Unit 4

HUMIDIFICATION
Separation processes 2

Team 9:
INTRODUCTION
Humidification and dehumidification operations involve mass transfer.
between a pure liquid phase and a permanent gas that is insoluble in the liquid.
The usual basis for engineering calculations in a gas mass unit free from
vapor, where the word vapor refers to the gaseous form of the component that also
it is present as a liquid, while the gas is the component that is only
present in gaseous form. In this treatment, a mass unit is used as the basis.
steam free. In the gaseous phase, the steam will refer to component A and the gas
permanent as component B. due to the properties of the gas-vapor mixture vary
with the total pressure, it must be fixed. Unless otherwise specified, it
It is assumed that the total pressure is 1 atm. It is also assumed that the gas mixtures and
del vapor siguen laley de los gases ideales.

1. Concepts of humidification and dehumidification.

Humidification
Humidification is an operation that consists of increasing the amount of vapor present.
in a gas current; the vapor can increase by passing the gas through a liquid
that evaporates into the gas. This transfer into the gas stream has
place for diffusion and in the interface there is, simultaneously, transfer of heat and of
subject.
In broad terms, theprocessWhat takes place in the humidification operation is the
next
A stream of hot water comes into contact with a dry air (or with
low moisture content), normally atmospheric air.
Part of the water evaporates, thus cooling the interface.
The liquid's core then releases heat to the interface, and therefore cools down.
At the same time, the evaporated water at the interface is transferred to the air, so it
humidifies.
Dehumidification
Dehumidification is an operation that involves reducing the amount of vapor.
present in a gas flow, through a partial condensation of the vapor, which is
separate.
other concepts related to humidification
. Humidity: it is the mass of vapor that accompanies a unit of mass of free gas.
of vapor. According to this definition, humidity depends only on the pressure.
partial vapor in the mixture when the total pressure is fixed.

. Saturated gas: it is a gas in which the vapor is in equilibrium with the liquid at the
gas temperature. The partial pressure of the vapor in a saturated gas is equal to the
vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature of the gas.

. Relative humidity: it is defined as the ratio between the partial pressure of the vapor and the
vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature of the gas. It is generally expressed
on a percentage basis, so that 100 percent humidity corresponds to
saturated gas and 0 percent humidity corresponds to gas free of vapor.

. Percentage humidity: it is the relationship between the actual humidity and the humidity of
saturation at the gas temperature on a percentage basis. For all the
humidities different from 0 and 100 percent, the percentage humidity is lower than the
relative humidity.

. Humid heat: it is the thermal energy required to raise the temperature of

1 lb or 1 g of gas, plus the vapor that accompanies it, at 1 F° or 1°C.

. Wet volume: it is the total volume of a unit mass of gas free of

vapor, plus the vapor that accompanies it, at 1 atm and at the temperature of the gas.
 . Dew point: it is the temperature to which it is necessary to cool (at constant humidity)
a vapor-gas mixture to saturate. The dew point of a gaseous phase
saturated is equal to the temperature of the gas.

. Total enthalpy: it is the unit mass of gas plus the accompanying vapor.
Total enthalpy is the sum of three terms: the sensible heat of the vapor, the latent heat
from the liquid to T0and the sensible heat of the gas free of vapor.

Bibliography
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Fourth edition - Warren L. McCabe, Julian C.
Smith and Peter Harriot. McGraw-Hill Publishing

[Link]
[Link]#definicioa#ixzz5GNlGyEhv
 2. Calculation of an adiabatic cooling chamber.
The adiabatic humidification corresponds to the process represented in the Figure
23.2, except that the air coming out of the humidifier is not necessarily
saturated and, the design, it is necessary to use velocity equations in order to
calculate the size of the contact area. The water temperatures at the inlet
and output are the same. It is then assumed that the replenishment water enters the
saturation adiabatic temperature and the volumetric area factors aMy
aHthey are identical. The wet and saturation temperatures are equal and
constants. Therefore:

So:

•cs: humid heat

G'ymass velocity of the gas
•Tyglobal gas temperature
•hyheat transfer coefficient between the gas and the surface of the liquid.
•Tsadiabatic saturation temperature
Using cs as the average wet heat for the humidifier, the ec, 23.40 can
integrate to obtain

