Nautical Charts: Types and Usage Guide
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ScribdTranslationsNautical Charts: Types and Usage Guide
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsd) Nautical charts and distance measurement
THE DIVISION OF NAUTICAL CHARTS
GENERAL MAPS:
they represent large extensions
small scale (from 1:1,000,000 to 1:350,000 - denominate
Great Natore
routes are traced over great distances
COASTAL MAP:
they represent coastal areas
I am in medium scale (from 1:250,000 to 1:100,000 - denominates
half torn
routes are plotted for short and medium distances
Pianos:
they represent areas like ports and bays
they are on a large scale (from 1:60,000 to 1:2,000 - denominator
small
they are needed for landing and entering bays or ports
Each nautical chart has a title that contains:
dates of the surveys that were used to compile the map
sources for internal topography
type of projection
scale of the paper with its reference parallel
abbreviations for the nature of the fund
unit of measure for soundings and elevations
average sea level height above the reference level of the
scandals
important notes
CARD UPDATES
The NAUTICAL CHARTS must be updated biweekly with the NOTICES
AI NAVIGATORS (discussed in the chapter regarding PUBLICATIONS
NAUTICAL). To know the reliability of a chart, it is necessary to...
at the bottom left of the card itself the date of the update.
The updates are transcribed one after the other in the form of indi-
cat in the picture.
The year to which it refers File number
the update notices to sailors
Number
15 - 21 of the Notice
2001
83
Update number
that suffers the paper
EVALUATION OF THE TRUST THAT A CARD DESERVES
DATE OF SURVEYS:
the older the surveys are, the more likely they are to be
precise because executed with old systems
near the mouths of rivers, the seabeds may have changed
fick it
sandy coastal areas may have been altered
coral reef zones can experience variations even from year to year
in the year (sailing by sight, during the day and with the sun at your back)
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOUNDINGS:
the denser the elevations, the more accurate they are
avoid areas with irregular elevations
avoid empty areas
GENERAL RULE TO ALWAYS RESPECT:
IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE CONSIDERED THAT NEAR THE COAST THERE MAY BE
THERE ARE DANGERS IF ONE IS NOT ABSOLUTELY SURE OF
OPPOSITE.
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES ON A MERCATOR MAP
The LATITUDINES (φ) are measured in VERTICAL
The LONGITUDESλ) they are measured HORIZONTALLY
Distances are measured on the VERTICAL SCALE OF
LATITUDE corresponding to the average latitude of the points
considered
A cousin ofφ = 1 MILE
Scale of longitudes
10° 11° 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17°
45° 45°
44° 44°
43° 43°
42° 42°
41° 41°
10° 11° 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17°
WARNING: NEVER MEASURE DISTANCES ON THE SCALE
HORIZONTAL OF LONGITUDES !!!!!!
THE MERCHANT LETTER CANNOT BE USED BEYOND 65°/70°
LATITUDE.
HORIZONTALLY we have examples of scales of LONGITUDE
VERTICALLY some examples of LATITUDE scales
Both the lines of LATITUDE and the lines of LONGITUDE have a 'step'.
varies according to the different 'scales of reduction'.
So when we measure the distance of 1 MILE, that is 1’ of
LATITUDE, it varies both in length and in graphical representation.
around
HOW TO USE NAUTICAL CHARTS
Record all temporary information in pencil on the cards.
to you with the Notices to Mariners.
Store the nautical charts in their storage and only take them out 24 hours in advance.
before their use.
Gently sketching with a soft, well-sharpened pencil.
Do not perform arithmetic operations and ancillary notes on paper.
Erase with a good eraser all the annotations that become
useless.
Avoid stains that may decrease the clarity of the paper.
Let the wet or damp papers dry flat and with weights.
(put them in the sun). Do not lay them out! (to avoid breaks and distortions).
Piegare in due solo le carte formato doppia cassetta (cm. 75x114). Le
cassette format cards (cm. 57x75) must be stored without folds.
Periodically check the deformation of the cards with the dimensions
theoretical tensions reported in a corner of the graduation.
EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLISM USED ON NAUTICAL CHARTS