PROMOTION 2016-2017 CORRECT DEEP FOUNDATIONS TD

CORRECT
Deep foundations

EXERCISE 1

Hypothesis:
All calculations are conducted using a calculation approach 2: 'A1 + M1 + R2'
Calculations carried out according to the national application standard: NF P 94-262
Coefficients ψ0 = 0.7
Coefficient ψ1 = 0.5
Coefficient ψ2 = 0.3
Foundation category: mud-augured barrette: Category 2 'FB' (table A.1)

Question 1 :

To assess the maximum load descent for Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS), it is appropriate to weigh the actions by

« γF » issued from the Annex C table

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Weighting Weighting Weighting Weighting

ELU ELS ELS ELS QP
characteristic frequent
Weight of 0.50ml * 2t/m3 * 12.50m / 2 1.35 1 1 1
fill = 6.25t/ml

Weight of 0.8ml*2.5t/m3*12.50m/2 1.35 1 1 1

from the =12.5t/ml
cover
Surcharge 2t/m² * 12.50/2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3
on =12.5t/ml
fill
TOTAL 44.06t/ml 31.25t/ml 25t/ml 22.5t/ml

Question 2 :

On the section below, location of the covering slab and the paving.

The wall-mounted brackets must reach the substrate made of marl. They are
present from level -9.00m.

The diaphragm wall will therefore be subjected to significant pressures caused by sandy soil.
For the continuation of the calculation, we will assume that the sheet pile is anchored 1 meter into the
substratum. The altitude of the sheet is therefore at the level -10.

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Substrate level: 9.00

Pl(9.50)=5.44MPa

Pl(11.50)=5.43MPa

Question 3: definition of bearing capacity

We will use the pressuremeter method. For this, we will rely on the formulas.
from Annex F.

We are studying a 'linear' work here.

1- Definition of the term peak (Article F4.2)

The peak term (per linear meter of wall) is taken by a section of a retaining wall of 0.8m *
1.00ml = 0.8m².

Value of the effective embedding From: formula F.4.2.6

1
= ∗
( )

With H = 10. B = 10*0.8 = 8ml

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With D = 10ml (in the first approximation, we assume that the deep foundation measures 10ml of
depth

With (formula F4.2.3)

∗=
1
( )
+3

Where a = max(B/2 ; 0.5) = 0.5 (formula F.4.2.4)

Where b = min (a; h) = min (0.5; 1ml) = 0.5 (in the first approximation, we imagine that the foundation
is anchored 1ml in the substrate. Logically, it is very unlikely for a foundation
deep making support that its mechanical sheet is less than 0.5ml. b is therefore 0.5 in the
majority of cases (formula F.4.2.5)

∗= .
.
A (B )C = 5.44MPa

(cf values retained on the schematic of the pressuremeter survey

From (formula F.4.2.6)

1
= ( )
5.44
( . .) ∗ ( . .) ∗ . ( . .) ∗ . ( . .) ∗ .
= .
(0.37 * 2 + + + + = 3.24ml

(see diagram below for consideration of Pl values)

As De/B = 3.24/0.8=4.05

Kp = 1+(Kpmax-1)*(De/B)/5 with Kpmax = 1.6 (table F.4.2.1)

Kp = 1.486

The value of the ground rupture pressure is therefore:

Rb = Ab * Kp * Ple * = 0.8 * 1.486 * 5.44 = 6.46MN/ml

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2 - Definition of the term axial friction (Article F5.1)

Friction is only effective on the sheet of the retaining wall located under the seating platform.
the flooring. Generally, we avoid considering the height of the seating platform as a layer
on which friction can develop. It would be possible to consider this layer if the
coefficient "qs" of the material constituting the base layer is known, which is not always the case.
cas.

We will assume for this subject that the sublayer is 50cm thick and
We will neglect the friction on this layer. This assumption should be adapted according to the
projects.

