3.

Computer Network

Scope of chapter:
[Link] is Computer Network?
Collection of more than one interconnected computer systems together is
called as computer network.
Q. History of evolution of Internet
[Link](Advanced Research Project Agency): ARPA + US DoD
at 1969
2. NSFNET: National Science Federation Network at 1986
3. Private Network: at 1990
Internet( i.e Network of Network) = ARPANET + NSFNET + Private
Network
[Link] is the use of communication media/data transmission media
[Link] communication media(wired)
Twisted Pair, Ethernet Cable, Coaxial cable (when distance is in metres);
For large distances— Optical Fibre Cable.
2. Unguided communication media(wireless)
In hilly regions, radio waves should be used and city-to-city, state-to-state
satellite should be used.
Classification of wired communication media according to
performance:
Factors Twisted Pair Coaxial cable Optical Fibre cable
cable
Structure

Data 10 Mbps 100 Mbps More than 100 Gbps

Transfer
Rate
Distance 100 m Up to 500 m More than 10 km
Electro Highly Less affected No effect of
magnetic susceptible due to electromagnetic
Interferen due to electromagnetic interference
ce electromagneti interference
c interference
Cost Least cost More than cost Very high cost
of twisted pair

Example of Computer Network:

Q. What is the need/importance of computer network?

1. Resource sharing
2. Improved Communication(E-mail vs postal service)
3. Reduced Communication Cost
[Link] of data
5. Centralize storage of Data
Q. Various Networking Devices & its use?
1. Network Interface Card/Ethernet card(NIC):When computer need to
connect to network must have NIC installed on [Link] communicates
with other computer using NIC only. NIC work with MAC(Media Access
Control) [Link] of MAC address is 48 bit
Eg 4E:4a:5b:34:aa:7d

Modem (Modulator and Demodulator): This device is used to convert

analog signal into digital and digital signal into analog.
Repeater: This networking device regenerates the incoming signal before
transmitting it. During the long distance data transmission signal strength
may be reduced due to some physical factors like
temperature,humidity,raifall so installing repeater produces high strength
signal.
2. Hub: Hub is unintelligent device .Hub is a connecting device which
connects multiple computer together to form Local Area
[Link] entering through any port of the hub is broadcast to
all other [Link] do not manage traffic over the [Link]
computers NIC is connected to hub hence all computers connected
[Link] computer has to send some information to some
other computers the information is sent by the NIC to the hub then
hub retransmits information to other computers attached to it.

[Link]: switch is intelligent device. switch is used to connect

computers on a network. switch is also called as intelligent [Link]
looks exactly like hub and has same function the only difference
instead of sending information to all computers switch send the
information only to required computer(intended computer) in a
network. switch also able to manage the traffic in the network

Difference between Switch and Hub

Switch Hub
Switch transmits data/signal to Hub transmits data/signal to all
specified computer/node only computer/node present in the
instead of broadcasting the signal network
to entire network
Switch is faster and more efficient Hub is slower and less efficient
Switch is intelligent device. Hub is unintelligent device
Switch is capable to manage traffic Hub unable to manage traffic in the
in the network network

[Link]: This networking device connects two dissimilar network

together.
[Link]:This networking device connects two similar type of network
together.
[Link]: A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based
on their IP addresses
Types of Networks as per geographical area they cover:
1) PAN (Personal Area Network)
Communication Media: Bluetooth
Speed :Faster
Area covered up to 10 Meter radius
2) LAN(Local Area Network):
Communication media: Ethernet cable(LAN cable or Wi-Fi)
Speed: Faster

3) MAN(Metropolitan Area Network):

Communication media: wired / wireless
Speed: moderate
4) WAN(Wide Area Network):
Multiple LAN n/w are called as WAN
WAN network is nothing but the collection of multiple LAN n/w
together.

Communication media: wireless

Speed: slower
What is Network Topology ?Explain the types of network topology?
Physical layout or arrangement of network is called Network
topology.
Types of Network Topology:
Important Case studies types of Questions :
What is network protocol? Give Examples various protocols used in
network?
Protocols are Common set of rules used for communication in the network.
Commonly used Protocols in the network
1) TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol
2) HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
3) https: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol secure
4) SSL: secure socket layer
5) FTP:File Transfer Protocol
6) SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
7) PPP: Point to Point Protocol
8) POP: Post Office Protocol
9) SLIP: Serial Line Internet Protocol
10) NTP: Network Time Protocol
11) IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol
 MAC Address

IP Address
 Chapter :Societal Impacts

Q. What is FOSS & Proprietary software?

FOSS stands for Free and Open source software.
FOSS refers to freedom to use ,share and modify the source
[Link] as right of proprietary software is restricted to the
owner/ developer

[Link] is copyright?
Copyright is the legal right assign to original publisher
© symbol is used to show right assign to original author.

