Control Valves in the

Industrial Processes

Facilitador: T.S.U Franklin A. Calanche

 Control valves

Valve of
Position control

Self-regulated

Performed with Valves of

energy block

Valves of
VALVES relief

Performed
manually
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Globe

Movement
Gate
linear
Diaphragm
VALVES
Segmented ball
Ball
Complete ball
Movement
rotary Butterfly
Cylindrical
Stopper
Spherical
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MANUAL VALVES

A manual valve is used to manipulate the flow

of a fluid in a pipeline. The main requirement is of
step and close. Use a manual mechanical device,
like a rotating flyer or lever, to move from
position the valve stem.
The general names of some valves for this
the service is:
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Shut-off valves:
They are valves that are normally open, for
allow a full flow, they can be closed to divert the
flow or to isolate a equipment for maintenance.

Vent valves:
They are usually placed at the highest point of a pipe,
container or other equipment to allow the discharge of
vapors or gases. Almost all processes need for
at least, a vent valve to expel the air
during the startup and to discharge the vapors of
process before inspection and maintenance.
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Drain valves:
They are installed at a low point in the pipe,
container or other equipment to discharge the liquids from the
system. Under normal conditions, they are closed and only
they work occasionally.

Purge valves:
They are small and are placed in systems where
wait for a closure once in a while while they are
subjected to pressure. The purge valves allow
safely relieve the pressure in an isolated system
before opening it for inspection or maintenance.
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Valve of Valve
Purge Butterfly

Valve of Valve of
vent or relief Ball
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Control Valves

A control valve is an orifice of area

continuously variable, this means that it produces a
certain pressure drop in the line where it is installed
having a direct relationship with the fluid flow to
through the valve.

Its function is to control the flow of a fluid through

a pipe through a piston or rod
Control valves
 Control valves

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A VALVE

OF CONTROL
A control valve is basically made up of
the actuator and the body.

Actuator

Device or mechanism that transforms a signal into

a movement to control the position of the mechanism
of internal regulation (stem) of the control valve.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ACTUATORS
Piston Pneumatic Actuator
Actuator that allows for movements with force
in both directions, it is usually accompanied by a
positioner or a suitable inversion mechanism. It
they apply in case where the need for effort and
speed is high, they use a supply between 50 -
150 psig.
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Electric Actuator

Device whose direct driving force is obtained by

by means of an electric motor which acts directly
about the stem. The electric motor operates the stem of the
valve through a gear system. The
electric actuators are used in ON-OFF valves. The
technical literature uses the initials MOV (Motor Operated)
Valve), to assign this motor valve set.
 Control valves

Hydraulic Actuator
Uses a hydraulic fluid as a means of transportation of
drive force. The usual form of a hydraulic actuator is
a double-acting cylinder. The hydraulic fluid
coming from an external source is injected by a
part of the piston and released from the other side through a
pilot valve or using a piping arrangement.

Hydraulic actuators are characterized by the

enormous forces that can be handled
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Electric Actuator Hydraulic Actuator

Piston Actuator
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BASIC COMPONENTS OF A VALVE

OF CONTROL
A control valve is basically made up of
the actuator and the body.

Actuator

Device or mechanism that transforms a signal into

a movement to control the position of the mechanism
of internal regulation (stem) of the control valve.
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ACTION OF PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS

Direct Action Pneumatic Actuator

If the control signal acts by compressing the spring and

pushing the rod down, it is said that the
the actuator is of direct action.
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Connection of
Air Snacks
Superior and
Inferior
Diaphragm Plate
Diaphragm
Resort

Spring Seat

Yoke you
Fork
Indicator of
Route Scale
Indicator of
Tour
Stem
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Inverse Action Pneumatic Actuator

If the control signal acts on the diaphragm

compressing the spring but driving the rod towards
Above, it is said that the actuator is of reverse action.
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Cover
Superior/Inferior

Diaphragm

Diaphragm plate
Air Connection Resort

Spring Seat Yoke you

Fork
Travel Indicator Indicator Scale
Stem of Tour
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THE BODY IN A CONTROL VALVE

He is responsible for manipulating the fluid supplied to the

process. It is the component that is installed directly
in the process line. Inside it contains the entry,
stopper and accessory set.

