Structural Analysis Fundamentals Guide
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ScribdTranslationsStructural Analysis Fundamentals Guide
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsINTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Project Process
Architectural conception of the work ⇒ meeting functional and economic needs
•Structural draft ⇒ formwork plans (reinforced concrete) ⇒ budget
Structural Analysis ⇒ prediction of the behavior of the structure
•Sizing ⇒ verification of the assumptions of the preliminary project
Detailing ⇒ detailed specification of the construction
• Documentation ⇒ information necessary for construction
Structural Analysis
It is the stage of the structural project where a forecast about the behavior of the structure is made.
Isto é uma simulação de como a estrutura responde a todas as solicitações.
For this simulation, a mathematical model called Structural Model is created.
Four levels of abstraction of the structure in Structural Analysis:
Structure Model Model Model
Real Structural Discreet Computational
Idealization Analysis Methods Implementation
Real Structure Two-dimensional structural model
(building section)
Results of the Structural Analysis:
The structural behavior is characterized by:
Displacements and deformations
Internal efforts (bending moments, normal stresses, shear forces, etc.) and stresses
Support reactions
Deformed Configuration Bending Moment Diagram
Hypotheses (simplifications) adopted in the creation of the Structural Model
Regarding geometry:
Bar or continuous model, bi or three-dimensional model, etc.?
How to represent structural elements: beams, columns, slabs, etc.?
About the support conditions:
How does the structure connect with the external environment?
What types of support to consider?
Regarding the behavior of materials:
How to mathematically represent a material?
Regarding the requests:
How to represent the forces acting on the structure?
What are the types of request: self-weight, wind, building occupancy loads, variation
about temperature?
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Model of reticulated structures
It is the model of structures formed by bars (structural elements that have a clearly defined axis)
defined). These are the most common types of structures, such as the structure of a covering or
the skeleton of a metal building. Even in cases of structures where not all of the
structural elements can be considered as beams (as is the case with concrete buildings
(assembly), it is common to analyze the global or partial behavior of the structure using a
bar model.
In the case of lattice structures, the structural model has characteristics that are quite
specific. The mathematical model of this type of structure uses the fact that the structural elements
they have a well-defined axis and are based on Navier's Beam Theory, which governs the
behavior of structural members that work under bending, increased by axial effects and of
twist.
Classification of lattice structure models
Flat panel
q ∆Cx ∆xD
P
∆Cy θ Dz ∆Dy
θ Cz
Y Y θ Bz
MA X HB X
HA
VA VB
∆xdisplacement in the direction of the global axisX;
∆ydisplacement in the direction of the global axisY;
θ zrotation around the global axisZ.
Flat trellis
N
Y
X N
Connections between articulated bars (joints) ⇒
The beams are only requested for axial forces (normal ones).
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Grid
∆zdisplacement in the direction of the global axisZ
MAy q
VB θ xrotation around the global axisX;
∆z θ yrotation around the global axisY.
M Ax VA
Z
Y X
θy
θx
Comparison between flat frame and grid
Flat Panel Grid
Displacement in X ∆x
∆x=0
Displacement in Y ∆y ∆y =0
Displacement in Z ∆z=0 ∆z
Rotation around X θ x=0 θx
Rotation around Y θ y0 θy
Rotation around Z θz θ z=0
Spatial frame
Each point in a spatial frame can have three
Pz
qz Px
displacement components (∆x,∆y, e∆z) and three
rotation components (θ)x,θy, eθz ).
Py
Z
Y X
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Basic conditions of Structural Analysis
The mathematical conditions that the structural model must satisfy to represent
Adequately, the behavior of the real structure can be divided into the following groups:
Conditions of equilibrium.
These are conditions that guarantee the static equilibrium of any isolated portion of the structure or of the
structure as a whole.
Compatibility conditions between displacements and deformations.
They are geometric conditions that must be satisfied to ensure that the structure, when it
deform, remain continuous (without gaps or overlapping points) and compatible with your
external links. Types of compatibility conditions:
Internal continuity
Inside the bars
In the connections of the bars
External compatibility (the model must meet the adopted support conditions).
Conditions regarding the behavior of the materials that make up the structure (constitutive laws
of the materials).