Where vT = SZT = total contact volume

°m’= G’yS = total dry air flow

An equivalent ec. Based on the transfer of matter for humidification

adiabatic

Hs: saturation humidity

H: global gas humidity
ky: mass transfer coefficient, mol/unit area - fraction unit
molar.
Molecular weight of the component
Since Hs, the saturation humidity at Ts, is constant, this equation can be
integrate in the same way as eq. 24.41
Application of the HTU method. The HTU method can be applied to humidification.
adiabatic. Thus by definition,
Nt: number of humidity transfer units

Based on the definition of Ht and equations 23.42 and 23.43

the number of transfer units can also be defined based on

heat transmission in the following form.
PROBLEM
For a certain process, air with controlled temperature and humidity is required: 15,
000 lb (6804 kg) of dry air per hour with 20% humidity and 130°F (54.4 °C).
This air will be obtained by conditioning air to 20 percent humidity and 70°F (21.1°C).
first heating, then adiabatically humidifying until reaching the humidity
desired and, finally, reheating the humidified air to 130°F. the stage of
humidification will take place in a rain chamber. Assuming that the air that comes out
the rain chamber will be 4°F (2.22°C) above the saturation temperature
adiabatic, calculate:
The temperature at which the air must be preheated
The temperature at which it will exit the rain chamber
The amounts of heat required for each of the two stages of
heating and the volume that the rain chamber should have. Take hylike
85 Btu/piece3-°F (1583 W/m3-°C).

Solution:
The temperature-humidity path of the air through the heaters and the chamber
rain is represented on the section of the humidity chart shown in
Figure 23.14. Air with 20 percent humidity at 130°F has a humidity of 0.022.
The air that comes out of the rain chamber has the same humidity, and the point
representative of it in the humidity chart is located by finding the point
where coordinate H= 0.022 is 4°F from the end of the line of a line of
adiabatic cooling. From the analysis of the chart, it is evident that the
adiabatic line for the process in the rain chamber corresponds to a
temperatura de81°F,y el punto de esta misma línea para H=0.022 y T= 85°F
it represents the air that comes out of the chamber. To reach the cooling line
adiabatic for Ts= 81°F, the air temperature coming out of the preheater must be
ser168°F.
The original humid heat of the air, according to figure 23.3, is 0.241 Btu/lb-°F.
what is required to preheat the air is, therefore:
0.241 x 15000 (168-70) = 354000 Btu/hr
The humid heat of the air coming out of the rain chamber is 0.250 Btu/lb-°F, and the heat
necessary for the new warming is
0.250 x 15000(130-85) = 169000 Btu/hr
The total necessary heat is 354000 + 169000 = 523000 Btu/hr
To calculate the volume of the rain chamber, equation (23.41) can be used.
humid medium is:
cs (0.241 + 0.250) / 2 = 0.2455 Btu/lb of dry air - °F

Substituting in equation (23.41) we obtain

Ln (168-81) / (85-81) = (85 vT) / (15000 x 0.2455)
The volume of the chamber is vT =134 pie3(3.79 m3
ANSWERS

The temperature to which the air should be preheated: 168°F.

The temperature at which it will exit the rain chamber: 81°F
The amounts of heat required for each of the two stages of
calentamiento:354000 Btu/hr y 169000 Btu/hr
total necessary heat: 523000 Btu/hr
the volume that the rain chamber must have: 134 feet3

bibliography:
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Fourth Edition - Warren L. McCabe, Julian C.
Smith and Peter Harriot. McGraw-Hill Publishing
 3. Types of cooling towers.
Industries use cooling towers to improve the comfort of the environment that is
affected by different processes in their plants. As a result, there are different types
cooling towers and each industry selects the one that best suits its needs. There are towers of
cooling for the production of process water that can only be used once,
before its discharge, as well as cooling towers where water can be reused
process.

There are open and closed cooling systems. When a system is closed, the
Water does not come into contact with the outside air when it is closed; when opened, it comes into contact.

