Overview of Historical Atomic Models
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ScribdTranslationsOverview of Historical Atomic Models
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsATOMIC MODELS
1. DALTON'S ATOMIC MODEL
It was developed in the early 1800s (it is estimated, between
1803 and 1807) by the British scientist John Dalton. It was the
first atomic model with scientific basis. Its model
atomic (Dalton called it "Atomic Theory") consists of the
following statements:
Matter is made up of very small particles.
atoms, which are indivisible and cannot be
destroy.
The atoms of the same element are identical to each other, they have the same mass and are equal.
properties. Atoms of different elements have different mass. Comparing the
mass of the elements with that of hydrogen taken as the unit, proposed the
concept of relative atomic weight.
Atoms remain indivisible, even when they combine in chemical reactions.
Atoms, when combining to form compounds, maintain simple relationships of
small whole numbers.
Atoms of different elements can combine in different proportions and
form more than one compound.
Chemical compounds are formed by the union of atoms from two or more elements.
Later, deficiencies were found in Dalton's atomic model:
Atoms are made up of subatomic particles and are divisible.
There are atoms of the same element with different mass (Isotopes).
There are molecules formed by 2 or more atoms of the same element (For example O2;
H2, etc).
This model does not explain the regularity of the periodic table developed by Mendeleiev.
in 1869.
2. THOMSON'S ATOMIC MODEL
Fue desarrollado en 1906 por el científico británico Joseph John
"J.J." Thomson, who a few years earlier had discovered the
electron. In this model, the atom is composed of
negative charge electrons in a positive charge atom.
Electrons are embedded in it just like the
you move from a pudding. For this analogy, it is also called "Pudding Model"
of raisins." Electrons are distributed uniformly inside the atom,
suspended in a cloud of positive charge. The atom is considered as a sphere with
positive charge with electrons distributed like small granules. The tool
The principle that Thomson relied on for his atomic model was electricity.
3. RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
This model was proposed in 1911 by the chemist and
British-New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford. This
the scientist had developed an experiment
called the 'gold foil experiment' which
allowed him to state the atomic model. He was the first
model of separating the atom into two zones: nucleus and
bark. From here, studies began to be conducted on
separate. According to this model:
The atom consists of a central nucleus where the positive charge is concentrated and almost all of the...
core. This nucleus is very small compared to the total size.
The atom has electrons, with a negative charge that are located in the shell, describing
circular orbits and rotating at high speed, like a planetary system.
The sum of the negative charges of the electrons must be equal to the positive charge of the
nucleus, as long as the atom is neutral.
4. BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
It was proposed in 1913 by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It can be considered transitional already.
that is located between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. It incorporates ideas taken from the effect
photoelectric, explained by Einstein. Based on the idea that in an atom the electrons
They orbit around the nucleus, Bohr proposed 5 postulates:
The electron can only move a certain distance (radius) from the nucleus, which determines
an orbit or energy level (also called a shell). An orbit is a trajectory
well-defined circular around the nucleus.
2. While in an orbit, the electron neither releases nor absorbs energy; for this reason
orbits are known as stationary (or allowed). In an orbit, the energy
permanece constante.
3. When energy is delivered to an atom, the electron can absorb it and move to a
orbit of greater radius and greater energy. In this case, it is said that the electron is in state
excited. When the electrons of an atom are not
excited, the atom is in a state
fundamental.
4. When an electron moves from a more distant orbit
from the nucleus to another closer one then releases or emits
energy in the form of a photon (a small amount and
determined energy.
5. To move from one orbit to another, the electron must absorb or emit an amount of
energy equals the difference in energy between one level and the other (this is because energy
it is not destroyed, but transformed). If it moves from an initial level (with a quantity of
Energy Ei) to another final (with another amount of energy Ef), the difference (∆E) is calculated
as ∆E = Ef - Ei. The electron can only be found in one of the orbits and not in the
spaces between them. The orbits are designated by the quantum number n, which takes the
values: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The farther from the nucleus, the more energy the orbit has.