Q. Which of the following is not an intellectual property?

(i) A poem written by a poet
(ii) An original painting made by a painter
(iii) Trademark of a Company
(iv) A remixed song
Answer: A remixed song is not an intellectual property

Q. What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is copying someone else work and then passing it off as own
[Link] is the act of stealing. In other word copying information and not
giving the author credit for it.
Q. Shashank has stolen the someone else’s intellectual work and
representing it as own work. What type of ethical offence has he done?
Ans: Plagiarism

Q. What should you do to protect your identity on internet?

Ans - The most common solution for protection of identity on internet is
Private Browsing or Anonymous Browsing.

Q. What is Cyber Safety?

Ans - Cyber safety refers to the safe and responsible use of internet so that
to ensure safety and security of personal information and non-posting
threat to anyone else’s information.
Q. How to ensure the use of safe sites while entering crucial information
online?
Ans: Ensure that the address contains HTTPs and a pad lock sign. A safe
site’s URL starts with https:// and not with [Link]

Q. Name some of the common social networking sites.

Ans - Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Google+, Pinterest,
SnapChat, Reddit etc.

Q. What is a firewall?
Ans - Firewall is a program that prevents unauthorized access of
account of another user. Firewall exist in two forms i.e Hardware &
software. Firewall is the barrier between two networks which monitors
all communications going in the network.

Q - what does https means in an URL?

Ans - https:// in a URL means it is a secure connection and no one can see
your private information.

Q - Who are Cyber Trolls?

Ans- Derogatory messages or comments posted online targeting people
are called cyber trolls.

Q. Should you use a nickname when you log on to the Internet?

Ans- Yes. It is always a good practice to use a nickname when we log
on to the Internet. This will make it difficult for identity thieves to find
us.

Q. Should one report cybercrime or should tolerate it silently?

Ans- One must report cybercrime without any fear.

Q- Where to report cybercrime?

Ans- The local police stations can be approached for filling
complaints just as the cybercrime cells specially designated with the
jurisdiction to register complaints.

Q-Name any one browser or search engine for private browsing.

Ans- DuckDuckgo.
Q-What do you mean by VPN(Virtual Private Network)?
Ans- VPN is a method used to add security and privacy to private and
public networks, like WiFi hotspots and the Internet.

Q. What is private browsing?

Ans - It is a type of browsing wherein browser opens in incognito mode or
through proxy or VPN, and does not store cookies about your online
activities.

Q. How do website track you online?

Ans- There are various ways by which websites can track us like- IP
Address, Cookies and Tracking Scripts , HTTP Referrer, Super
cookies and User Agent.

Q. What are cookies?

Ans- Cookies are the small pieces of information websites can store
in your browser. Cookies can identify you and track your browsing
activity across a website.

Q - What are First Party cookies?

Ans - These are the cookies that stores your own login id, passwords,
auto fill information etc. for some websites that you frequently visit.

Q - What are Third party cookies?

Ans- These are the cookies that websites stores to know about your
search history and web browsing history so as to place
advertisements as per your interest.
Q. What do you understand by Super Cookies?
Ans- These are also cookies but these are persistent cookies i.e. they
come back even after you delete them.

Q. What are persistent cookies?

Ans- Super cookies are called persistent cookies.

Q. What is an HTTP referrer?

Ans- If you clicked a link to an outside website on a webpage then
the linked website will get opened and internally information about
you such as your IP address, location, your web browser, machine
type etc. will be provided to the linked website- it is known as
HTTP referrer.

Q What is cybercrime?
The crime which is committed by using computer system on
internet known as [Link] Hacking,
plagiarism,phishing,spamming,child pornography etc are examples
of cyber [Link] person who commits crime known as cyber
criminal.

Q. Which of the following come under cybercrime?

(i) Theft of a brand new sealed laptop
(ii) Access to a bank account for an unauthorized money transaction
(iii) Modification in a company’s data with unauthorized access
(iv) Photocopy of printed material

Ans: (ii) & (iii)

Q. Reena has recently shifted to a new city and new college. She does not
know many people in her new city and college. But all of a sudden,
someone starts posting negative, demeaning comments on her social
networking profile, college site’s forum, etc. She is also getting repeated
mails from unknown people. Every time she goes online, she finds
someone chasing her online.
(i) What is happening to Reena?
(ii) What action should she take to stop them?
Ans: (i) Reena has become a victim of cyber bullying and cyber stalking.