Cooling towers are equipment used to cool water in large systems.

volumes, extracting heat from the water through evaporation or conduction. The process
it is economical, compared to other cooling equipment such as heat exchangers
heat, where cooling occurs through a wall.
Classification of types of water cooling towers
Cooling towers in natural circulation
A. Atmospheric: The movement of air depends on the wind and the aspirating effect of the
spray nozzles. They are used in small installations. It depends on the winds
predominant for the movement of air.
B. Natural draft: The necessary airflow is obtained as a result of the difference in
densities, between the colder outside air and the humid air inside the tower. They use
tall chimneys to achieve the desired draft. Due to the immense size of these
towers are widely used in thermal power plants.
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
The hot water that reaches the cooling tower can be distributed through nozzles.
sprinklers or compartments that allow the flow of water to pass down through some
holes. The air used to cool the hot water is extracted from the tower, in any of
the following two forms:
 Induced Draft: Air is drawn through the tower by a fan located
at the top of the tower. They are the most used.
2. Forced draft: Air is pushed by a fan located at the bottom of the tower and is
download from the top. These towers are particularly subject to
recirculation of hot and humid air that is discharged, within the intake of
fan, due to the low discharge speed and that materially reduces the
effectiveness of the tower. The induced draft with the fan at the top of the
Tower avoids this and also allows for a more uniform internal air distribution.
Crossflow cooling towers
The air enters the sides of the tower, flowing horizontally through the falling water. The
Side air currents join in an internal passage and exit the tower from the top.
cross-flow towers require more air and have a lower operating cost than the
towers against the current.

Bibliografía:
[Link]
Cooling towers or cooling towers are structures used to dissipate waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a coolant to a lower temperature. This process is often used in industrial plants, power plants, and HVAC systems to improve efficiency and maintain operational integrity.
 4. Design of a cooling tower with a fan

Packing height design method

As a preliminary step to this design, the material and type of filling were chosen, using
as a favorable criterion the appropriate dimensions for the laboratory unit.
The mass transfer rate, expressed through the coefficients for
the type of packaging also determines the thermal demand and the liquid relation
gas.
Based on the selection of the type of filler, the characteristic curve is defined.
determined by the dimensionless relationship established by Merkel, which relates to the
driving force or gradient that favors the mass transfer of the vapor of
water in the air with the characteristic transfer coefficient of the type of packing,
how does the following equation describe:

The transfer coefficient Kxaand the pressure drop in the fill are
determined by correlations reported by Goshayshi and Misenden
for the type of packaging

which are valid for a water flow per unit area L' of (0.45-0.22)
kg/m s2.
Psychometry was used to estimate the wet bulb conditions, through
iterative tests taken as the first estimate the convergence TBS by
the psychrometric equation, which measures the saturation temperature of
environment, that is 100% relative humidity

Heat exchanger design method

Metodo de diferencia media logaritmica
For any type of heat exchanger to be designed, the unknown is the area of the
exchange, which finally sets the size of the team, its weight in material and the
number of pipes.
The transfer area calculation was performed using the LMTD method.
The parameter Y describes the overall heat transfer rate and depends on the
nature of the flows, Tmlit is the logarithmic mean temperature and A is the area of
desired heat transfer, and are determined in this design through the
equations 6 and 7 for:
1" tubes with internal diameter in stainless steel AISI 304
The primary fluid is the water that enters at 28°C.
The secondary fluid is water vapor provided by a fire-tube boiler.
30 BHP.

The logarithmic temperature variation represents the average difference in Kelvin.

which presents a correction factor Fc, whose value depends on the heat exchanger and
which in our case is graphically found for the configuration type 1-2 of
simple pass exchanger based on the values X and Y.

For each case, knowing the heat capacity of the fluid to be heated, its mass and
the temperature to which it is desired to reach, the power to be trained can be calculated at
Kw to achieve the temperature increase, as follows:

By equalizing this heat flow from equation 10 in the cold and hot currents, it
determine the steam outlet temperature and finally the transfer area
from which the length of pipes at the bottom of the casing is deduced.
Design of the water and air distribution system
Conceptual design of piping, fittings or pumping power:
In order to select the pump for the water recirculation in the tower of
cooling, the total dynamic height Hm is determined, the terms
corresponding to a mechanical energy balance, plus the terms
corresponding to primary losses, due to friction, and secondary
generated by the accessories.

Selection of size and type of ventilation

the selection of the required fan is made based on its characteristics
functional, such as airflow capacity (m)3/min) and of the total head, carried out
by the same to the standard conditions, according to the AMCA (American Air Moving and
conditioning Association Inc.).
known the capacity demand, q, and the static pressure, Ps, through the
Equation 13 determines the static power. APE, for the handling of air and
equation 14 the motor power based on efficiency.

The efficiency of the fan directly depends on the size or diameter of the
fan
Materials and supplies
The internal units of the cooling tower were chosen based on the
research and contact made with manufacturing companies of this equipment
in which EDOSPINA S.A. is chosen for its certified experience in towers
cooling.
Bibliography
[Link]