The body of the valve must withstand the temperature and the
fluid pressure, it must have an appropriate size for the
flow that must be handled and resistant to erosion and
corrosion produced by the fluid.
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Estopa Press

Gaskets
Connection of
the Greaser Bonnet or Collar

Caps Seat

Body
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TYPES OF BODIES

Different types of valve bodies are manufactured

control, because these depend on their application.

The body of the control valves can have a

single seat or double seat, that is, the fluid has to
pass through one or two holes.

Basically, the bodies of the valves can be

divide, considering those valves intended for
control in:
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Simple Seat Globe Type

Its construction is distinguished by the control of flow.
through a linear movement of the rod, with one or
more fluid passages that usually have shape
globular at the height of said passages.
They are mainly used when a
hermetical closure.
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Double Seat Globe Type

The advantage of this type of body lies in the reduction of
the forces required from the actuator because the
The pressure acting on the plug is balanced.
Double seat valves need a force of
relatively small actuator.
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Type Globe Reversible Body

It is a type of body that can be inverted, achieving that
when the stem is lowered, the valve opens instead of closing, that is
The action of the control valve can be changed.
To make this investment, you have to exchange the
seats, the stopper from one end to the other of the stem and the
bottom cover of the body.
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Butterfly Type
It consists of a cylindrical body with a disk that
rotates around an axis that is installed perpendicularly to
axis of the cylinder. This type of body when activated
by a pneumatic actuator, the movement of the rod
it transforms into a rotary motion. They are used
when a minimal drop in pressure is needed or
when the process line is of large diameter.
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Type Three Ways

This type of valve body is used where it is
necessary to control two flows with a single valve; for
example in the case of mixing two flows or for dividing into
give a flow.
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Saunders type
It is advisable in those applications where
they handle viscous or corrosive liquids, or that contain
suspended solids, also when it is desired that
seal hermetically.
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THE PLUG IN THE CONTROL VALVES

Device that allows changing the size of the opening

passes through the body of the valve and regulates the fluid of
according to a specific characteristic of the process. The
the position of the stopper is between the closed position and the
open position and varies continuously to control the
fluid according to the process requirements.
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TYPES OF CORKS
V-Shaped Profile Stopper or Isoporcentual
This type of stopper produces equal characteristics.
percentage. They tend to vibrate when they are 4" or larger,
especially for gas and steam service.

Profile on 'V' Profile on 'V'

Double Plug Simple Stopper
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Parabolic Stopper
They are used for low flows because a is needed
relatively large stopper route to change the
flow.
Taking the V-shaped profile plug as a starting point, it
develops the modified linear or parabolic characteristic.

Parabolic Parabolic
Double Stopper Simple Stopper
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Quick Opening Plug

This type of plug maintains a linear relationship between the
flow and its opening to about 70% of its
route, although the stopper is designed in such a way that it
obtain a maximum flow with a small path.
It is frequently used in ON control systems.
OFF (two positions) among others.

Quick Opening Quick Opening

Double Plug Simple Stopper
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TRIM IN A CONTROL VALVE

It is the geometric outline of the internal parts of the
valve that is in direct contact with the fluid.

Objectives of TRIM
Oto obtain a desired relationship between the movement of the stopper
regarding the flow and the quantity that the valve allows to pass.

Mminimize some unwanted forces that are exerted on the

valve.
Mminimize the effects of erosion, cavitation, vaporization and
corrosion.
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Reduced Trim in control valves

A reduced TRIM allows a control valve
I worked with reduced capacity through a port of
smaller than normal. The manufacturers have
this capacity reduction has been normalized
approximately 40% maximum.
Some reasons to reduce the capacity of a valve
of control are:

Dto dispose of bodies of sufficiently large sizes

to accommodate capacity increases in the future, but
with plugs designed for current conditions.
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Dexpose bodies with sufficiently large ports

to reduce the fluid speed at the inlet and outlet
from the valve.
Eavoid the use of reducers in the lines.
Ppossibility of correcting errors due to overdesign.
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CHARACTERISTIC CURVES IN THE

Control Valves
It is the relationship that exists between the position of the shutter
(opening fraction) and the flow rate through the
valve.
It is usually represented considering as abscissas.
the shutter speed and how to arrange the percentage of
maximum flow at a constant differential pressure.
The characteristic curves are obtained by machining the
shutter so that when varying the travel, the variable aperture
between the shutter contour and the seat configure the
characteristic of the valve.
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Characteristics of Inherent Flow

It is the characteristic of an incompressible fluid flowing
under conditions of constant differential pressure across
the valve.
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Linear Feature
Equal increments of travel determine equal
flow variations.
Its mathematical expression is:

( Q / Qmax) = (∆S/ SS)with a constant ∆p

Where:
SInstrument signal.