(iii) She must immediately bring it to the notice of her parents and
college authorities and report this cyber crime to local police with
the help of her parents.

Q. What are the different types of ICT tools to assist people with learning
disabilities?

Different types of ICT tools assist people with learning disabilities to

achieve positive outcomes.
(i)Talking Word processors
(ii)Screen Readers
(iii)Conversion of local language to Braille
(iv)Eye Tracking mouse

Q How does internet addiction affect the students?

Ans: The short-term effects of an online addiction include unfinished tasks,
forgotten responsibilities and weight gain.
Long-term effects are seen more in the physical symptoms such as
backache, neck pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and vision problems from
staring at the screen.

[Link] is phishing?
 Phishing is the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as
username,password and credit card details etc

Q- What is spamming?
Ans- Spamming refers to the sending of bulk-mail by an identified or
unidentified source.
Q. What is digital footprint?
Ans- Digital Footprints are the records and traces individuals’
activities as they use the internet. These are permanently stored.

Q. What are the usage rules for effective use of social networking sites?
Ans- you should follow following usage rules for the effective use of social
networking sites
a. Be Authentic.
b. Use a Disclaimer
c. Don’t pick fights Online
d. Don’t use Fake Names or Pseudonyms
e. Protect your Identity.
f. Respect your Audience.
g. Respect other’s sentiments.

Q. Define the term Cyber bullying.

Ans- Cyber bullying- Harassing, demeaning, embarrassing, defaming
or intimidating someone using modern technologies like internet, cell
phones, instant messengers, social networks etc. is called Cyber
Bullying.

Q. What do you understand by identity theft?

Ans- Identity theft is a type of fraud that involves using someone else’s
identity to steal money or gain other benefits. Online identity theft refers to
an act of stealing someone’s personal information such as name, login
details etc. and then posing as that person online.
Q. What measures can you take to curb online frauds?
Ans :- Use original software, use of proper anti virus and update is
regularly, don’t disclose user id, password, ATM No., Pin etc to someone
else. Don’t open untrusted link. Don’t download from free shower websites.

Q. What do you mean by the E-Waste? What are its composition?

E-waste means discarded electrical or electronic devices.
It contains metallic and non-metallic elements, alloys and
compounds like copper,aluminum gold etc

Q. What is IT Act 2000?

It is a primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce

Q. Fill in the blanks:

An act of stealing others Intellectual Property without their consent of
without citing the source is called ____________
Ans: Plagiarism

Q. Name the cyber law enforced in India to provide legal recognition to

electronic commerce and to facilitate filing of electronic records with the
Government.____________
Ans: IT Act 2000

Q. What are the common practices to ensure confidentiality of information?

Ans- Common practices to ensure confidentiality of information are-.
 a. Use Firewall whenever possible.
b. Control browse setting to block tracking.
c. Browse privately whenever possible.
d. Be careful while posting on internet.
e. Ensure safe sites while entering crucial information.
[Link] handle emails.
[Link] not give sensitive information on wireless networks.
[Link] using public computers.

Q- What is an IP address?
Ans- IP address is a unique address of your device when you connect to
the internet. From you IP address, a website can determine your rough
geographical location.

Q. What do you understand by Spreading Rumors Online?

Ans-It is a cybercrime and is a punishable offence. As per Information
Technology Act of India, publishing/circulation of rumors, especially
hurting religious sentiments is a cybercrime and it may invite a fine
with imprisonment extendable up to three years.

Q- what are the common practices while using public computers for
personal use?
Ans- a. Browse privately, first of all.
b. Don’t save your login information.
c. Never save your password.
d. Avoid entering sensitive information.
e. Don’t leave the computer unattended.
f. Disable the features that store passwords. g. Properly
logout before leaving.
h. Erase history and traces of your work.

Q. Define the term Cyber Stalking.

 Ans-Cyber Stalking- this is a kind of online harassment wherein
the victim is subjected to a barrage of online messages and
emails. A cyber stalker relies upon the anonymity afforded by the
internet to allow them to stalk victim without being detected.

Q. What is confidentiality of information?

Ans- Confidentiality of information ensures that only authorized
users get access to sensitive and protected data.
Q- What is an adware?
Ans - These are the programs that deliver unwanted ads to your
computer. They consume your network bandwidth.

