1

Cujar Escobar William Fernando, Pineda Monterrosa Daniela transmitted over long distances to be
Francisco Gaviria Jimenez, Forero Mendez Andrès Felipe, subsequently used; these operate under the
Laura Maria Silva Manco
Email: williamcujar@[Link],
principle that a conductor subjected to a field
danielapineda@[Link] variable magnetic creates an electrical tension
franciscogaviria@[Link] induced whose polarity depends on the direction of
andresforero@[Link] field and its value of the flow that traverses it. They are the
laurasilva@[Link] in charge of generating most of the energy
Comfacauca University Corporation electricity consumed in the grid and its response
Unicomfacauca
dynamics are crucial for stability
of the system after a disturbance. This
the machine works by supplying the rotor or circuit with
GENERATORS field by means of a battery, that is, by this
Devanado will flow CC. While in the stator or
SINCRONOS armature circuit the current is alternating current AC. [1]

Summary—This report is made with the purpose of

to provide information about the II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
synchronous generators through concepts, map
conceptual and applied examples on the topic. A. CONSTRUCTION OF GENERATORS
SYNCHRONOUS
Palabras clave:Generadores síncronos, reactancia,
inductance Synchronous generators or alternators are
Keywords—Synchronous generators, reactance, synchronous machines used to convert
inductance mechanical power in AC electrical power.
a synchronous generator produces a field
magnetic in the rotor either through the design of
Abstract—This report is made in order to provide this as a permanent magnet or by means of the
information about synchronous generators through application of a DC current to its winding
concepts, concept map and examples applied to the to create an electromagnet. Next, the rotor of
topic. generator rotates through a primary motor, and
produce a rotating magnetic field inside the
machine. This rotating magnetic field induces a
I. INTRODUCTION set of three-phase voltages within the
windings of the generator stator.
A synchronous generator or alternator is defined as
a rotary machine that is capable of converting a The synchronous generator consists of two
mechanical energy into electrical energy. This one is wound that are field windings and
made up of two parts: a rotor and a wound from the rotor, the first of which is the
stator. The rotor is the moving part of the generator, what produces the magnetic field in the machine and
while the stator is the fixed part. this is located in the rotor; and the second winding
it is the one that induces the main voltage and this
The synchronous generator is one of the most important elements. find in the stator.
important for a power system, since this
is responsible for generating the electric energy that will be
 2

The rotor of a synchronous generator is essentially a The rubbing rings are metal rings that
large electromagnet. The magnetic poles of the rotor they completely surround the axis of a machine, but
they can be both outgoing and non-outgoing. are isolated from him.
The term outgoing means projected outward.
"prominent" and a protruding pole is a pole A "brush" is a block of a compound of
magnetic projected outward from the rotor axis. carbon similar to graphite that conducts electricity
freely, but it has very low friction, so
Typically, non-salient pole rotors are that does not wear down the rubbing ring.
they are used for two or four pole rotors, while
that the salient pole rotors usually If the positive terminal of a DC voltage source
used for rotors with four or more poles. it connects to a brush and the negative end is
connects to the other, then the same will apply
DC voltage to the field winding in total
moment, regardless of the angular position or
rotor speed.

The rubbing rings and the brushes cause certain

problems when used to supply
DC power to the field windings of a
synchronous machine: increase the amount of
maintenance that the machine requires due to
that the wear of the brushes must be checked
regularly. In addition, the voltage drop in the
brushes can be the cause of losses
significant power in the machines that
they have larger field currents. Despite
these problems, the rubbing rings and the brushes
Because the rotor is subjected to fields
are used in all synchronous machines
variable magnets, is built with sheets
small ones, since there is no other method to
thin to reduce losses due to currents
supply a field current of DC that is so
parasites. A DC current should be supplied to the
cost-efficient.
rotor field circuit. Since it rotates, it
requires a special arrangement for the power In the larger generators and motors, there
from the CD I reached the field windings. There are two.
they use brushless exciters or excitatrix for
common ways to supply this DC power: supply the machine with DC field current.
A brushless exciter is an AC generator
Supply to the rotor the DC power from
small with a field circuit mounted on the
an external CD source through
stator and an armature circuit coupled on the shaft
rubbing rings and brushes.
from the rotor. The three-phase output of the exciter generator
- Supply the DC power from a
it is rectified to direct current by means of a
special mounted DC power source
three-phase rectifier circuit (which is also
directly on the axis of the generator
mounted on the generator shaft) and then it
synchronous.
feeds the main dc field circuit. For
middle of the control of the small field current
of the generator exciter (located in the
 3

It is possible to adjust the field current in the stator. When the machine is connected to the network,
the main machine without rubbing rings or the speed of its axis depends directly on the
brushes. frequency of electrical variables (voltage and
current) and the number of poles. This fact gives
origin of its name, as it is said that the machine
operates in synchronism with the network.