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Height of
axial friction
between the levels
4.30 and 10

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The sheet crosses two different layers:

One made up of sand and gravel from -4.30 to -9.00.

The other made up of marl from -9.00 to -10.00

For each layer of soil, we define:

The values of αpieu-soil: table F.5.2.1

The values of a, b, c for the calculation of fsol: table F5.2.2
The values of fsol formula F5.2.2
∗
ƚƛƄ = (. + . )(1 − )∗
The values of qs(z) = αground [Link](pl(z)) formula F5.2.1
The values of qsmax: table F5.2.3
The table below summarizes the calculations carried out:

MPa MPa MPa MPa MN/ml

Hauteur Altimétrie z Sol Alpha pieu Pl(z) a b c fsol qs(z) qsmax qs retained/ml qs
-4.3 1.4 0.37 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.023 0.032 0.090 0.032
0.7 -5 1.4 1.01 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.049 0.069 0.090 0.069 0.045
sable
1.75 -6.75 1.4 2.78 0,01 0.06 1,2 0.085 0.119 0.090 0.090 0.241
1.75 -8.5 1.4 3.94 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.099 0.138 0.090 0.090 0.315
0.5 -9 1.5 5.44 0.008 0.08 3 0.124 0.185 0.170 0.170 0.090
to die
1 -10 1.5 5.44 0.008 0.08 3 0.124 0.185 0.170 0.170 0.340
TOTAL 1,031 MN

It is therefore defined that Rs = 1.031MN

3- Evaluation of Rc; k from the model pile method: (Article 9.2.3)

+
; =
1.
Table F.2.1 gives γRd1 = 1.15 (We are verifying a structure that carries a load of
compression). This is the coefficient related to the dispersion of the model

The coefficient ξ is defined from article E.2:

2500
( 500 )= 1 + 3 1 -( 1.)
3 1,2
2500

2500
A4( 1,2 500) = 1 + A 4(1) - 1.
2500

NOTE: we will assume in this study that we have only one survey available every
250ml ... which is little. We will see the impact of this assumption in the following calculations.

The values of the correlation coefficients ξ’ are read from table C2.4.2:

Let: ξ’3 (1) = 1.40

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Et ξ’4 (1) = 1.40

In the end: ξ’3 = ξ’4 = 1.4

6.46 + 1.031
; =
1.15 ∗ 1.4
Rc ;k = 4.65MN/ml

We can evaluate in passing that Rb ;k = 6.46/(1.15*1.4) = 4.01MN/ml

And Rs = 1.031/(1.15*1.4) = 0.64MN/ml

4- Evaluation of Rc;k from the terrain model method: (Article 9.2.4)

+
= Question 1. Question 2

The coefficient γR ;d1 = 1.2. It is the coefficient related to the dispersion of the model (table F2.1)

The coefficient γR;d2 = 1.1. It is the coefficient related to the use of the pressuremeter method.
(table F2.1)
6.46 + 1.031
=
1.2 ∗ 1.1
Rc ;k = 5.67 MN/ml

We can evaluate in passing that Rb ;k = 6.46/(1.2*1.1) = 4.89MN/ml

And Rs ;k = 1.031/(1.2*1.1) = 0.78MN/ml

NOTE: in this case, the pile model method is the least favorable. Nevertheless, it is indeed the one that
best accounts for the fact that we only had one trial on 2,500m².

If we are sure that the soil is homogeneous over this area of 2,500m², we could
choose to optimize our calculations using the terrain model method.

On the other hand, if we are not truly assured that the only survey we have reflects
truly the truth about 2,500 square meters of surface, it would be more appropriate to consider the most
safest that best accounts for this hazard: the model pile method.

To the appreciation of each who assesses their risk ...

