Introduction

In the present work, we will present various points related to the main ideas of what it is.
force and motion, from the thoughts of the Great Aristotle, through Galileo, up to the
Newton's laws, which are the accepted theories of contemporary times. Within this work also
We will refer to the life of the important English physicist, Isaac Newton.
We will explain, with everyday examples from the life of any of us, the three theories or laws.
posed by Newton. This will make our work understandable for all kinds of people, from the
viewpoints from minimal requirements to more advanced ones, so that any type of person
realize how forces act in our daily lives.
But the most important thing is through this work, to learn clearly, entertainingly, and in a summarized way all that
that we have mentioned earlier throughout this introduction.
Well, that's all about the introduction, I hope our work meets your expectations as we took
a long time and we put a lot of effort into searching for all information in books in order to present a good
work.
General objectives
1.- Above all, through this report, we want to showcase everything we have learned within our
research in order to make it clear to ourselves and to those who read the work, various knowledge about
Force, Motion and Newton's Laws.
2.- We also want to explain the evolution that this branch of physics has undergone over the years, in
Regarding the beliefs and theories that man has had about this, starting with the master Aristotle,
following Galileo, and reaching up to the beliefs held in our days, imposed by the great genius
Isaac Newton's English physics.
3.- The last of our three objectives is to explain through simple examples, easy to understand for
all kinds of people, the three laws or theories of Newton. We will achieve this by citing some examples of these
laws that occur in our daily lives.
Next, please turn the page and enjoy the entertaining report.
Who was Isaac Newton?
The great mathematical physicist who formulated the basic laws of mechanics, named Isaac Newton, was born in the
Christmas of 1642 was the same year as the death of the great Galileo Galilei. Newton was born in a small town of
England. His education was under the care of his grandmother, this fact makes it clear the lack of affection that Newton had,
this lack of affection had a significant influence on what his personality was like, a shy, introspective young man, and to a certain extent
point, intolerant, what characterized him as an adult.
 His passion, since he was little, has been small toys and mechanical devices, and apparently this too.
he had a great academic ability for mathematics. Once when he was growing up, he spent long hours on
the trees, absorbed in readings of all kinds.
At the age of 18, an uncle sent him to study at Trinity College of Cambridge University, near London.
This university initially dedicated itself to the study of mathematics, proving to be an excellent student.