Synchronous machines are also used as

high power motors (greater than 10,000 [HP])
and low revolutions. A particular example of these
applications are within the mining industry
as semi-autogenous mills (SAG mills) or
as debarkers in the lumber industry.

Generally, the stators of the generators

synchronous are made of stator coils
preformed in a double layer winding.

The main elements that make up a

synchronous machine is made of a material
ferromagnetic, the stator or armature is B. LA ROTATION SPEED OF
practically a hollow cylinder that behaves like A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
stationary form, has cuts where it
Generators are by definition synchronous.
they find the coils of the armature winding,
what does it mean that the produced electrical frequency
by means of which the load is supplied by
the generator the necessary current. Another element it is intertwined or synchronized with the mechanical rate
of the generator's rotation, the relationship between the rate
the main one is called the rotor and it is the one that rotates
of the machine's magnetic field rotation and
inside the stator. [3]
the electrical frequency of the stator is expressed
through the equation.

Where
Fe = It is the electrical frequency in Hz.
nm = Mechanical speed of the magnetic field in
r/min (equal to the rotor speed of a machine
synchronous)
P = Number of poles.
 4

Because the rotor spins at the same speed as where K is a constant that represents the
the magnetic field, this equation relates the construction of the machine. If v is expressed-
rotor rotation speed with frequency in radians per second, then
electric result. The electric power is generated at 50
at 60 Hz, so the generator must rotate at a K=NC*p/√2
fixed speed that will depend on the number of poles
from the machine. The generated internal voltage (EA) is directly
proportional to the flow and to the speed-
city, but the flow itself depends on the current
that flows through the field circuit

of the rotor. Figure 4-7a) shows the way

C. VOLTAGE INTERNAL GENERATED BY
how the circuit relates to
A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
IF field and the f flow. Because EA is
directly proportional to the flow, the internal voltage
generated EA is related to the current of
field, as observed in the figure

So we already know the magnitude of the voltage

induced in a certain phase of a stator was:

EA=square root of 2*NC*Θf

This voltage depends on the flow f in the machine, of the

frequency or rotation speed
and the construction of the machine. To solve
problems of synchronous machines, a
this equation can be written in another way
simple that highlights the quantities
that vary during the operation of the machine. This
the simplest form is D. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A UN
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

EA=K*Θ*w The EA voltage is the internal voltage that is generated and

produce in a phase of a synchronous generator. Without
 5

embargo, in general this voltage EA is not the the drivers at the top of the figure and
voltage present at the terminals of the negative inside the conductors in the
generator. In fact, the only moment when the bottom. If the generator has no load, there is no
internal voltage EA is equal to the output voltage Vf of current flow in the armature and, therefore,
a phase is when there is no armature current flow EA will be equal to the phase voltage Vf.
in the machine. Why is the output voltage Vf of
a phase is not the same as EA and what is the relationship
Nowbetween
suppose that the generator is connected to a
these two voltages? The answer to this question load with a lagging power factor.
leads to the equivalent circuit model of a Due to the load being delayed, the current
synchronous generator. pico will be presented at an angle behind the voltage
pico.
There are several factors that cause the difference that The current flowing in the stator windings
there is between EA and Vf: produce its own magnetic field. To this
1. The distortion of the magnetic field of the magnetic field of the stator is called BS and its
between iron due to the current flowing in the direction is obtained through the rule of the
stator, called the reaction of the rotor. right hand.
2. The self-inductance of the armature coils (or
armor). With two voltages present in the windings of the
3. The resistance of the armature coils. stator, the total voltage in a phase is simply
4. The effect of the protruding pole rotor shape. the sum of the internal voltage generated EA plus the
induced reaction voltage Eestat:
The first effect mentioned, and normally the most
great, it is the reaction of the induced. When
the rotor of a synchronous generator rotates, an induced
EA voltage in the stator windings of the
generator. If a load is added to the terminals
The net magnetic field Bnet is simply the
from the generator, the current flows. But the flow of
sum of the magnetic fields of the rotor and of
current of a three-phase stator produces its own
stator
magnetic field in the machine. This field
The stator magnetic field distorts the field.
original magnetic rotor and alters the voltage of
phase
resultant. This effect is called a reaction of
induced because the current of the induced (stator)
affects the magnetic field that produced it in
first instance.