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Question 3: Definition of the design soil capacity Rc,d (Formula 9.2.1) at lasting limit states
transitional
;
; =

Table C.2.3.1 indicates that for durable and transient situations, for a bored pile in
compression, γt=1.1

Pile method model: Rc;d = 4.65/1.1=4.22MN/ml

Terrain model method: Rc;d = 5.67/1.1 = 5.15MN/ml

NOTE: Here, the choice of the calculation method is paramount. There is a difference in capacity.
important of 1MN/ml between the two methods! (which is 100t/ml)

Question 4: checks at the ELS

The load descent to be resumed for the sustainable and transitional ELECTED is 44.06t/ml, which remains very
less than the bearing capacity of our diaphragm wall regardless of the calculation methods used

NOTE: Taking into account the friction term is practically unnecessary. The peak term (Rb; d)
ensure alone and largely the resumption of vertical efforts.

Question 5: checks at the ELS (article 14.2.1)

In compression, we check that:

; ;
<

With Rc; cr; k: characteristic creep load. This load is estimated at:

Rc ;cr ;k = 0.5Rb ;k + 0.7 Rs ;k for piles implemented without soil displacement (formula
[Link])

With γcr = 0.9 at the characteristic Service Limit State

With γcr = 1.1 at ELS QP

1- Stake model method:

To the ELS characteristics:

0.5 ∗ 4.01 + 0.7 ∗ 0.64
; = = 2.72 /
0.9

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At the ELS QP:

0.5 ∗ 4.01 + 0.7 ∗ 0.64
; = = 2.22 /
1.1

2- Terrain model method:

At the ELS characteristics:

0.5 ∗ 4.89 + 0.7 ∗ 0.78
; = = 3.32ABC/DEF
0.9
At the ELS QP:
0.5 * 4.89 + 0.7 * 0.78
; = = 2.71 /
1.1

Summary table of checks at the ELS

Pile method model

thecharacteristics ELS QP
Fd (MN/ml) 0.3125 0.225
Rc;cr;d (MN/ml) 2.72 2.22
What is Fd<Rc;cr;d? OK OK

Terrain model method

ELS chars THE QP

Fd (MN/ml) 0.3125 0,225
Rc;cr;d (MN/ml) 3.32 2.71
What is Fd<Rc;cr;d? OK OK

Whatever method is used, the ELS checks are well done.

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EXERCISE 2: Definition of pile bearing capacity

In this case study, the pile is perfectly defined in altimetry.

D D-b

h D-b

Hypotheses:

Hollow tube pile diameter 500mm. Category 3

Approach to calculations 2
Calculations carried out according to the national application standard NF P 94-262
Use of the pressuremeter method

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Question 1: ultimate limit state bearing capacity in compression

1- Calculation of the peak term

The tip of the stake is located in a layer of marl.

Calculation of the term Ple*: (formula F4.2.3)

∗=
1
( )
3+3

With D = 15.50-1.90 = 13.60ml (length of the foundation included in the ground)

With a = max(0.5/2 ; 0.5) = 0.5

With b = min (0.5; 3.5) = 0.5

NOTE: the pile is anchored in the substrate made up of marl. This layer is present from the
Quotient -12. The height h of the pile in the bearing layer is therefore: h = 15.50 - 12.5 = 3m.

Very quickly:
1
= .∗ 4.92 ( * 2 = )4.92
2

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D-b
D
D+3a

Calculation of the equivalent embedment depth: formula F.4.2.6

1
= ∗
( )

1 .
= ( )
4.92 .

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Env. 1.68 MPa

1 ( 1.68 + 2.63 ∗) 0.5 (4.92 + 2.63 )∗ 1.5

= ( + + 4.92 * 1)
4.92 2 2
Def = 3.36ml

As De/B = 3.36/0.5 = 6.72

Kp = Kpmaxwith Kpmax = 2.1 (table F.4.2.1)

Let it be

0.5²
= ∗ 2.1 ∗ 4.92 = 2.02
4

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2- Calculation of axial friction term

For each layer of soil, we define:

The values of αpieu-sol: table F.5.2.1

The values of a, b, c for the calculation of fsol: Table F5.2.2
The values of fsol formula F5.2.2
∗ ∗
B = C. A( + D. (1 - E) )
The values of qs(z) = αground [Link](pl(z)) formula F5.2.1
The values of qsmax: Table F5.2.3
The table below summarizes the calculations carried out:

NOTE: we neglect the friction caused by the vessels and silt

B= 0.5 ml

MPa MPa MPa MPa MN/ml

Hauteur Altimétrie z Sol Alpha pieu Pl(z) a b c fsol qs(z) qsmax qs retained qs
-5 0.6 0.39 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.024 0.014 0.050 0.014
1 -6 0.6 1.58 0.01 0.06 1,2 0,064 0.039 0.050 0.039 0.022
1 -7 0.6 1,85 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.070 0.042 0.050 0.042 0.061
1 -8 0.6 1.24 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.056 0.034 0.050 0.034 0.066
sable
1 -9 0.6 0.66 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.036 0.022 0.050 0.022 0.053
1 -10 0.6 0,31 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.020 0.012 0.050 0.012 0.034
1 -11 0.6 0.23 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.015 0.009 0.050 0.009 0.018
1 -12 0.6 0.73 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.039 0.024 0.050 0.024 0.014
1 -13 0.9 2.63 0.008 0.08 3 0.101 0.091 0,090 0.090 0.037
1.5 -14.5 to die 0.9 4.92 0.008 0.08 3 0.119 0.107 0.090 0.090 0.212
1 -15.5 0.9 4.91 0.008 0.08 3 0.119 0.107 0.090 0.090 0.141
TOTAL 0.659 MN

We retain: Rs = 0.659MN

3- Evaluation of Rc;k from the model pile method: (Article 9.2.3)

+
; =
1.
With γRd1 = 1.15 and ξ=1.08 (assumption of a survey conducted directly over a bridge pile)

Rc ;k = (2.02+0.659)/(1.15*1.08) = 2.15MN

Rb ;k=1.63MN

Rs ;k=0.53MN

And Rc ;d = 2.15/1.1 = 1.95 MN

4- Evaluation of Rc;k from the terrain model method: (Article 9.2.4)

+
=
A1. A2
Rc ;k = (2.02+0.659)/(1.15*1.1) = 2.11MN

Rb ;k = 1.60 MN

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Rs ;k=0.53 MN

Et Rc ;d = 2.11/1.1 = 1.92MN

The two methods are equivalent in this case study.

Question 2: Maximum ELS charge at compression:

The characteristic maximum creep loads in compression are:

Rc ;cr ;k = 0.5Rb ;k + 0.7 Rs ;k for piles implemented without soil displacement (formula [Link])

The maximum creep loads for calculations are:

; ;

With γcr = 0.9 at the characteristic limit states

With γcr = 1.1 at ELS QP

1- Model pile method:

Rc ;cr ;k = 0.5*1.63+0.7*0.53 = 1.19MN

The maximum creep load for characteristic serviceability limit state calculations is: 1.19/0.9 = 1.32 MN

The maximum creep load for ELS QP calculations is: 1.19/1.1 = 1.08MN

2- Terrain model method:

Rc ;cr ;k = 0.5*1.60+0.7*0.53 = 1.17MN

The maximum creep load of calculations at characteristic ELS is: 1.17/0.9 = 1.3MN

The maximum creep load calculated at the ELS QP is: 1.17/1.1 = 1.06MN

Summary table of maximum loads that can be taken by the pile of diameter
500mm marked at the dimension -15.50 :

ELU durable and

ELS characteristics ELS QP
transitional
Stake method
1.95 MN 1.32 MN 1.08 MN
model
Model method
1.92 MN 1.30 MN 1.06 MN
of land

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EXERCISE 3: Definition of pile bearing capacity

Hypotheses:

Drilled pile tube diameter 800mm. Category 3

Calculation approach 2
Calculations conducted according to the national application standard NF P 94-262
Use of the pressuremeter method
Geotechnical investigation surface for this borehole: 500m²

D = 7ml

h = 0.50ml

Question 1: ultimate bearing capacity in compression

Use of the pressuremeter method

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1- Calculation of the peak term Rb

The tip of the stake is located in a layer of marl.