1.-Force
1.1-Concept: When making any type of muscular effort to pull or push an object, we are
communicating force. For example, a locomotive exerts force to pull the cars of a train, or like a jet
Water exerts force to operate a turbine, just as man has always had it, perhaps even without
to know it, an intuitive idea of what force is.
With these examples, we must conclude that for the effect of a force to be well defined, it is necessary
specify its magnitude, direction, and sense. In other words, the force, having these characteristics, can be
defined as a vector physical quantity, therefore it can be represented with a vector.
It is not always necessary to have contact between two bodies to exert a force, this is very easy to
demonstrate, for example, the attraction of a magnet to a nail, or the force exerted by the earth on a body
(gravity), in neither of these two cases do the objects need to be in contact when exerting the force.
As we all know, in physics it is very difficult to define a concept with concrete words, so we
we have mostly based it on examples.
1.2-How is it possible for us to measure a force?
When any force is applied to a spring, it stretches and deforms. This fact is used
to evaluate or measure force. All physical magnitudes have some unit of measurement. In the case of force,
The conventionally chosen measure is called Kilogram-Force (kgf). The kgf is equivalent to the weight.
from one kilogram standard at sea level and at 45 degrees latitude.
To calibrate an instrument for measuring force, we must hang weights of 1kgf, 2kgf, 3kgf, etc., and make a
mark at each of those points. In this way, this graduated and calibrated spring is called
Dynamometer.
Another unit of measurement for force, widely used by science today, is the Newton (N). Very
approximately 1kgf is equal to 9.8n, therefore the force of one newton is roughly equivalent to the weight of
0.1 kgf. That is all regarding the measure of force.
1.3-Force throughout History:
Aristotle: The philosopher Aristotle, when analyzing the relationships between forces and movement, believed that a body
it could only remain in motion when there was a force acting on it continuously. From this
so that if a body were at rest and no force acted upon it, it would remain at rest,
when a force is exerted on the body, it would move only then, but when the action ceases, the
the body would return to rest. These statements would seem correct at first glance, as in our daily life
We observe that objects in general are only in motion when they are being pulled or pushed.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Aristotle's ideas were accepted without a thorough analysis.
Critiques of these theories of Aristotle only emerged when Galileo, another important thinker,
he proposed, within the seventeenth century, ideas more accurate than what we know today as force and its principles.
Galileo: With the introduction of the experimental scientific method, the study of physical phenomena was carried out by Galileo.
series of experiments that led him to conclusions more accurate than those of Aristotle himself.
While resting, a sphere on a horizontal surface, Galileo observed that by pushing it with a certain force it
it set in motion, on the other hand, and unlike Aristotle, observed that the sphere continued moving and
traveling a certain distance even after he stopped pushing it. Thus Galileo proved that an object could be
in motion without the permanent action of a constant force or that pushed it.
When he repeated the experiment using a smoother horizontal surface, he observed that the body, after stopping,
force action, traveled a greater distance than the previous experiment. Based on a series of experiments
similar, Galileo concluded; that a body came to a stop after having ceased to be propelled by the effect of the
friction between the surface and the body which always acts to slow down and stop its movement so that if
If it were possible to completely eliminate friction, the body would continue to move indefinitely, this is what is
It is called Uniform Rectilinear Motion.
1.4 - Inertia.
Two experiments by Galileo led him to attribute to all bodies a property called inertia, by which
a body tends to remain in its state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion. In other words
When a body is at rest, it tends, due to inertia, to remain still and only by the action of a force can it move.
to exit this state. If a body is in motion without any force acting on it, the object tends to
inertia to move in a straight line at constant speed. The action of a force will be needed to increase or
decrease its speed or to make it veer to one side or another.
[Link] LAWS OF NEWTON.
2.1- First law of Newton:
In the absence of the action of forces, a body at rest will remain at rest, and one in motion will continue to move.
straight line and with constant speed
In writing and structuring the principles of mechanics, the important physicist Isaac Newton relied on all the
studies conducted by other physicists who preceded him, among them is Galileo. Thus it can be pointed out that the
Newton's first law is nothing more than a simple synthesis of Galileo's ideas regarding inertia and for this.
the same reason this law of Newton is also referred to as the law of inertia.
2.2- Second law of Newton:
The acceleration that a body acquires is directly proportional to the resultant of the forces acting on it.
and has the same direction and the same sense as that resultant.

A body subjected to the action of several forces, f1, f2, f3, etc., is it possible to replace the system of forces with a
resultant unique force. The acceleration that the body will acquire after the action of this system of forces is
It obtains as if the body were subjected to the action of a single force equal to the resultant. The second law
Newton's law is one of the basic laws of mechanics and is used in the study of the movements of bodies.
celestial bodies and in other studies. It is known that Isaac Newton himself applied it to study the movements of the
planets and the great success achieved constituted one of the first confirmations of this law.

2.3-Third law of Newton.

When body A exerts a force on body B, it reacts on A with a force of the same magnitude.
magnitude, same direction but opposite sense.

In his studies, Newton was able to verify that in the interaction of two bodies, the force will always appear in
For every action of one body upon another, there will always be an equal and opposite reaction of the latter upon the former.
first. With all these observations, Newton was able to synthesize the statement of his third law, also known as
like "Law of action and reaction".

The two forces mentioned in the statement of Newton's third law are called action and reaction.
any of them can be equally considered as the force of action or reaction. It is observed that the
action is applied and therefore acts on one of the bodies and the reaction acts on the body that exerts the
action, this means that the forces of action and reaction are applied to different bodies.

3-APPLICATION
3.1-Application of Newton's first law or the law of inertia.
We could exemplify Newton's first law through a simple example present in our lives.
daily.
For example, a person sitting in the back of a vehicle traveling at an average speed of
60km/h. This vehicle when turning to one side will cause the person located in the back to
store to continue straight ahead, so it will move across the seat from one side to the other (like what we
we know the butter) will move from one side to the other following its previous path of movement, but the friction
The surface of the seat will prevent its movement from being prolonged excessively.