The magnetic field of the rotor BR produces a

internal voltage generated EA whose peak value
matches with
the address of BR. As demonstrated in the
previous chapter, the voltage will be positive towards
outside of
Because the angles of EA and BR are equal and
the angles of Eestat and BS are also equal,
 6

the resultant magnetic field Bnet will coincide with means of reactances and it is customary to combine them
the net voltage Vf. in a single call synchronous reactance of the
machine
The angle between BR and Bnet is known as the angle
internal or angle of par D (gr D) of the machine.
This angle is proportional to the amount of
power supplied by the generator. Therefore, the final equation that describes Vf is:
How can the effects of the reaction be modeled?
of the induced in the phase voltage? First, note that
that the voltage Eestat has an angle of 90° behind the
maximum current plan IA. Second, the voltage
Current is directly proportional to voltage.
A. If X is a constant of proportionality,
then the reaction voltage of the armature is
can be expressed as: E. PARALLEL OPERATION OF
CA GENERATORS

In the generation of electrical energy the use of

generators are the main part of the whole process,
Therefore, the voltage in a phase is: to a certain extent, it could be said that it is the heart
of the generation process.

There are several known practical connections.

used today but the most reliable and
recommended is the generator parallel for
This is exactly the same equation as the one that to have more precise control over the generated energy
describe the reaction voltage of the rotor. likewise to improve its reliability in
so, the reaction voltage can be modeled case of failure.
induced as an inductor in series with a
internal generated voltage. Why are synchronous generators used in
In addition to the effects of the induced reaction, parallel?
the stator coils have self-inductance and
a resistance. If we call LA the self-inductance Several generators can supply a load
of the stator (and its reactance is called XA bigger than a single machine.
corresponding), while to the resistance of the
estator se le llama RA, entonces la diferencia total 2. Having several generators increases the
between EA and Vf is given by: reliability of the power system, due to the fact that
the failure of any of them does not cause the loss
total power in the load.

To have several generators operating in parallel

Both the effects of the induced reaction as allows the removal of one or more of them for
the self-inductance of the machine is represented by power cuts and preventive maintenance.
 7

4. If only one generator is used and it does not operate

close to full load, then it will be relatively The condition 1 and 2: for two voltage groups
inefficient. With several smaller machines that are identical, they must have the same magnitude of
they work in parallel, it is possible to operate only one RMS voltage. The voltages in phases a and a' will be
fraction of them. Those that operate do so almost completely identically at all times if both
full load and therefore more efficiently. magnitudes and their angles are equal, which
explain condition 3.
Required conditions to operate in parallel
Condition 2: ensures that the sequence in which
The figure shows a synchronous generator G1 where the phase voltage reaches its peak at the two.
supplies power to a load with another generator, generators being the same.
G2 about to connect in parallel with G1 for
middle of the switch S1 closing. Condition 4: The frequencies of the two
machines must be almost the same, but they cannot be
What conditions must be met before being exactly the same? They must differ by a small amount.
turn off the switch and connect the two quantities so that the phase angles of the machine
generators? they change slowly in approximation with
regarding the phase angles of the system in
operation

General procedure for connecting

generators in parallel

Assume that the generator G2 is going to be connected to

operating system shown in the figure
anterior.

First, using voltmeters, the should be adjusted.

field current of the generator in approximation
until its voltage at the terminals is equal to the
voltaje en línea del sistema en operación.
Required conditions to operate in parallel
According to the phase sequence of the generator in
1. The RMS line voltages of the two generators the approximation should be compared with the sequence of
they must be equal. operating phase of the system. The phase sequence
It can be reviewed in many ways.
The two generators must have the same
phase sequence. One of them is to alternatively connect a
small induction motor to the terminals of
3. The phase angles of the two phases a must be each of the two generators.
equal.
If the motor turns in the same direction in both
4. The frequency of the new generator, called on occasions, then the phase sequence is the
generator in approximation, it must be a bit larger same.
that the operating system frequency
 8

If the motor spins in opposite directions, then

the phase sequences are different and should be
invert two of the generator's conductors in
approximation.

Another way to check the phase sequence is the

three lamps method. In this method, there
They connect three lamps through the terminals.
abiertas del interruptor que conecta el generador al A synchroscope is a meter that measures the
system, as shown in the figure According to the difference in the phase angles between phase a of
phase changes between the two systems. the two systems.

The lamps will first look bright (a great

phase difference) and then they will have a dim light
(a small phase difference). Frequency-power characteristics and of
voltage-reactive power of a generator
If the three lamps shine brightly and turn off when synchronous
same time, the systems have the same
phase sequence.

If the lamps shine brightly in succession, the

systems have sequences of opposite phases and they
you must invert one of the sequences.

The following equation defines the speed drop

in a primary engine

Synchronoscope n_sc es the speed of the primary motor at no load

n_pc is the speed of the primary motor at full load
load.

The relationship between frequency and power is

can you describe quantitatively through the
equation
 9

xs=1 (Ω/fase), Ia= 60 (A), FP= 0.80 atraso.

