What are quarks?

In particle physics, quarks, along with leptons, are the fundamental constituents.
from matter. Several species of quarks combine in a specific way to form
particles such as protons and neutrons.

Quarks are the only fundamental particles that

interact with the four fundamental forces. The
quarks are particles similar to gluons in weight and
size, this is similar to the force of cohesion that
these particles exert on themselves. They are
spin-1/2 particles, therefore they are fermions.
Together with leptons, they form visible matter.

There are six distinct types of quarks that physicists

particles have been named as follows:

up
down
charm
strange
top and
bottom

They were arbitrarily named based on the need to name them in an easy way.
to remember and use, in addition to the corresponding antiquarks. The strange varieties,
encanto, background and top are very unstable and disintegrated in a fraction of a second
after the Big Bang, but particle physicists can recreate them and study them. The
varieties above and below are indeed maintained, and are distinguished among other things by their load
electric.
In nature, isolated quarks are not found. They are always found in groups.
called hadrons, made of two or three quarks, known as mesons and baryons
respectively. This is a direct consequence of the confinement of color. In the year 2003
experimental evidence of a new association of five quarks, the pentaquark, was found
although its existence is still controversial.

Properties

Quarks are not found free in nature but group together to form hadrons.
These are divided into two types:
Mesons: formed by a quark and an antiquark (pions, kaons,...)
Baryons: composed of three quarks (protons, neutrons,...)
There are 6 types of quarks, each with its flavor, charge, weak isospin, and mass (between
the most important properties.

A list of these properties for each quark would be.

Nombre Símbolo Generación Isospín débil Sabor Carga Masa

up u 1 +½ Iz=+½ +⅔ 1.5 –4.0
down d 1 -½ Iz=-½ -⅓ 4 –8
strange s 2 -½ S=-1 -⅓ 80 –130
charmed (charm) c 2+½ C=1 +⅔ 1150 –1350
bottom b 3 -½ B'=-1 -⅓ 4100 –4400
top t 3 +½ T=1 +⅔ 170900 ± 1800

Along with leptons, quarks make up practically all the matter that we are made of.
surrounded. Specifically, they consist of the first two quarks as they make up protons and
neutrons that in turn form atomic nuclei.

Load

The charge -⅓ or +⅔ of the elementary charge. For this reason, composite particles (baryons
and mesons) have an integer charge. Experimentally (for example in the experiment of the
Millikan's oil drop) there is no information on fractional charges of isolated particles.
The third part of the charge in hadrons is due to the presence of quarks.
Currently, it is unknown why the sum of the charges of the quarks in a proton is
corresponds exactly to that of the electron, a lepton, with opposite sign.

Table

Although the mass of quarks is discussed in the same sense as the mass of
any other particle, the notion of mass for a quark is complicated by the fact that the
quarks cannot be found alone in nature, they are always found accompanied by
a gluon, in general. As a result, the notion of the mass of a quark is a
theoretical construction that makes sense only when it is specified exactly what will be used
for define it.
The approximate chiral symmetry of quantum chromodynamics, for example, allows to define the
ratio between various quark masses through combinations of the masses of the octets
pseudoscalars of mesons in the quark model through chiral perturbation theory,
we have:

The fact that the up quark has mass is important because there was a problem with the
violation CP if they did not have mass. The absolute values of the masses are determined
by the summation rules of spectral functions (or also the summation rules of the
cromodynamics quantum).
Another method to specify the masses of the quarks was used by Gell-Mann and Nishijima in
the quark model that connected the mass of the hadron with the mass of the quarks. These
masses, called constituent quark masses, are considerably different from the
masses previously defined. The constituent masses have no significance
dynamic posterior.
On the other hand, the masses of the more massive quarks, the charm and bottom, were obtained from
the masses of hadrons that contained a heavy quark (and a light antiquark or two quarks
light) and of the analysis of quarkonia. The calculations of lattice quantum chromodynamics
using an effective theory of heavy quarks or non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics are
currently used to determine the mass of those quarks.

The top quark is heavy enough that the perturbation of QCD can be used.
para determinar su masa. Antes de su descubrimiento en 1995, la mejor teoría estimaba que la
The top quark mass could be obtained from the global analysis of precision tests of the model.
standard. The top quark, however, has the only amount of quarks that decay.
before hadronizing. Then, the mass can be directly measured from the products
resulting disintegrated particles. These can only be made in the Tevatron, which is the only one.
particle accelerator with enough energy to produce top quarks in abundance.

Weak isospin
The value of this property for quarks is 1/2, and its sign depends on what type of quark it is.
For the up-type quarks (u, c, and t) it is +1/2, while for the others, called quarks
type d (d, s, b), is of -1/2. According to weak isospin, a type u quark must
to disintegrate to obtain a type d quark and vice versa. Decays between are not allowed.
quarks of the same type. The particles that allow these changes in weak isospin charge
son the bosons W y Z.

Flavor

Difference between fermions and bosons.

Due to the weak interaction, all fermions, and in this case quarks, can change from
type; this change is called flavor. The W and Z bosons are what allow the change
of flavor in the quarks, these bosons are responsible for the weak interaction. Each quark
It has a different flavor that will interact with the bosons in a unique way.
The flavor of the up and down quarks is the weak isospin, as mentioned before. The strange quark,
it will have a quantum number or flavor, homonymous, called strangeness and has the value of -1. For the
enchanted quark is enchanted and has the value of 1; and so on with the other two
as can be seen in the table above.

Color loading
Main article: Color load

Quarks, being fermions, must follow the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle
it implies that the three quarks in a baryon must be in an antisymmetric combination. Without
I embargo the charge Q=2 of the baryon Δ++ (which is one quarter of the isospin Iz = 3/2 of the baryons)
can only be performed by quarks with parallel spin. This configuration is symmetric under
quark exchange, this implies that there is another internal quantum number that allows it to
to form that antisymmetric combination. This property, or quantum number, was called
Color. The color has nothing to do with the perception of the frequency of light, by the
on the contrary, color is the charge wrapped in gauge theory, better known as
cromodynamics quantum.
Color is a gauge symmetry SU(3). Quarks are located in the representation
fundamental 3 and therefore they have three colors, analogous to the three fundamental colors
red, green and blue, hence the name. That is why it is often said that there are 18 types.
of quarks, 6 with flavor and each with 3 colors

Subatomic particle
Diagram of a helium atom, showing twoprotons(in red)twoneutrons(in green) and
twoelectrons(in yellow).

A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than theatom. It could be

oneelementary particle or onecomposed, in turn, by other subatomic particles,
how are thequarks, what they consist ofprotones yneutrons. However, there are other
subatomic particles, both composite and elemental, that are not part of the atom,
as is the case of [Link] are within the quarks

IMPORTANCE OF THE ATOM

The atom is important because it is the essence of things and it is also the smallest part.
of a element chemical is indivisible y no loses sus properties.
that is what I think and for me that is why it is important.