3.2-Second Law of Newton in Application:

A daily example of what is known as Newton's second law can be something as simple as that two
subjects, A and B where A has greater strength than B, and they push a table, pushing subject A towards the East
and subject B towards the North. By summing the forces we will obtain a resultant equal to the movement and acceleration of the
table. Therefore, the table will move in the Northeast direction but with a greater inclination towards the East since the subject
A exerts more force than subject B.

3.3-Third Law of Newton in its Application:

An example for this case could be a man pushing a table. In this case, the man exerts a force f1.
and the table in this case reacts and pushes the person with a force f2. To make this easier to understand
For example, imagine that the subject and the table have the same mass and are on a smooth surface without friction, in this
In this case, we would observe that both the table and the person would move in the same direction but in opposite senses.
opposite.
Conclusions
We believe that the best conclusion that can be drawn from a work like this is that strength is
present in our lives at every moment even if we never think about it or simply do not realize it.
Additionally, with this work we were able to learn better about what a force is, we learned from the concept.
same even how to measure them, and exactly how the forces act in our daily life, even in the
simpler things, force is present in any situation that involves movement. Thanks to the development of
this report, now we know some of the theories that have existed throughout humanity about
the force, the ideas of Aristotle, Galileo Galilei, and finally the English physicist Isaac Newton, and in this way
to know and learn specifically what the theories about force are that are current today.
Laws of Classical Mechanics Principles of inertia and mass Newton's Law
Laws of Classical Mechanics Principles of inertia and mass Newton's Law

