50 Hz :
• the speed ratio of the multiplier
• the two speed limits of the rotor of the asynchronous machine expressed in rpm-1.
2. Deduce the speed of synchronizationsand the number of poles of this machine knowing thatsis almost at the
speed beach center.
3. Calculate the two values that we will designate by g.+ (hyper synchronization) etg- hypo synchronism
corresponding to the speed limits.
The wind turbine being intended to produce electricity, the MADA will therefore almost systematically operate in
hypo or hyper synchronous generator. We will thus adopt the generator convention: the mechanical power provided
by the blades and the stator electrical power will be positive when the MADA actually operates in
Electric generator, the sign of the rotor power will depend on the relationships derived from the power balance.

Asynchronous machines Page 30 TS2 ET 2014-2015

 −g 1
We obtain thus algebraically: Protor= ×P mecha and Pstator = ×P
1−g 1 – g mecha
For g=g+ The mechanical power provided by the blades will be taken as equal to +2 MW. The wind speed
The operating point associated with it is approximately 12 m/s.-1.
4. Calculate Protor , Pstator and complete diagram No. 1 of the response document (next page). Deduce
Pnetwork .
A wind turbine is characterized by its curve.C p=f(λ) , lbeing the advance coefficient ("Tip Speed Ratio")
R×Ω
defined by the report λ=
v vent
with
-R, the radius of the disk swept by the blades of the wind turbine in m;
- Wthe angular rotation speed of the blades in rad.s-1;
- v vent the wind speed upstream of the wind turbine in m/s-1.
5. Calculate the value of the advance coefficientlfor the previous operating point.

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6. The coefficientlbeing kept constant for all operating points of the wind turbine, show that the
wind speed corresponding to (hypog=gsynchronous
- operation), has a value v comet =5.7 m.s-1
7. Deduce the new value of the mechanical power provided by the blades knowing that this is in
first approximation proportional to the cube of the wind speed.
8. Calculate the powers Protor , Pstator and complete diagram number 2 of the response document. Deduce from it.
Pnetwork .
9. What should be the nominal power value of the two PWM converters of the MADA structure in
assuming that the wind turbine is sized for a wind speed of 12 m/s-1?
Response document:
Fill in the empty boxes with the numerical values associated with the corresponding operating point:
Diagram No. 1: g=g+ =−0.273 Diagram No. 2: g=g -=

c. Energy production in isolated sites

To provide the reactive power that the machine needs,
Capacitors are placed at the terminals of the stator.
DE represents the driving device.

The frequency and the effective value of the voltages depend on the capacitance of the capacitors and the rotational speed.
The capacity of capacitors must therefore be adjusted according to the load, which means that these devices are
used quite little.

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