The value of ∆E between two successive layers (between 2 and 1; between 3 and 2; between 4 and 3; etc.) steps
ever smaller, since the separation between the orbits is becoming increasingly smaller.
If an atom has excited electrons, it is written with an asterisk to identify it:
Excited atom = X* (the letter X represents the symbol of the element). For example, in the
the case of sodium would be: Na*.
5. SCHRÖDINGER ATOMIC MODEL
It was developed in 1926 by the physicist and philosopher
Austrian Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander
Schrödinger. It is not a quantum model
relativist. It has the following characteristics:
Describe the movement of electrons as
standing waves.
It postulates that electrons move
constantly, that is to say, they do not have a
fixed or defined position within the atom.
Establish a probability zone to locate the electron, it does not predict the location of the
electron.
The probability areas where the electron would be found are called atomic orbitals.
The orbitals describe a translational movement around the nucleus of the atom.
These atomic orbitals have different energy levels and sublevels, and can
define itself among clouds of electrons.
The model does not consider the stability of the nucleus, it only refers to explaining the mechanics.
quantum associated with the movement of electrons within the atom.
6. LEWIS ATOMIC MODEL
This theory was developed in 1902 by G. Lewis, but was published in 1916 in the article
«The Atom and the Molecule» (El átomo y la molécula). El modelo atómico de Lewis
represent the atom as a cube, where the electrons were placed in each one.
from the 8 vertices of that cube. The Cubic Atomic Model represented an important step
towards the understanding of the chemical bond, as it introduced the concept of 'valence of'
an atom,” that is, the number of electrons in the atom's highest energy level that
will be put into play in a chemical bond. Lewis's 1916 article also introduced
the concept of the electron pair in the covalent bond, the octet rule, and the now
called Lewis structure. The cubic atom model was soon abandoned and is,
so, only of historical interest. Cubic Atomic Model of Lewis
Graph 1: Atom according to the Cubic Atomic Model of Lewis. The elements are represented.
of the periodic table period. Electrons are the circles drawn in the
vertices of each cube.
7. SOMMERFELD ATOMIC MODEL
It was developed in 1916 by the German physicist.
Arnold Sommerfeld, based on the theory of
the relativity of Albert Einstein, so that
it says that it is a relativistic atomic model. It made
modifications to the Bohr model. Even so,
it remains valid for the atom of
Hydrogen, but when trying to explain the
behavior of other atoms
elements, presents shortcomings. The model
Sommerfeld's atomic theory postulates that:
Electrons move around the nucleus in circular or elliptical orbits.
Starting from the second energy level, there are two or more sublevels within the same level.
The electron is a tiny electric current.
The atomic nucleus, like the electrons, moves around a center of mass.
of the system. That center of mass will be very close to the nucleus as its mass is very
superior to the mass of the electrons. This modification was introduced to justify the
frequencies values found experimentally (in relation to the calculated)
theoretically).
8. CURRENT ATOMIC MODEL OR ORBITAL MODEL
This atomic model was developed in the decade of
1920, as a result of the contribution of knowledge from
many scientists, including Broglie, Einstein, Bohr,
Schrödinger, Heisenberg. It is based on mechanics.
wave quantum mechanics, which is based on the
quantum numbers. The quantum numbers are 4: n, l,
m, s. They are used to describe each of the electrons.
of an atom. It is important to note that, for electrons
from the same atom, the combination of these 4
numbers are never the same. This theory asserts that:
In atoms, electrons are distributed in stationary or fixed energy levels.
Electrons move around the nucleus without losing or gaining energy and only do so
when they move from one level to another.
A energy level is made up of an equal number of sublevels.
A sublevel of energy consists of one or more orbitals or electron clouds.
An orbital or electron cloud is filled with two electrons with opposite spins, that is,
different spin number (quantum number s).