QFlow corresponding to any signal S.

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QmaxFlow corresponding when the valve is

completely open.

∆SVariation corresponding to the instrument's signal

(Sc– S).

Sc Signal of the instrument corresponding to the position

for closing the valve.

SoSignal of the corresponding instrument to the position

of the valve opening.
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S Instrument signal.
SsSignal amplitude of the instrument (So Sc)
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V-shaped profile or Isoporcentual

In this type of feature, each increase in the
shutter travel determines flow variations
always maintaining the same percentage of flow
existing. Its mathematical expression is:

( Q / Qmax) / R (∆S / S ) - 1

Where:

SInstrument signal.
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QFlow corresponding to any signal S of the

instrument
QmaxFlow corresponding when the valve is
completely open.
∆SVariation corresponding to the signal of the instrument (Sc
-
Sc Signal from the instrument corresponding to the position of
valve closure.
So Signal from the corresponding instrument to the position of
valve opening.
 Válvulas de control

S Instrument signal.
SsSignal amplitude of the instrument (So– Sc)
RRangeability (measurement dynamics)
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Quick Opening Feature

This type of feature produces maximum variation.
from flow through the valve with minimum travel. This
characteristic allows the passage of almost the entirety of the
flow with a small opening of 25% of the travel
total of the shutter. It cannot be defined mathematically.
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INSTALLATION FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

The installed flow characteristic describes the

valve behavior while it is in service
(real conditions), where the pressure drop to
It varies through its opening and other changes in
the system.
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The control valve is installed in the process, its

the inherent flow characteristic undergoes alterations, due to
that the real curve relating the path to the flow is
apart from the inherent flow characteristics already
studied, generating a new curve that receives the
installed flow feature name.

The pressure differential∆pvaries (is no longer constant),

It depends on the pipe's resistances, of the
characteristics of the pumps, tanks of the process between
others.
∆p=f(pipe resistances, characteristics of the)
pumps, process tanks
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Coefficient "α"
Factor that allows measuring the influence of a characteristic
of installed flow.

α=ΔPv min (valve fully open)

∆Pv max (valve at the smallest opening)
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Delta PT =∆PV+∆PL

Whenα = 1it means that all the pressure drop is

focuses on the valve regardless of the flow that
circle, therefore the line has no influence on the
flow characteristic. Lower values ofα they will indicate a
growing incidence of installation.

If the inherent flow characteristic were linear, it

tends to quick opening according to the relationshipα reduce,
while the inherent characteristics equal percentage and
parabolic tends to linear as it increasesα.
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In conclusion, it can be said that if one takes into account

that the installed linear flow characteristic is the
better solution for process stability, in the
in most cases the best choice would be a
inherent flow characteristic of equal percentage type or the
of the parabolic type, as they exhibit a trend, a
once installed, towards the linearization.

The importance of characterizing a control valve is

to compensate for the changes and maintain stability in
a process and keep the product consistent.
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Flow characteristic Flow characteristic

installed, using a installed, using a
flow characteristic flow characteristic
inherent type equal percentage. inherente tipo parabólica.
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HERMETICITY IN CONTROL VALVES

The escape class must be determined according to the

service application. The standard governing the tightness of
the control valves is FCI 70-2 (Fluids Control Institute)
and is made up of the classesI-III, IV, V and VI.

