The hydraulic systems are responsible for moving water, either expelling it or taking it in.

In the end, safety will always be the priority. The hydraulic systems that we find on board are:

Bilge System
BALLAST SYSTEM
FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEM
FERRY BALANCING SYSTEM

We remember that in hydraulic systems, the head provided by the pump is entirely spent.
in the geodetic jump Δz.

Bilge system

All the ships are equipped with a drainage system. Its function is to channel water outwards.
board the water that accumulates on board for one of these reasons:

on board we have 100% humidity, so all the water that for one reason or another
it is present on board does not evaporate.
The loaded cargo is very often soaked with water, either due to exposure to rainwater.
in the days before the loading or due to the very nature of the cargo which is very humid in itself
(e.g. grain).
Being aboard, the environment is warmer than the outside, the humid air inside the ship at
contact with the hull condenses.
Simply because when the hatch is open, the rainwater finds a free path.
entrance.

The sentna system is divided into:

BILGE SYSTEM OUTSIDE ENGINE ASSEMBLY that provides for the drainage of liquid
accumulated in the holds in the case of cargo ships or in the various rooms in the case of passenger ships.
This liquid has chemical and physical characteristics very similar to water, with at most some.
load fraction.

BILGE PUMP SYSTEM WITHIN ENGINE ASSEMBLY that provides for the drainage of the liquid
accumulated in the local engine system. This liquid is composed of water, solid residues and
Hydrocarbons; it obtains a liquid very different from water, it is pollutant and very viscous.
The drainage system outside the engine compartment protects the load from water that accumulates in the
stva.

It is composed of:

Collector located on the diametrical plane inside the hull conduit (watertight area)
A PIT that is closed at the top by a grille and has a valve at the bottom.
at the bottom. The small tanks are generally in a number of 2 and positioned downstream.
near the popular parade having the ships generally with a poop deck and therefore there will be
greater likelihood of filling up. You can also have 4 small wells for stva, stve of a
the same ship can have different well numbers.
BOTTOM VALVE that has the function of non-return. It is of fundamental importance.
since the liquid accumulated in the pit must never flow back into the stva, despite the
the ship's shaft rotors. Moreover, since the bilge system is connected to the environment
External through the SEA OUTLETS, it is important to ensure safety that prevents water ingress.
in the stva and therefore its flooding. During the rolling motion, it may happen that the
the pump's requested flow rate exceeds the limit it can provide as it already is
the flange is negative because the sewage pump is located in the pump room while the
well in the false bottom, if the well "lowers" further then it will occur the
the pumping phenomenon that will push the liquid towards the stva.
They are connected to the collector via the BRANCHETTO.
ISOLATING VALVE for each branch, located in the tube gallery nearby
of the collector, it is an on-off valve and it is also of fundamental importance as
it allows the aspiration of water from the wells only when they are full. Without this
The system could not work if all such valves were open.
pompe dell’impianto sarebbero in comunicazione contuti pozzete quindi, essendoci
surely more than a few empty pits would suck in air and not water as it has
 a specific weight less than water and therefore requires a lower pressure to be
aspirata.
LEVELMETER placed inside each individual well, indicates the presence of water and is
also able to directly activate the system when the pit is full.
The same thing could happen that one well is full and the other is empty.

The command of the system valves of the sentna (including the isolation valves) is logically
positioned remotely, as such valves placed in the double bottoms could never be
manuals.

The sentna pumps are almost always electric pumps, even though they can also be found
pumped directly from an internal combustion engine, which can be a
on-board auxiliary engine or the main one). There are two of them, one in relation to the other. Not
they are never used simultaneously but one will be on standby and will intervene in case of malfunction
of the first one or when it has reached the expected operating hours. The pumps of
these are self-priming pumps (centrifugal by nature), meaning they operate above the water level.
So during the suction phase, they will necessarily inhale air initially, without it being
The presence of liquid in the piping is necessary. The pressures to be met are rather low.
as H= Hu+Δp=Δz+Δp, the pressure losses are minor as the diameter is very
large and the Δz small. Generally, we work with prevalences on the order of 50m.

For small ships, the hydraulic systems are interconnected so that with
a single pump provides multiple services, in order to reduce weight and bulk. For large ships not
there is no longer the interconnection between the various hydraulic systems, except for the interconnection between the system
fire protection and that of fire prevention. In the hope that the fire protection system will never have to
intervention must ensure that it activates at the right moment, they are used
So the sentna pumps. By opening these 6 valves, the sentna pumps can send
water from the sea inlet to the fire outlet.

In case of a leak, it is necessary to remove the water that enters the stove as quickly as possible, otherwise...
the ship is lost. The bilge pumps do not deliver large flows and do not have the capacity to
working for a long time consecutively, the interconnection with the system is therefore mandatory
ballast going to use the sentna piping with the ballast pumps.

The sentna water may be offloaded outside the borders starting from 12 miles from the coast, unless
12 miles out, water can only be landed if it has previously been collected in a tank and purified.

