CLASS 12

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTERSWISE FORMULAS LIST

I. SOLUTIONS
𝒘(𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔)
1. No of moles = 𝑴(𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔)

2. Mass percentage of solute/solvent

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐖)

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐖)
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎

3. Volume percentage of the solute /solvent

𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐕)

𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐕)

4. Mass by volume percentage

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞(𝐖)
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐕)

5. Parts per million

𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭

𝐩𝐩𝐦 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

6. Mole fraction of a solute/solvent

𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭(𝐧)

𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 =
𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞(𝐧) + 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭(𝐧)

7. Molarity
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞(𝐧)
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐢𝐧 𝐋)(𝐕)
8. Molality
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞(𝐧)
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭(𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐠)(𝐖)
9. Henrys law

𝟏
P= KH × X 𝒌𝑯 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝜶 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
10. Raoults law(vapour pressure)

PA= PAo XA PA= PAo (1-XB)

XA+XB=1 XA=1-XB XB=1-XA
PB=PBo XB PB= PBo (1-XA)

P total= PA+PB
Vapour pressure

P = PAo + (PBo – PAo) XB ( OR) P = PBo + (PAo – PBo) XA

11. Relative lowering vapour pressure

𝜟𝑷 = 𝑷𝟎𝟏 − 𝑷𝟏
𝜟𝑷 = 𝑷𝟎𝟏 − 𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝒙𝟏

𝜟𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟎𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 )

𝜟𝑷 = 𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝒙𝟐

𝜟𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟎𝟏 − 𝑷𝟏
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 =
𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝑷𝟎𝟏

12. Elevation in boiling point

𝜟𝑻𝒃 = 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻𝟎𝒃
𝜟𝑻𝒃 ∝ 𝒎
𝜟𝑻𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃 𝒎 m=1 molal
𝜟𝑻𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃

13. Depression in freezing point

𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝑻𝟎𝒇 − 𝑻𝒇
𝜟𝑻𝒇 ∝ 𝒎
𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝒌𝒇 𝒎 m=1 molal
𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝒌𝒇

14. Osmotic pressure

𝝅∝𝑪
𝝅 = 𝑪𝑹𝑻
𝒏𝟐 𝑹𝑻
𝝅= 𝒗
15.
Colligative properties Molar mass
Vapour pressure(RLVP) 𝒘𝟐 𝑴𝟏
𝑴𝟐 =
𝒑𝟎𝟏 − 𝑷
𝒘𝟏 [ ]
𝑷𝟎𝟏
Boiling point 𝒌𝒃 × 𝒘𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝟐 =
𝜟𝑻𝒃 × 𝑾𝟏
 𝒌𝒃 × 𝒘𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜟𝑻𝒃 =
𝑴𝟐 × 𝑾𝟏

Freezing point 𝒌𝒇 × 𝒘𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝟐 =
𝜟𝑻𝒇 × 𝑾𝟏

𝒌𝒇 × 𝒘𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜟𝑻𝒇 =
𝑴𝟐 × 𝑾𝟏

Osmotic pressure 𝒘𝟐 𝑹𝑻
𝑴𝟐 =
𝒗𝝅
𝒘𝟐 𝑹𝑻
𝝅=
𝒗𝑴𝟐

16. Modified froms of colligative properties(including vant hoff factor ( i )

RLVP 𝜟𝒑
= 𝒊𝒙𝟐
𝒑𝟎
𝒑𝟎𝟏 −𝒑𝟏 𝒏𝟐
=𝒊
𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝒏𝟏

elevation in boiling point 𝜟𝑻𝒃 = 𝒊𝒌𝒃 𝒎

depression in freezing point 𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝒊𝒌𝒇 𝒎
osmotic pressure 𝝅 =iCRT

𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑹𝑻
𝝅=
𝒗
Degree of dissociation 𝒊−𝟏
𝜶=
𝒏−𝟏
Degree of association (𝟏 − 𝒊)
𝜶=
𝟏
(𝟏 − )
𝒏
 II . ELECTROCHEMISTRY

[Link] FORMULAS SI UNIT

1. STD CELL POTENTIAL (OR) STANDARD EMF
Volt
Eo cell=E Right-E Left
o o

2. EMF at 25oC (Nernst equation)

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝟏 volt
𝜺𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝜺𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏 [𝑴]𝒏+

𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟗 [𝒑] [𝑷]𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝜺𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝜺𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 [𝑹] (or)𝒍𝒐𝒈 [𝑹]𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕

3. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

𝜺𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 × 𝒏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑲𝒄 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗

4. GIBBS FREE ENERGY

△G= -nFE0cell J/mol

5. RESISTANCE Ohm (or) 𝜴

𝝆𝒍
R=
𝑨

6. RESISTIVITY Ohm cm or 𝜴 𝒄𝒎 or
𝑹𝑨 𝜴𝒎
𝝆=
𝒍
7 CONDUCTANCE Ohm-1 or siemens (S)
𝟏
𝑮=𝑹 or mho or 𝜴−𝟏
𝑨
𝑮 = 𝝆𝒍
𝒌𝑨
𝑮= 𝒍
8 CONDUCTIVITY Ohm-1 cm-1 or S cm-1
or 𝜴−𝟏 cm-1 or
𝟏
𝒌= mho cm-1
𝝆

9 CELL CONSTANT
G*=R × K m-1
𝑮∗
𝒌= 𝑹
10. MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY S cm2 mol-1
𝒌 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Or
𝝀𝒎 =
𝑴 S m2 mol-1