The circumference of the seat is defined as the point of

contact between the plug and the seat when the valve is
found completely closed.
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CLASS FORCE REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE

VALVE CLOSED

I - III According to the seller's recommendation

5.4 Kgf/mm or 300 Lbf/inch of circumference

IV from the seat

8.9 Kgf/mm or 500 Lbf/inch of circumference

V of the seat

VI According to the seller's recommendation

17.9 Kgf/mm or 1000 Lbf/inch of circumference

MSS-SP-61
of the seat.
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ACTION OF A CONTROL VALVE

The action of a control valve is generally
defined as Air To CloseA.P.C) or Air To Open
(A.P.A)
The [Link] applying air to the actuator this
open, it closes when air is applied to the diaphragm or is
it opens when air is removed from the diaphragm due to the action
of the spring.
The [Link] applying air to the actuator this
closed, it opens when air is applied to the diaphragm or
closes when air is removed from the diaphragm due to the
spring action.
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For non-reversible body valves, the action Air

para Cerrar it is obtained with a direct pneumatic actuator,
and for the valvesAir To Openwith pneumatic actuator
inverse.

The choice of the valve action,Air To Openo

Air to CloseIt depends on the position that must be taken.
valve in case of air failure to cause the least
possible damage to the equipment and the process.
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CONSIDERATIONS ON PROTECTION
AGAINST FAILURE

Control valves must be designed to have

failure protection to meet requirements
operational and security.

The protection against failure means the position in which it

the valve remains after the interruption of the
actuator power supply, whether pneumatic, electronic or
electric
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Pneumatic Actuator of Pneumatic Actuator of

Direct Action Inverse Action
APC APC

Pneumatic Actuator of Pneumatic Actuator of

Direct Action Inverse Action
APA APA
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Objectives of Protection against Failure in

Chemical Processes
Cfeed the process.

Ethermal energy source.

Rreduce the operating pressure of the system.

If the previous objectives are not achieved, it has:

Aincrease in the speed of chemical reactions with
consequent increases in temperature and pressure.
 Control valves

Ploss of valuable products.

Swaste discharge through the relief system.

Ppossible damage to the equipment due to burning, hot spots,

carbonization or breaking.

Ppossibility of injuries to personnel.

 Válvulas de control

Type of Action of the Fault Symbol

Process Valve Safe
Nutrition for Air to Open Closed
burners of
boilers

Nutrition for Air to Close Open

Columns of
Subdivision

Steam Supply to Air to Open Closed

a kettle
Exit in a Tank Air to Close Open
of reflux

Feeding to Air to Open Closed

reactors
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DIMENSIONING OF A VALVE OF
CONTROL
Sizing a control valve is selecting
correctly the diameter of the hole so that it allows
let the necessary flow pass through a pipe.

A correct sizing provides a better

operation of the valve and makes the control loop
effectively fulfill its objective.

By the year 1944, the valve manufacturer Masoneilan

introduced the concept of CV or KV with the purpose of
normalizar el cálculo del dimensionamiento.
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DEFINICIÓN DE “CV” Y “KV”

Curriculum Vitaeit
is the water flow in gal/min and at a temperature of
60 °F passes through the valve completely
open causing a pressure drop of 1 psi.

Kvit is the flow of water in m3/h and at a temperature of

15 °C that goes through the valve completely
open producing a pressure drop of 1Kg/cm2.

1 Cv = 1.17 Kv and 1 Kv = 0.86 Cv

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FACTORS FOR DIMENSIONING OF

A control valve
Poperational sessions
Cpressure drop in the valve
Caudal

Tpressure temperature and design

Cflow characteristics and rangeability

Gspecific gravity
Cvapor quality
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FORMULAS USED IN THE

DIMENSIONING OF A VALVE OF
CONTROL
Recommended Formulas
Liquids:
_______
Cv = QL*√GL/∆P
QLFlow gpm
∆P: Pressure differential (P1-2)
GLSpecific gravity for the liquid
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Gases:
GGT
Cv =
QG
963 √ ∆P (Pa1– Pa2)

QG= Flujo (SCFG)

∆P = Pressure Drop

GGSpecific gravity of the gas

T = Absolute temperature
 Control valves

Vapor:

√
W V2
Cv = 63.4
(∆P)

W = Vapor in Lbs/hr
∆P = Maximum differential pressure (P1-P2)

V2Specific volume
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CAVITATION AND FLASHING PHENOMENA

To maintain a constant flow in the

in the vicinity of the restriction the speed must
increase as the area decreases.