Q- What is anti-virus software?

Ans- An anti-virus program help to detect and eliminate any malware
that sneaks its way onto your PC.

Q- What is need for secure passwords?

Ans-Secure password is needed in order to check the authenticity
of the user.

Q- What is a worm?
Ans- It is a self-replicating program, which eats up the entire disk
space or memory.

Q- What is Trojan horse?

Ans- It is a program that appears harmless but actually performs
malicious functions such as deleting or damaging files.

Q- What is a spyware?
 Ans- Spyware is software which is installed on your computer to
spy on your activities ans report this data to people willing to pay
for it.

Q-What is Adware?
Ans- Adware are the programs that deliver unwanted ads to your
computer.

Q- What is Malware?

Ans- Malware is a general term used to refer to viruses, worms,

spyware, adware etc.

Q- What are preventive measures for computer security?

Ans- Preventive measures for computer security area. Keep your
system up-to-date. b. Use caution when downloading files on the
internet. c. Be careful with email. d. Disable cookies, if possible.

Q- What are threats to a computer security?

Ans- Threats to a computer security- a. Viruses b. Worms c.
Trojans d. Spyware e. Adware f. Spamming g. PC Intrusion- i.
Denial of Service ii. Sweeping iii. Password Guessing h. Phishing

Q- What is password guessing?

Ans- Most hackers crack or guess passwords of system accounts
and gain entry into remote computer systems. And then they use it
for causing damages in one or another form.

Q- What are damages caused by Spyware?

 Ans- Spyware can do the following if left uncheckeda.
compromises your data, computing habits and identity. b. alters
PC settings. Slow down your PC.

Q- What are damages caused by Adware?

Ans- Adyware can do the following if left uncheckeda. Tracks

information just like spyware. b. Displays arrays of annoying
advertising. c. Slows down your PC.

Q- What are the types of Firewall?

Ans- Firewall are of two typesa. Software Firewall b. Hardware
Firewall.

Q- What measures should you take to keep data secure?

Ans 1. Making regular backups of files. 2. Protecting against
viruses by running anti-virus software. 3. Using a system of strong
password so that access to data is restricted. 4. Safe storage of
important files stored on removable disks.

Q- What are the methods to get rid of spam?

Ans- a. Sender filtering- i. Digital certificates. ii. Digital signatures.
b. Keyword filtering.

Q- What are the security and privacy concerns cookies creates?

Ans - Cookies help track user’s browsing sessions and load
information faster, but create some security and privacy concerns
as well. These area. Session data. b. Tracking Information. c.
Public computers.

Q-How can a computer virus affect your computer?

Ans- Computer viruses are malicious programs that cause
damage to data and files on a system. Viruses can attack any part
of a computer’s software such as boot block, operating system,
system areas, files etc.

Q-What are different types of threats to a computer?

Ans- Viruses, Worms, Trojans, Spyware, Adware, , Phishing , PC
Intrusion- i. Denial of Service ii. Sweeping iii. Password Guessing,

Q-What type damages can be caused by viruses to your

computer?
Ans-Viruses can do the following if left uncheckeda. Damage or
delete files. b. Slow down your computer. c. Invade your email
program.

Q- What are Malware?

Ans- Malware is a general term used to refer to viruses, worms,
spyware, adware etc.

Q- What do you understand by PC intrusion?

Ans- every PC connected to the internet is a potential target for
hackers. Computers are under constant attack from cyber vandals,
this is called PC Intrusion.

Q- What is Denial-of-Services?
Ans- This type of attack eats up all the resources of a system and
the system or application come to a halt.

Q-What is sweeper attack?

Ans- It is a malicious program used by hackers. It sweeps i.e.,
deletes all the data from the system.

Q- How is pharming similar to and different from phishing?

Ans- In phishing, an imposter uses an authentic looking e-mail or
website to trick recipients into giving out sensitive personal
information. Pharming is an attack in which a hacker attempts to
redirect a website’s traffic to another, bogus website.

Q- What is Authentication?
Ans- It is also termed as password-protection as the authorized
user is asked to provide a valid password, is he/she is able to do
this, he/she will be considered as authentic user.

Q- What is Authorization?
Ans-It is the process of asking the user to enter a legal log-in ID
and password.

Q- What is Eavesdropping?
Ans-It is a passive attack in which an attacker gains access to the
communication-medium through which some communication is
taking place and then listens to the communication and gets
information about the content of the message. In short it is
unauthorized monitoring of other people’s communications is
called Eavesdropping.