1) FIRST PRINCIPLE: INERTIA

Stationary bodies remain stationary unless a force is applied to make them start moving.
Objects in motion remain in motion unless acted upon by a force to stop them.
The principle of inertia is as simple as saying that to change the velocity of a body, it is necessary to apply it
a force, to do something to it, to interact with it. In this way, if a body is moving at a certain speed in
a determined direction, it will continue in that direction and at the same speed unless we disturb it. Bodies do not
they change their velocity (direction and speed) if they do not receive any force.
In Aristotelian physics, among the natural movements was the free fall of a stone. The fall
It was due to the fact that the stone had its natural place in the center of the universe, which, according to Aristotelians, coincided with the
center of the Earth. It was not necessary for a force to be exerted on the stone, because it would go to its place by itself.
natural. Newton managed to explain the fall of the stone in a completely different way thanks to his discovery of
the law of gravitational attraction. The stone falls because it is gravitationally attracted by the Earth. If this attraction does not
If it existed, the stone would remain suspended in the place where we left it.
By this same principle of inertia, Newton describes the motion of a cart in terms that differ from those
Aristotelian. In ancient times, it was believed that if the oxen pulling a cart were to be freed from it, the cart would cease to...
to move because the force exerted by the oxen has ceased and "naturally" the cart will stop, since the
the 'natural' state of the cart is rest and not motion. But Newton argues that the cart that is in
motion will not stop unless a force is applied to it, as described by the principle of inertia.
Then the cart stops due to the action of a force, since the "natural" thing in the
Newton's mechanics is the conservation of the state of motion. There must be
any reason for the cart's stop.
These same differences are evident in the movement of the planets. To
Aristotle, circular motion around the center of the universe does not require a
cause, it is a natural movement. For Newton, in addition to not believing that there is a
center of the universe, the movement of the planets around the Sun needs a
force that keeps the planet connected to the Sun, since if no force acted on it
the planet would move without changing its speed in both quickness and
direction. That is to say, if such a force did not exist, the planet would move quickly.
constant in a straight line. Newton proposed that this force was attraction
gravitational between the Sun and the planet.
We see that the idea that movements require some cause is very old and goes against thought.
Newtonian that changes in velocity must have some cause. In the Newtonian view, a
constant speed movement in a straight line (known as uniform rectilinear motion) does not require a
cause. A modification of this state of movement, yes it needs.
Inertia in Daily Life:
Even though we don't think about inertia daily, it is like gravitational attraction and many others.
Characteristics that we study in physics accompany you wherever you go. For example, you cannot start so
quickly as you would like to start running; you also can't stop suddenly. Your body has inertia!
It is necessary to apply a force for it to start moving from a state of rest. You also have to apply
a force to stop you, since otherwise, your body would continue with the same speed and in the same direction. If you come
running around the block will cost you quite a bit to turn the corner at high speed since the
The inertia of your body makes it necessary for you to make a significant effort to change the direction of your movement.
When you are on a bus and it starts, if you don't hold on tightly to some handrails you will see that your body
stay at rest while the bus gains speed. This is very fun, as long as you don't end up sitting.
above the passenger in the back seat,
When the bus brakes, something similar happens to you. Your body keeps moving forward and you have to hold on.
strongly so as not to end up in the driver's head nor peeking through the windshield (not advisable at all
even if you are hard-headed).
Seat belts protect us in the event of a frontal impact. Common seat belts are...
adjusted to your size and then the length remains fixed. In contrast, the inertial seatbelts were designed to
that you can move without the belt pulling you while your movements are smooth. They only get stuck.
in case your body continues moving forward due to inertia when the car suddenly stopped. If the
the car does not stop abruptly or you have braced yourself with your hands to avoid continuing to move forward due to inertia,
the belt will not engage its lock. To test if the inertia belt is functioning well, pull firmly on
He would act like your body during braking or a collision, continuing to move by inertia at the speed the car was going.
previously. If the inertia belt jams with a quick pull, it works correctly; if it does not jam, it must
Change it, since under those conditions it is not an inertial seat belt but a decorative band.
Washing machines with spinning have notably improved the quality of life. Especially, we do not need to...
It's very sunny for the clothes to dry, since the spin cycle leaves them almost dry (according to the ads).
centrifugation the way we use the inertia of water droplets to dry clothes. The drum (tub) of
washing machine makes the clothes spin at high speed. If it weren't for the force that the drum exerts on the clothes, they would
he would continue to move in a straight line according to the principle of inertia. Well, someone thought of making little holes in the
We used a tray to allow the water droplets to pass through the little hole. In this way, we used inertia.
from the drops to detach them from the clothes (or alternatively detach the clothes from the water).
The game of tejo on a table is exciting and shows some of our interest at this moment. The table has
little holes through which air escapes, so that the tejo is suspended above the table and thus friction is avoided between
the surface of the table and the puck. You will see that if you strike the puck gently, it will slide across the table at speed
constant until it hits one of the walls, or until your opponent strikes it or it ends.
entering through the goal scoring a goal (preferably in the opposite goal). The principle of inertia helps you explain
Why does the tejo move at a constant speed when no one is pulling or pushing it.
By definition, it is said: 'That inertia is the tendency to maintain the state of rest or motion that it has.'
body
INERTIA:
Newton's first law states that "an object at rest tends to remain at rest and every body in motion
An object tends to remain in motion with the same speed, direction, and sense unless
que el cuerpo interactúe con otros cuerpos”.Es decir que los objetos “tienden a seguir haciendo lo que
they were doing.
There is a natural resistance of bodies that oppose changing their state of motion. This resistance to
The change of state of motion is called inertia.
inercia = resistencia de un objeto a cambiar su estado de movimiento
This idea of Newton was very novel in his time, as it opposed the prevailing conceptions.
As we mentioned earlier, before Newton it was believed that all bodies had a natural tendency to
state of rest. It was believed that objects in motion would stop their movement and that it was necessary
"do something" to keep them moving, but that if they were left free of any kind of interaction,
they reached rest. It was believed, then, that there was a natural tendency for bodies to reach their state of
rest.
Galileo Galilei (before Newton) developed the concept of inertia. He reasoned that bodies would stop their movement.
due to an interaction of bodies with their environment, which was called friction.
To establish and demonstrate his reasoning, he conducted experiments using two inclined planes facing each other and
dropping a ball from one of them. Galileo observed that if a ball rolled down from a
At a certain height, it reached a similar height to the initial one in the other plane, and the more polished they were
plans, closer was the height reached in relation to the initial one. Galileo deduced that the difference in height
the observed was due to the friction interaction of the bodies with the surface of the plane and if this did not exist,
they would reach the same height.
Later, he concluded that, regardless of the orientations of the planes, the objects reached the
same height.
In summary: if there is no friction

it reaches the same height and the angle is reduced, it will cover more distance until it reaches the
same height
What happens if the second plane is not inclined?
Galileo concluded by saying that if the second plane is not inclined, the ball will continue to roll endlessly, seeking
reach the same height. If there is no friction

here the ball never stops, it keeps rolling and rolling...

