HTML Introduction
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
HTML describes the structure of a Web page
HTML consists of a series of elements
HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a
paragraph", "this is a link", etc.
A Simple HTML Document
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
Example Explained
The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5
document
The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the
browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the
visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists,
etc.
The <h1> element defines a large heading
The <p> element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Start tag Element content
<h1> My First Heading
<p> My first paragraph.
<br> none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements
are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents
and display them correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the
document:
HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
Note: The content inside the <body> section (the white area above) will be displayed in
a browser. The content inside the <title> element will be shown in the browser's title bar
or in the page's tab.
HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Year Version
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www
1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML
1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+
1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0
1997 HTML 3.2
1999 HTML 4.01
2000 XHTML 1.0
2008 HTML5 First Public Draft
2012 HTML5 Living Standard
2014 HTML5
2016 HTML 5.1
2017 HTML5.1 2nd Edition
2017 HTML5.2
This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.
HTML Basic Examples
In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.
Don't worry if we use tags you have not learned about yet.
HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to
display web pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML Text Formatting
HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>FORMATING TAGS</title>
</head>
<body>
<P><B>This is bold tag text.</B></P>
<p><i>This is italic tag text.</i></p>
<p><u>Thi is underline tag text.</u></p>
<p><mark>This is mark tag text.</mark></p>
<p><big>This is big tag text.</big></p>
<p><small>This is small tag text.</small></p>
<p><del>This is delete tag text.</del></p>
<p><strong>This is strong tag text same as
bold.</strong></p>
<p><em>This is emphasized tag text same as
italic.</em></p>
<p><ins>This is insert tag text same as
underline.</ins></p>
<p>This is <sub>Subscript</sub> and
<sup>superscript</sup>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML Quotation and Citation
Elements
In this chapter we will go through
the <blockquote>,<q>, <abbr>, <address>, <cite>, and <bdo> HTML elements
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Here is quote from computer engineering.</h1>
<blockquote>
Computer programming or coding is the composition
of sequences of instructions, called programs, that
computers can follow to perform tasks. It involves
designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step
specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or
more programming languages.
Software development is the process of designing,
creating, testing, and maintaining different software
applications. It involves the application of various
principles and techniques from computer science,
engineering and mathematical analysis
</blockquote>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML <q> for Short Quotations
The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.
Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<H1>In this page we lear what is the uses of q
tag.</H1>
<p>You’ve seen the craze for learning code. But what
exactly is coding? <q>Coding is what makes it possible
for us to create computer software, apps and websites.
Your browser, your OS, the apps on your phone, Facebook,
and this website – they’re all made with code.</q></p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations
The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like "HTML", "CSS", "Mr.",
"Dr.", "ASAP", "ATM".
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and
search-engines.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the abbreviation/acronym
when you mouse over the element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is Abbreviations tags</h1>
<p>A <abbr title="software requirements
specification">SRS</abbr> is a description of a software
system to be developed. It is modeled after the business
requirements specification</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML <address> for Contact Information
The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the author/owner of a
document or an article.
The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address, phone number,
social media handle, etc.
The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and browsers will always add
a line break before and after the <address> element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The HTML address element defines contact
information (author/owner) of a document or article.</p>
<address>
Written by Yash Varshney <br>
visit us: <br>
[Link] <br>
mail: <br>
yashvarshney0923@[Link] <br>
plot 21,prem nagar <br>
near by shiv ji complex <br>
ahmdabad,gujrat <br>
</address>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML <cite> for Work Title
The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a poem, a song, a
movie, a painting, a sculpture, etc.).
Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.
The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<P>In this Page we use cite tag.</P>
<p>this book name is <cite>How to won the your mind.
</cite></p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override
BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>If your browser supports bi-directional override
(bdo), the next line will be written from right to left
(rtl):</p>
<bdo dir="rtl">This text written right to left
direction</bdo>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>HTML Links</h2>
<p>HTML links are defined with the a tag:</p>
<a href="[Link] is a link</a>
</body>
</html>
Output :
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as
attributes:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>HTML Images</h2>
<p>HTML images are defined with the img tag:</p>
<img src="[Link]" alt="plant_green_leaf " width="104" height="142">
</body>
</html>
How to View HTML Source?
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
View HTML Source Code:
Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source"
(in Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML
source code of the page.
Inspect an HTML Element:
Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or "Inspect Element" to
see what elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also
edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles panel that opens.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.
HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
Examples of some HTML elements:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements
are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Nested HTML Elements
HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements ( <html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):
Example
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <body> element defines the document's body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
Then, inside the <body> element there are two other elements: <h1> and <p>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Never Skip the End Tag
Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.
</body>
</html>
Output :
However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur if you
forget the end tag!
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:
Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output :
HTML is Not Case Sensitive
HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but recommends lowercase in
HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.
we always use lowercase tag names.
HTML Tag Reference
tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
Tag Description
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
HTML Attributes
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes
All HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about elements
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
The href Attribute
The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link
goes to:
Example
<html>
<body>
<h2>The href Attribute</h2>
<p>HTML links are defined with the a tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:</p>
<a href=" [Link] ">Visit our company website.</a>
</body>
</html>
Output :
The src Attribute
The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies
Visit pagalworld website
the path to the image to be displayed:
Example
<html>
<body>
<h2>The src Attribute</h2>
<p>HTML images are defined with the img tag, and the filename of the image source is specified in the src
attribute:</p>
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
</body>
</html>
Output :
There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:
1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another website.
Example: src="[Link]
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it,
you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images;
it can suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does
not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the
current page. Example: src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be
relative to the domain. Example: src="/images/img_girl.jpg".
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change
domain.
The width and height Attributes
The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specifies the
width and height of the image (in pixels):
Example
<html>
<body>
<h2>Width and Height Attributes</h2>
<p>The width and height attributes of the img tag, defines the width and height of the image:</p>
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="310" height="410">
</body>
</html>
Output :