Question 1. Some people argue that inequality is natural...
• Natural inequalities come from physical, mental or emotional differences.
• Social inequalities are created by society due to unequal opportunities.
• Discrimination based on race, colour, gender is created by society.
• Science and technology help reduce natural inequalities.
Question 2. Absolute economic equality is neither possible nor desirable...
• Economic equality means equal chances for all.
• Absolute equality has never existed but democracy gives equal opportunity.
• Economic inequality is difference in income and wealth.
• It widens gap between rich and poor.
• Reducing inequality makes society peaceful.
Question 3. Match the following:
• Affirmative action → Higher bank interest to senior citizens.
• Equality of opportunity → Free education for every child.
• Equal rights → Every adult has right to vote.
Question 4. Government should ensure better price only for small farmers...
• Yes, as small farmers need special support.
• It protects weaker sections.
• It ensures social and economic justice.
Question 5. Which violates equality?
• Reading by turn → Does not violate equality.
• Canada allowing only white Europeans → Violates equality.
• Separate senior citizen counter → Does not violate equality.
• Reserving forest area for some tribes → Violates equality.
Question 6. Arguments for women’s voting rights...
• Women are mothers and deserve respect.
• Women are half of humanity and cannot be denied rights.
• Women must not face gender discrimination.
Very Short Answer 1. What is equality?
• Equal opportunity for all; everyone equal before law.
Very Short Answer 2. Attitude of colonial masters?
• They discriminated against black people and followed apartheid.
Very Short Answer 3. How were women treated earlier?
• They were considered weaker and denied equal rights.
Very Short Answer 4. What is Feminism?
• Belief in equal rights for men and women.
Very Short Answer 5. Political ideal of equality?
• All humans have equal worth, irrespective of race or gender.
Very Short Answer 6. Political equality?
• Equal political rights, one person one vote, right to contest elections.
Very Short Answer 7. Natural needs not unalterable?
• Medical science helps disabled people work efficiently.
• Computers help visually impaired people.
• Cosmetic surgery changes physical appearance.
Very Short Answer 8. How can equality be argued?
• It may increase competition.
• It may reduce incentives.
• It may affect production efficiency.
Very Short Answer 9. Equality before law?
• Article 14 ensures equality before law.
• No discrimination on caste, religion, gender etc.
Very Short Answer 10. Equality vs Uniformity?
• Equality means fair chances.
• Uniformity forces everyone to be the same.
Very Short Answer 11. Kinds of equality?
• Natural equality.
• Social equality.
• Civil equality.
• Political equality.
• Economic equality.
Long Answer 1. Main features of equality?
• No special privileges.
• Equal opportunities.
• Access to basic needs.
Long Answer 2. Political dimensions of equality?
• Equal voting rights.
• Right to contest elections.
• Right to hold public office.
Long Answer 3. Affirmative action reduces inequalities?
• Provides scholarships and hostels to weaker groups.
• Reservation for SC/ST/OBC.
• Creates a just and democratic society.
Long Answer 4. Positive and negative aspects of equality?
• Positive: Equal opportunities; ability development.
• Negative: Removes unfair privileges; removes man-made inequalities.
Long Answer 5. Political liberty needs economic liberty?
• Right to vote, contest, hold office.
• People need money to fully use political rights.
• Poor people may be misled or sell votes.
• Poor cannot afford contesting elections.
Long Answer 6. Relationship between liberty and equality?
• They complement each other: liberty without equality is meaningless.
• Too much equality may limit freedom.
• Political liberty requires political equality.
• Civil liberty requires legal equality.