The vena contracta in a control valve is the point

where the flow velocity reaches a point
immediately after the minimum area, that is to the
valve outlet, corresponding to a minimum point
pressure. After the vena contracta, the liquid begins
to decrease its speed and increase the pressure.
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Normal Condition
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VAPORIZATION (FLASHING)
In this type of phenomenon, the fluid enters the valve and the
static pressure in the vena contracta decreases below
from the vapor pressure of the fluid, the outlet pressure is
also lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid. In this
the fluid enters the valve as liquid and exits
like steam.
 Control valves

Cavitation
It occurs in a valve when the pressure drop to
through the hole first results in a decrease in
pressure below the vapor pressure of the fluid and then
this pressure is recovered above the vapor pressure,
forming a bubbling of steam and its disappearance at the
valve outlet.
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ACCESSORIES IN A CONTROL VALVE

Positioners
The positioner is an accessory whose purpose is
compensate for the unbalanced forces acting on a
valve and that influence the position of the rod and make
that the control be erratic.

It is a device similar to a controller

proportional and its function is to compare the output signal of the
controller with the position of the valve stem.
 Control valves

When to use a positioning tool

Cwhen there is a delay in high-capacity actuators.

Ffriction of the stem due to the packing.

Ffriction due to viscous or sticky fluids.

Cwhen the response of the valve - positioner set is
much faster than the process itself.

Rreduces hysteresis and improves linearity.

Cwhen batch gamma control is required.

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Pneumatic Positioner
Control valves
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Electro-Pneumatic Positioner
The Positioner receives an electronic signal of 4 - 20
it comes from the controller and converts it into a signal
pneumatics of 3 - 15 psi. It behaves like a converter
I/P.
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INTELLIGENT POSITIONER
It is an electronic device based on
microprocessors that offer benefits from a
digital programming to achieve a better benefit in the
valve control position.
One advantage of the smart positioner is that it can
to be programmed to use a control algorithm
position to achieve a better dynamic response than a
conventional pneumatic positioner.
An intelligent positioner must contain
initially information about the process fluid (liquid,
gas or vapor), inherent characteristic flow density,
entre otros.
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Advantages of the Smart Positioner

CPID control and advanced algorithms

Ccorrection of the actuator dynamics

Chysteresis compensation

SIt is possible to perform valve diagnosis remotely, without

have to set the control to manual mode.

CCorrection of the valve characteristic curve.

Control valves
 Control valves

INTELLIGENT CONTROL VALVES

A smart valve is a valve with a
smart positioning device, having control capability,
It is made up of pressure and temperature sensors.
installed in the body of the valve.
The purpose of the sensors is to sense the pressure of
upstream / downstream process and the temperature of
fluid through the smart positioner, also
there is another sensor that determines the position of the rod,
thus allowing to determine the amount of flow through
from the valve. The sensors are installed near the
input and output of the flanges.
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Brida
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Limit Switch
It is used to electrically indicate the position of the
valve, as well as to act on other elements such as
electro-valves.
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Solenoid Valve

It is a valve that operates based on signals.

electric currents that excite a coil and allow to move a
stem and in that way it allows or does not allow fluid to pass.

It is used as a security device since in

absence of tension is released passing to the function
of security using the opening or not of the valve
given the conditions of the control loop.
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Air outlet to
actuator

Entry of
air

Escape to the
atmosphere
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Manual Steering Wheel

They are considered as a backup or alternative to the medium.

of power that energizes the actuator.
They are manufactured as gearboxes to allow for
clutch or disengagement to the actuator.
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LIST OF REFERENCES
Arroyo, A. (2000).Specifications of vvalves of
[Link] Valve Division, Masoneilan Operations.

Boger, H. (1999).Smart valves. Flow conditioning

technology.

Faculty of Engineering University of Buenos Aires.

(2001).Control valves.

Foxboro:[Link]

Fisher:[Link]/fisher/
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Fisher.(1997).Control valveHandBook.
Breen, R. (1999).Valve, selection, use and maintenance.

Headley, M. (2003).Guidelines for selecting the proper

valve, characteristic.

Masoneilan:[Link]

Pemex. (2005). Oil Standardization Committee

Mexicans and subsidiary organizations. Actuators for
valves.
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University of León. (2004-2005). Automatisms

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Vignoni, J. (2005).Control Valves. Instrumentation and

Industrial Communications.

Yamatake-Honeywell. (1973).Control Valves.