Calculation of the term Ple*: (formula F4.2.3)

∗=
1
( )
5

With D = 11-4 = 7ml (length of the foundation included in the ground)

With a = max(0.8/2 ; 0.5) = 0.5

With b = min(0.5; 0.5) = 0.5

Very quickly:
∗= 5

Calculation of the equivalent embedment height: formula F.4.2.6

1
= ∗
( )

1
= ( )
5 .

Def = 1/5*(5.04*0.5)=0.5ml

A lot of calculations to determine that our pile is actually anchored 50cm into the ground.
substratum....

Calculation of Kp

As De/B = 0.5/0.8 = 0.62

Kp = 1 + (Kpmax-1)*(De/B)/5 with Kpmax = 2.1 (table F.4.2.1)

Kp = 1.13

Calculation of Rb

* 0.8²
= 1.13 times 5 equals 2.83
4
2- Calculation of the axial friction term

For each layer of soil, we define:

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The values of αpieu-soil: table F.5.2.1

The values of a, b, c for the calculation of fsol: table F5.2.2
The values of fsol formula F5.2.2
∗
x = y. a (+ b . (1 - c) )∗
The values of qs(z) = αground [Link](pl(z)) formula F5.2.1
The values of qsmax: table F5.2.3
The table below summarizes the calculations conducted:

B= 0.8 ml

MPa MPa MPa MPa MN/ml

Hauteur Altimétrie z Sol Alpha pieu Pl(z) a b c fsol qs(z) qsmax retained qs qs
-4 0.6 0,54 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.031 0.019 0.050 0.019
1 -5 0.6 0.43 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.026 0,016 0.050 0.016 0.047
1 -6 sable 0.6 0.94 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.047 0.028 0.050 0.028 0.039
1 -7 0.6 0.83 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.043 0.026 0.050 0.026 0.071
0.75 -7.75 0.6 0.96 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.048 0.029 0.050 0.029 0.049
1.75 -9.5 0.9 3.95 0.008 0.08 3 0.112 0,100 0.090 0.090 0.126
to die
1 -10.5 0.9 5.04 0.008 0.08 3 0.120 0.108 0.090 0.090 0.226
TOTAL 0.557 MN

Rs is defined as 0.557 MN

1- Evaluation of Rc ;k based on the model pile method: (Article 9.2.3)

+
; =
1. A
Same as exercise 2:

γRd1 = 1.15
The coefficient ξ is defined from article E.2:

500
A3( 1,2 500) = 1 + A 3(1) − 1.
2500

500
( 500 )= 1 + 4 1 -( 1.)
4 1,2
2500

Let ξ3=ξ4= 1.17

2- Evaluation of Rc;k from the terrain model method: (Article 9.2.4)

Same as exercise 2 for the coefficients

Summary table

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Rb = 2.83 MN
Rs = 0.557 MN
Coefficients ξ= 1.17
γRd1 = 1.15
γRd2 = 1,1
γt = 1,1

Value in MN Rb;k Rs;k Rc;k Rc;d

Pile model method 2.10 0.41 2.52 2.29
Terrain model method 2.24 0.44 2.68 2.43

3- Evaluation of maximum creep loads ELS

Same as for exercise 2:

% pointe = 50.00%
% friction = 70,00%
gamma ELS char. = 0.9
γcr ELS QP = 1,1

Value in MN Rb;k Rs;k Rc;cr;k Rc;cr;d ELS characters. Rc;cr;d ELS QP

Post model method 2.10 0.41 1.34 1.49 1,22
Terrain model method 2.24 0.44 1.43 1.59 1.30

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EXERCISE 4: Definition of the load-bearing capacity of a micropile

Hypotheses:

Type 4 micropile, diameter 250mm which corresponds to category 20, class 8 table A.1
Calculations carried out according to the standard NF EN 94-262

Calculation approach 2
Calculations carried out according to the terrain model method

For a micropile >> no point term: Rb = 0

1- Evaluation of the axial friction term

For each layer of soil, we define:

The values of αpieu-soil: table F.5.2.1

The values of a, b, c for the calculation of fsol: table F5.2.2
The values of fsol formula F5.2.2
∗
ZIJ = L. (BAC + E. (1) - G )∗

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The values of qs(z) = αground [Link](pl(z)) formula F5.2.1

The values of qsmax: table F5.2.3
The table below summarizes the calculations conducted:

B= 0.25 ml

MPa MPa MPa MPa MN/ml

Height Altimetry z Sun Alpha pie Pl(z) a b c fsol qs(z) qsmax retained questions qs
-3 3,8 0.75 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.040 0.152 0.050 0.440
1 -4 3.8 1.51 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.063 0.239 0.050 0.440 0.345
1 -5 sable 3.8 1,31 0.01 0.06 1, 2 0.058 0.220 0.050 0.440 0.345
1 -6 3.8 1.54 0.01 0.06 1,2 0,064 0.241 0.050 0.440 0.345
1.25 -7.25 3.8 5.25 0.01 0.06 1,2 0.112 0.427 0.050 0.440 0.432
1.25 -8.5 to die 3.1 4.85 0.008 0.08 3 0.119 0.368 0.090 0.440 0.432
TOTAL 1,900 MN

Let Rs = 1.9MN

2- Maximum compression load that can be supported by the micropile (article 9.2.4) at
ELU durables et transitoires
+
=
1. 2
With γRd ;1 = 2 table F.2.1

With γRd ;2 = 1.1 table F2.1

Let Rck = 1.9/(2*1.1) = 0.86MN

And γst = 1.1 table C.2.3.1 for a drilled pile (micropiles are drilled) and in
compression

Let it be

Rc;d = 0.86/1.1 = 0.78MN

ATTENTION: in parallel with this calculation, it will be necessary to check the micropile for buckling!

3- Maximum compression load that can be taken by the micropile (article 9.2.4) at
ELS (creep charge)

Rc ;cr ;k = 0.7 Rs ;k = 0.7*0.86 = 0.60MN

At ELS characteristics: γcr = 0.9 tableau [Link]

At ELS QP: γcr = 1.1 tableau [Link]

Where from:

ELS characteristics Rc; cr; d = 0.60/0.9 = 0.67MN

ELS QP Rc ;cr ;d = 0.60/1.1 = 0.55MN

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4- Maximum traction load that can be taken by the micropile (article 9.2.4) at the ELU
durable and transitional
+
=
Item 1. Item 2

With γRd ;1 = 2 table F.2.1

With γRd ;2 = 1.1 table F2.1

Let Rck = 1.9/(2*1.1) = 0.86MN

Et γst = 1.15 table C.2.3.1 for a drilled pile (micro piles are drilled) and in
traction

Let

Rc ;d = 0.86/1.15 = 0.74MN

5- Maximum traction load that can be supported by the micropile (article 9.2.4) at the
ELS (creep charge)

Rc; cr; k = 0.7 Rs; k = 0.7 * 0.86 = 0.60MN

At the ELS characteristics: γcr = 1.1 tableau [Link]

In the ELS QP: γcr = 1.5 tableau [Link]

Where from:

ELS characteristics Rc ;cr ;d = 0.60/1.1 = 0.54MN

ELS QP Rc ;cr ;d = 0.60/1.5 = 0.40MN

____

Summary table: maximum loads that can be taken up by a micropile dia 250mm,
ztête = -3 and zfiche = -8.50 (calculations conducted using the terrain model method)

ELU durables and

ELS characteristics ELS QP
transitional
Compression 0.78MN 0.67MN 0.55MN
Traction 0.74MN 0.54MN 0.40MN

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