Newton built his ideas on Galileo's thoughts about motion. Newton's first law
it establishes that no interaction is necessary to keep a body in motion. If we slide a book
on the table, we see that after a while it stops, but it stops because there is an interaction (that
it is the of thefrictionbetween the book and the table) that opposes movement, and it is not the absence of interaction that
it takes him to rest.
All objects resist the change of the state of motion. All objects have that tendency, all have it.
inertia. But here a question arises: Do all objects have the same tendency to resist change? The answer
Yes, obviously, no! Everyone has inertia, but the inertia of a body depends on its mass, that is, on the
amount of matter that a body possesses. The greater the amount of mass, the greater the inertia and the greater the resistance to change
of the state of motion.
2) SECOND PRINCIPLE: OF MASS
We just saw that for a stationary body to start moving, it is necessary to apply a force to it. Additionally,
We realize that the greater the force we apply, the more it accelerates.
We also know that to accelerate some bodies it is necessary to apply more force than to others in order to achieve the
same effect. To achieve the same acceleration, more force must be applied to some bodies and less to others. This
this is because some bodies have more inertia and others less inertia. It is not the same to accelerate a train as it is to accelerate a...
bicycle.
The inertia of the body is one of its properties and, to determine it, we could ask ourselves how much force is
it is necessary to apply to the body to achieve a certain acceleration. Then the amount of force to
obtaining a certain acceleration is a measure of inertia. If a body has a lot of inertia, then a lot is needed
force to accelerate it with a certain value. If a body has low inertia, then little force is needed to
accelerate it with that same value.
An additional problem we have when we want to measure the inertia of a body is that there can be several
forces acting on the body and giving us a false impression of how difficult it is to accelerate it. For example, the
Pedro's car has run out of gas and my brother and I want to lend a hand to help him get to the
corner gas station.
While the three of us push, Pedro's brother thinks: "This car has little inertia because I exert little force."
force and it accelerates quite a bit." Upon arriving at the station, Pedro and I tried to stop it, but Pedro's brother
keep pushing it without us noticing. It will seem to us that the car
It has a lot of inertia because it is hard to stop.
The way to solve the problem is to account for the total forces that are acting; to determine which one is the
value of the net force applied (which is often referred to as 'resultant'). For that, let's remember that forces are
vectors and that we must add and subtract them as we saw in chapter 2. In Pedro's car example, it is very
simple, since the forces are applied in the same direction (longitudinally to the car), although some
with a forward sense and others with a backward sense.
The measure of inertia can be obtained by comparing the net force applied, or resultant, and the resulting acceleration.
Balance, rest and movement
When we see the physics book on the table, we understand that to start moving it, a force is needed that...
accelerate. We also know that the book has the force of its weight applied to it (in the vertical direction and towards
down). So there are forces acting on the book. Why then does it not accelerate in the direction of that
force? The answer can be easily found if we take into account that what modifies the speed of a body
It is the net force or total force applied, as we saw in the previous section.
As the book remains at rest, the total force must be zero. There must be another force that is supporting it. A
force that opposes weight and is of the same intensity, so that the sum is zero.
Question: What body exerts a force on the book to prevent it from falling?
If I remove the table, the book will accelerate in free fall towards the floor. In this way, we see that there are two forces that
act on the book: the weight force exerted by the Earth on the book (due to mutual gravitational attraction) and the
force that prevents the book from falling,
We say that the book is in equilibrium when it remains at rest for a period of time. We see that when this
the sum of forces applied to it is zero.
We could reinterpret the principle of inertia by saying that any body that is in equilibrium does not accelerate.
But what about bodies that are in motion? Are they in equilibrium or not? It's easy to answer these
Questions if we think about the principle of inertia. For example, even if the plane is going at high speed, if the flight attendant
invites us with a soda, the glass, the soda, and we are in balance; since the sum of the forces is
zero and we are not speeding up. If instead the sum of the forces is not zero (the plane is taking off or there is
"air pockets"), there is acceleration.
In summary, just because we see something in motion does not indicate that the total or resultant force is different from zero.
the movements in which the speed does not change are cases where the sum of forces is zero. It is not necessary that
there is a net force applied for something to be moving (at constant speed). On the other hand, it is necessary
some net force applied to start moving, to stop moving, or to change its speed