Pperdidas=2500W, Va 410V The
losses due to friction and ventilation are
1.5 (kW), the losses in the core are
1 (kW) at 60 (Hz). The field current
(IF) adjusts to obtain a voltage of
field (EF) equal to 480 (V) in open circuit.
Determine:
Rotational speed of a synchronous motor
Generators are by definition synchronous. a. Speed synchronous
what does it mean that the produced electrical frequency
it is intertwined or synchronized with the mechanical rate
of the generator rotation, the relationship between the rate
of the magnetic field rotations of the machine and
the electrical frequency of the stator is expressed
through the equation.

b. Torque induced

Where
Fe = It is the electrical frequency in Hz. c. Torque applied
nm = Mechanical speed of the magnetic field in
r/min (equal to the speed of the rotor of a machine
synchronous
P = Number of poles.
Because the rotor rotates at the same speed as A synchronous generator has the
the magnetic field, this equation relates the following characteristics, a frequency of
rotor rotation speed with frequency 55Hz, and it has 4 poles. What is the speed?
electric power is generated at 50 rotation?
at 60 Hz, so the generator must rotate at a n= (120 ∗f)/P
fixed speed that will depend on the number of poles n= (120 ∗60Hz)/4
from the machine. n=1800 rpm

A synchronous generator of 13.8 kV, 0.03 wb,

power factor of 0.9 lagging, of four
poles, 377 rads/s, connected in (Y) with 15
turns.
EXERCISES a) What is the internal voltage generated EA of
this machine?

A synchronous generator with 6 poles K=NC*p/√2

star connected, 480 (V), 60 (Hz)
 10

K=(15 turns * 4)/√2

K=42.4264

EA= K*Θ*w

Ea=42.4264*377*0.03

Ea=459.77 v

4.

5. A generator that supplies power to a

load. A second load is connected in parallel
with the first. The generator has a
empty frequency of 61.0 Hz and a slope
1 MW/Hz. Load 1 consumes a PROPOSED EXERCISES
real power of 1,000 kW with a power factor of 0.8 in EXERCISES
delay, while load 2 consumes a
real power of 800 kW with a power factor of 0.707 One synchronous generator connected in
delay. triangle, 480 (V), 60 (Hz), 4 poles, ra
a) Before the switch is closed, what is equal to 0.015Ω and xs equal to 0.1Ω. At full
the operating frequency of the system? the machine delivers 1200 (A) with
b)b) After connecting load 2, what is the FP = 0.80 in delay. The total losses
operating frequency of the system? they are 70 (kW).
c) After connecting load 2, what actions Speed synchronous (Ns) of the
can the operator carry out the restoration generator
system frequency at 60 Hz? b) Yes the generator delivers 1200 (A) to
a power factor load
0.80 in delay,
c) calculate output power
input power, and the
performance
 11

2. A six-pole synchronous generator

480v, with a frequency of 60Hz, is requested. VI. CONCLUSIONES
calculate the rotational speed with the
that this would be working The objective was achieved, which was to have it clear.
the assigned topic to present by
3. A synchronous generator has a flow teacher.
0.20 kW, four poles, 800 RPM, The synchronous generator consists of a
with 80 turns. equality between electrical frequency and the
a) What is the internal voltage generated? angular frequency, that is, the generator
EA of this machine moves at the speed of the magnetic field to
under nominal conditions? this equality of frequencies is called
synchronism
4. One synchronous generator, three-phase of 5
(kVA), 208⋅√3 (VLL), 4 poles, 60 (hz.)
REFERENCES
star connection, has a reactance
synchronous xs= 8 Ω. The generator operates at
a 208 volt three-phase network⋅√3 (VLL), 60
(hz.) Electric Machines, 5th edition, Stephen.
Speed synchronous [2] Stephen, C. H. A. P. M. A. N., EDWARD, G.
EDWARD, G., EDWARD, G., EDWARD, G., EDWARD,
G., ... & IRWIN, J. D. (2014). Electric Machines. Ed.
b) Calculate the
IF current needed for Mc. GRAU HILL.
the generator delivers power to the grid W. S. J.J. Grainger, "System Analysis of
with nominal current and power factor of Power. McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1996.
0.8 inductive power.

5. A generator that supplies power

to a load. A second one is connected
load in parallel with the first. The
generator has a no-load frequency
of 50 Hz and a slope sP of 1 MW/Hz.
Load 1 consumes a real power of
2,000 kW with a power factor of 0.8 lagging,
while load 2 consumes a
real power of 800 kW with a power factor of
0.707 in delay.

a) Before the switch is turned off,

What is the operating frequency of the
system?

b) After to connect the load 2, what is the

operating frequency of the system?