First name Surname font size 16
Group Sign
TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT
ON ONE OR SEVERAL LINES FONT
SIZE 24
When needed subtitle font size 20
Type of assignment
Degree programme font size 16
August 2010
CONTENTS
1 REPORT’S FIRST LEVEL’S FIRST HEADING..................................................1
1.1 Report’s second level first point.....................................................................1
1.1.1 Second level heading first point’s first point......................................1
1.1.2 Figures/pictures, tables and equations................................................1
1.2 Report’s second level heading’s second point...............................................3
2 REPORT’S FIRST LEVEL’S SECOND HEADING.............................................3
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................4
APPENDIX/APPENDICES
1 Appendix on one page
2 Appendix on several pages
1
1 DEFINITION OF ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem is defined as a network of interations among organisms, and between
organisms and their environment. Ecosystem is controlled both by external elements
(sunlight, temperature, precipitation, water or moisture, soil...) and internal factors
( primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrtivores) and ecosystem
will fail if they do not remain in balance. Each component is an individual in general,
and membership only depends on what function the species perform in the ecosystem.
All organisms are possible sources of food for other organisms, that means each
organism in chain is food for the next. There are two processes linked together and
happening simultaneously: energy flows and material cycle. Energy is transferred
when food goes from trophy level to another and materials are transported between
compartments, deeply, cycle of elements such as carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus enter
living organisms in a variety of ways. To summarise, ecosystem is structured by
abiotic and biotic components and each individual in society has a connection with
others to make a circle life.
2 CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
In our present-day society, with the development of industry, there are numerous
significant effects on all aspects of life day by day, especially in environment. Human
can easily realise some phenomenons caused by climate change, for example, the
rising level of sea, higher temperature, the extinction of few animals, ice melting and
so on. And this is how climate change affect the environment in Australia / New
Zealand and Polar regions.
2.1 Australia and New Zealand
El Nino brings stronger and cooler airflow, with drier conditions in the north-east and
wetter conditions in the south-west in New Zealand and in Australia El Nino brings
warmer and drier conditions. From 1855 to 2004, there is a minor increase (1*C) and
0.4*C since 1950 in New Zealand, the average maximum temperature enhanced 0.6*C
from over 90 years from 1910. Moreover, sea level increased averaged 1.2mm/year
around Australia from 1920 to 2000.
2.2 Polar regions
For several decades, surface air temperature rose by 1-2*C, the decade from 1995 to
2005 was the warmest decade with temperature rose to 2*C. Consequently, sea ice
and glaciers have been decreased by melting due to high temperature which has led to
increase ocean-level.
2
APPENDIX 1.
Appendix on one page
APPENDIX 2(1).
Appendix on several pages
APPENDIX 2(2).
Appendix on several pages
APPENDIX 2(3).
Appendix on several pages