11 LIMITING MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY S cm2 mol-1

Or
𝝀𝟎𝒎 = 𝒙𝑨+ + 𝒚𝑩− S m2 mol-1

OR
𝝀𝟎𝒎 = 𝒙𝑨 + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒛𝑪

12. DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION

𝝀𝒎
𝜶=
𝝀𝟎𝒎

13. DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

𝜶𝟐 𝒄
𝒌𝒂 = 𝟏−𝜶

14 FARADAYS FIRST LAW

W=ZQ
𝜺𝒒⋅𝝎𝒕 𝑴
W=ZIT 𝒛= 𝒐𝒓
𝑭 𝒏𝑭
𝒎
𝑾 = 𝒏𝑭 × 𝑰 × 𝑻

𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝑴)
𝜺𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 =
𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏(𝒏)
15 FARADAYS SECOND LAW
𝝎𝟏 𝒘
𝑬
= 𝑬𝟐 = ⋯
𝟏 𝟐
16. Amount of charge or electricity required for
oxidation or reduction
Charge= nF
=n × 96500 C

How many electrons required

Q=ne
𝑸
𝒏=𝒆

17. * Product of electrolysis

* BATTERIES-
ANODE REACTION
CATHODE REACTION
OVERALL CELL REACTION
ELECTROLYTES
VOLTAGE
 III. CHEMICAL KINETICS

[Link] FORMULAS SI UNIT

1. AVERAGE RATE OF THE REACTION
𝜟[𝑹] 𝜟[𝑷]
Rate=− =+
𝜟𝒕 𝜟𝒕
2. INSTANTANEOUS RATE REACTION
𝒅[𝑹] 𝒅[𝑷]
Rate=− 𝜟𝒕 = + 𝜟𝒕
3. DIFFERENTIAL RATE EQUATION (OR) RATE
LAW
𝒅[𝑹]
− 𝜟𝒕
= 𝒌[𝑨]𝒙 [𝑩]𝒚
OR
RATE=K[𝑨]𝒙 [𝑩]𝒚
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆
Rate constant= K=[𝑨]𝒙 [𝑩]𝒚

4 ZERO ORDER REACTIONS (concentration

dependent) Zero order/ rate constant
si unit =
R →𝑷 Mol L-1 S-1

a) Differential rae equation or law

Rate=k[R]0
𝒅[𝑹]
− = −𝒌[𝑹]𝟎
𝒅𝒕

b) Integrated rate equation

[R]= -kt + I
initially [R]=[R]0 ; t=0
[R]o= I

c) Graph equation
[R]= -kt + [R]0

y sx i.c
d) rate constant
[𝑹] −[𝑹]
K= 𝟎𝒕

e) Half life time

[𝑹]
t ½= 𝟐𝒌𝟎

5 FIRST ORDER REACTIONS (concentration

dependent)

R →𝑷

f) Differential rae equation or law

Rate=k[R]1
 𝒅[𝑹]
− 𝒅𝒕
= −𝒌[𝑹]𝟏
Si unit of first order rate
constant =
g) Graph equations
Sec-1
i) ln [R]= -kt + ln[R]0

y sx i.c
[𝑹]𝟎 𝒌𝒕
ii) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [𝑹]
= 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑

h) Integrated rate equation

ln [R]= -kt + I

initially [R]=[R]0 ; t=0

ln [R]o= I

i) Rate constant
𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝒂
K= 𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂−𝒙
OR
𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑 [𝑹]
K= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟎
𝒕 [𝑹]
OR
𝟏 [𝑹]
K= 𝒕 𝒍𝒏 [𝑹]𝟎

OR
[𝑹]
𝒍𝒏 [𝑹] = −𝒌𝒕
𝟎

OR

𝟏 [𝑹]
𝒍𝒏 [𝑹] = −𝒌
𝒕 𝟎

j) Half life time

𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑
t ½= K=
𝒌 𝐭½

6. RATE CONSTANT (pressure dependent)

𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝑷𝒊
K= 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒕 𝑷𝑨

OR

𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝑷𝒊
K= 𝒕
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐𝑷𝒊−𝑷𝒕

7. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT

i) ARRHENIUS EQUATION
 K = 𝑨𝒆−𝜺𝒂∕𝑹𝑻

A= frequency factor or pre-exponential

facor or Arrhenius factor
Ea=activation energy
R=universal gas constant(8.314K-1Jmol-1)
T= temperature

ii) MAXWELL BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION

CURVE

a) Rate constant
𝜺
𝒍𝒏 𝒌 = − 𝑹𝑻𝒂 + 𝒍𝒏 𝑨

or
𝜺𝒂
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒌 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑨 − 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻

b) Pre-exponential factor(log A)
𝜺𝒂
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑨 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒌 +
𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻

c) Activation energy(Ea)(si unit =j/mol)

𝒌 𝜺 𝑻 −𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹
𝒂
[ 𝟐
𝑻
]
𝟏 𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝒌
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐𝒙𝟐⋅𝟑𝟎𝟑×𝑹×𝑻𝟏𝒙𝑻𝟐
𝒌𝟏
𝜺𝒂 = 𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏

𝒌
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟗.𝟏𝟒𝟕 ×𝑻𝟏×𝑻𝟐
𝒌𝟏
𝜺𝒂 = 𝑻𝟐−𝑻𝟏

iii) collision theory

K = ZP𝒆−𝜺𝒂 ∕𝑹𝑻

Z= collision frequency of the reactants

P= steric factor

8. ORDER AND RATE CONSTANT SI UNITS

GENERAL FORMULA
Zero order=Mol L-1 s-1
n = order of the reaction(0,1,2,3, fractional First order = S-1
etc) Second order= Mol -1L1 s-1
Moln-1 L1-n s-1 Third order=Mol-2 L2 s-1