SOLAS regarding the bilge system outside the engine room requires us to:

A minimum of 3 bilge pumps for passenger ships, 2 for cargo ships. For cargo ships with
service criterion (dimensionless number calculated from the ratio of 72 * engine volume)
The volume dedicated to passengers / total volume greater than 30 must have a pump.
independent from the onboard electrical circuit and therefore with an autonomous power source. For ships not
solo con criterio di servizio maggiore di 30 ma anche con lunghezza maggiore di 91,5 m deve aversi
a "soto campana" pump, that is capable of operating even when fully submerged.

The project for the sentna plant is not carried out as the sentna piping is seen.
must also work in emergency conditions using the formulas provided by SOLAS. The
the minimum diameter of the sentna collector is:d=25+
Cmin √
1.68L( B+D) where 1.68 is a factor of
conversion being L, B, D in m and d in mm; the fact that d is a function of L, B, and D means that it
it depends on the potentially floodable volume (the volume of the stva is a function of the total volume)
of the ship). In the calculation of dmin, in addition to the emergency condition, it is also desired to avoid the
cavitation, the sentna pumps will always operate under conditions very close to cavitation
because when it empties, it will also have to aspirate water vapor and air. SOLAS imposes
even if the minimum speed in the piping is 2 m/s under failure conditions (this speed is used
even under ordinary conditions). By fixing me to the SOLAS it is thus setting the minimum capacity.
to have in the system. It does not directly set Qmin for me because measuring the flow requires a
 d2
a venturimeter while a simple detector is used for the speed. In any case, being Q=pi v
4
2
we have that Q=0.0162(25+
min √ D))
L(B+ .

The drain system within the engine unit must discharge the accumulated liquid overboard.
tuta the area of the engine system. However, the liquid is very polluting, so before being
The expelled is collected in a tank, here the "separator of sludge" separates the water from the hydrocarbons,
the water is expelled overboard while the oil is collected in another box that will be
periodically emptied. Here we will not have wells as the points of the motor system are identified.
in which it is more likely that fluids will stagnate by analyzing various longitudinal assets of the ship.
There are at least three points, one near the popular parade of the engine apparatus, another
near the parade will produce the engine system and the third called RAPIDA that empties
emergency. The first ones are connected to the control unit, while the rapid one is directly connected to the
pump. In correspondence with all points of pressure, there is a bottom valve to prevent that the
Fluid escapes from the pipe. The CONTROL UNIT called "clarinet" consists of a battery of
control the individual manual valves. Each single valve of the control unit behaves
like the shut-off valve of the sentna system outside the engine unit. The pump is at
mountain of the clarinet.

Le valvole sono normalmente chiuse, azionando manualmente il volantno si apre solo quella collegata al
suction point from which you want to draw by connecting the suction point and pump in such a way as not to draw air
from the withdrawal points where there is no liquid. The control unit is located in the same room as the pump of
sent out of engine apparatus, ballast and
balancing) that is in the pump room located at the aft of the engine system. The function of the control unit
It is precisely to centralize the system so that a single operator can easily operate it.
sentna pump and open the valve of the withdrawal point from which you want to do sentna. The sentna pump
Within the engine assembly, the CAVALLONA is the only pump of all hydraulic systems to be of type
volumetric as it must operate with a very viscous liquid.

In case of emergency (engine failure causing flooding) the operation of the system
of the engine compartment described is not suitable for quickly emptying the area as the
the power supplied by the horse is not sufficient. The engine room houses a very large volume, still
more than a single beam, in fact the distance between the poppet and the prod of the local engine system is
greater than the distance between the poppet and prod of the stves; the flooding of the engine room
it could therefore be fundamental for the sinking of the ship (even in the case of flooding of the
machine room without sinking of the ship, the economic damage is still significant because in the room
There are many expensive machines and equipment). Consequently, the emptying is carried out
using the largest available pump for the engine system, that is, the pump of the circuit of
cooling of the main engine, it takes seawater and sends it to the heat exchangers
sea water-fresh water.

In case of flooding, a valve called LUPA is activated, submerged in the engine compartment.
The sea intake valve is closed and the drain valve is opened, so the electric pump draws in the water.
from the sea inlet, it is discharged into the heat exchangers to then be offloaded overboard. The wolf is protected by
a bottom valve in such a way that the water does not flow back towards the sewer. Logically this
operation is allowed only in case of emergency, in ordinary situations if we were to aspirate liquid from the
We would send a very viscous liquid through the heat exchangers that would be
So, destroy besides throwing highly polluting liquid overboard. Human life is more precious.
In case of emergency, it is permitted to discharge liquid into the sea.

Il piping di un sistema idraulico è generalmente in vetroresina. La vetroresina è un materiale che riesce ad

to offer mechanical resistance similar to that of metals, but with a weight far less.
mechanical resistance of fiberglass to internal pressure (pressure of the liquid in the pipe) is, as said,
similar to that of steel, the resistance to external stresses (pressure of a liquid that acts
from the outside, for example, ballast on the branch, but also the depression that occurs inside the tube due to
the aspiration) is however low. The fiberglass tubes are therefore reinforced and are certified up to a certain
limit of maximum pressures.