Question 1.
Some people say inequality is natural while others say equality is natural and society
creates inequality. Which view do you support? Give reasons.
Answer:
• Natural inequalities come from physical, mental or emotional differences.
• Social inequalities are created by society like family background and education.
• Discrimination based on gender, colour or race is created by society.
• Science and technology reduce many natural differences.
Question 2. Some say absolute economic equality is not possible. Society can only reduce gap
between rich and poor.
Answer:
• Economic equality means equal opportunity for all.
• Absolute equality never existed but democracy gives equal chances.
• Economic inequality is difference in income and wealth.
• It increases gap between rich and poor.
• Reducing inequality helps society stay peaceful.
Question 3. Match the following.
Answer:
• Affirmative action → Higher bank interest to senior citizens.
• Equality of opportunity → Free education for every child.
• Equal rights → Every adult has right to vote.
Question 4. Government should ensure better price only for small farmers. Is it equal?
Answer:
• Yes, because small farmers need special support.
• Helps weaker sections.
• Provides social and economic justice.
Question 5. Which violates equality?
Answer:
• Reading by turn → Does not violate.
• Canada allowing only white Europeans → Violates equality.
• Separate counter for senior citizens → Does not violate.
• Reserving forest areas for only few tribes → Violates equality.
Question 6. Which arguments for women’s voting support equality?
Answer:
• Women are mothers, must be respected.
• Women are half of humanity, cannot be denied rights.
• Women should not be discriminated based on gender.
Very Short Answers
Q1. Equality means equal opportunity and equal law for all.
Q2. Colonial masters discriminated against black people.
Q3. Women were treated as weaker and denied rights.
Q4. Feminism means equal rights for men and women.
Q5. All humans have equal worth.
Q6. Political equality means equal voting and contesting rights.
Q7. Natural needs changed with medical technology.
Q8. Equality may increase competition and reduce incentives.
Q9. Equality before law means no discrimination under Article 14.
Q10. Equality gives fair chance; uniformity forces everyone to be same.
Q11. Natural, social, civil, political, economic equality.
Long Answers
Q1. Features of equality:
• No special privileges.
• Equal opportunities.
• Access to basic needs.
Q2. Political dimensions:
• Equal voting rights.
• Right to contest elections.
• Right to hold public office.
Q3. Affirmative action reduces inequality:
• Scholarships and hostels.
• Reservations for SC/ST/OBC.
• Helps create just society.
Q4. Positive and negative aspects of equality:
Positive:
• Equal opportunities.
• Everyone can develop abilities.
Negative:
• Removal of unfair privilege.
• Ending social inequalities.
Q5. Political liberty needs economic liberty:
• Right to vote and contest.
• People need economic stability to use political rights.
• Poor can be misled or sell votes.
• Poor cannot afford elections.
Q6. Relationship between liberty and equality:
• Liberty without equality is meaningless.
• Too much equality can limit freedom.
• Both need to support each other.