in direction or speed.
When we say that something is in equilibrium, we indicate that the sum of forces is zero, but we do not provide information.
whether the body is at rest or in motion with constant velocity.
I don't know what it's about, but I oppose friction: For example, when we want to push a chair, we notice that
it takes some effort to get it moving. This is reasonable if we remember the principle of
inertia, According to this principle, once in motion the chair would continue to move even if we didn't push it (like in
the case of the cart whose oxen ran away). However, we observe that if we do not continue applying a
the force the chair stops. So when the chair is in motion some force is acting against
its movement. That force is the friction between the chair and the floor.
That's why we need to maintain a certain force applied to ensure that the chair keeps moving at a constant speed.
The force we must apply is the same amount as the frictional force, and in this way the total force is
zero and the armchair will not stop:
Force to push the chair - friction force = 0
This way, a constant velocity motion can be achieved even when we are applying force on the chair, since
the one we apply plus the friction one cancel out and the chair does not accelerate.
If we want to move the armchair towards the window, friction is a force that seems to be against that.
movement. If we want to move the chair away from the window, friction also opposes. It doesn't matter in which direction.
let's try to move a body, the friction forces act in the opposite direction to that movement.
When the floor is tiled, it is easier to move the armchair; when the floor is rubber, it is very difficult to move it.
La fuerza de rozamiento depende de las superficies que están en contacto (el piso y el sillón) y de cuánto está
compressed one surface against another, A detailed analysis of the frictional forces would lead us to study the
forces between the molecules of the surfaces in contact, but we can understand frictional forces as
something similar to when a surface is poorly polished and therefore it is more difficult to slide over it.
In addition to the friction between two surfaces in contact, there is the friction of fluids. When we want to
moving through water, we feel that it is more costly. Different fluids oppose different forces of
friction. The friction with water is less than with dulce de leche. The air is also a fluid and opposes
friction to move through it.
If we move our hand slowly in the water, it doesn’t seem like there is much force opposing the movement, but if
we try to move it quickly, we will see that the force is quite noticeable. With air and the other fluids, it happens the same
same. The friction of fluids increases with speed and this will be interesting to analyze the jumps of
skydiving.
Finally the principle of mass
Let's suppose that a cart is subjected to a certain net force and the cart moves with a specific acceleration.
We will see that if in a second test the force we apply to the cart is double that of the first test,
then the acceleration at which it will move in this case will be double the previous acceleration. This experiment
simple shows us that for each body the applied force and the acceleration obtained are proportional. Or rather,
that the quotient between force and acceleration is a constant value and that it depends only on the body with which it is associated
let's be experimenting.
F/a = constant
Newton discovered this proportionality between force and acceleration, and the constant of proportionality is called the
He called the body's 'mass'. Thus, the mass of the body measures the amount of inertia that body has.
Newton's second principle states that the force applied to a body and the acceleration it acquires
Due to that force, they are proportional magnitudes and the constant of proportionality is the mass of the body.
We could understand it another way by saying that the total force applied to a body produces an acceleration.
and that the values of the applied force, acceleration, and the mass of the body comply with the equation: F = m.a
Let us remember that both F and a are vectors and that the body accelerates in the direction and sense in which the force acts.
net force applied. On the other hand, mass is a scalar quantity (it has no direction or sense) and can be measured
with a number in the units chosen for it. In general, the kilogram or the
gram
Volume, weight and mass
There is no doubt that an elephant is larger than a heavier raes and has more inertia. However, these
Three magnitudes can be distinguished with a little attention. We are used to estimating the weight of the
bags for the size but more than once we were surprised. Some large bags have less
I weigh more than other small bags. It is easy to understand, for example, if they have loaded the smallest bag with screws.
and the largest with feathers. This way we easily distinguish the volume from the weight. The volume associated with the
dimensions, it is the space occupied by the body. Weight is the force with which the body is attracted by the Earth.
We also know that astronauts on the Moon make big jumps because they weigh less on the Moon. Furthermore, on the
in outer space, bodies have no weight because they are not close to any planet or moon for it to be noticeable.
they are attracted gravitationally. Thus, weight is a force that appears only in the vicinity of the Earth, the Moon, or some
otro astro. Lo que pesa una persona depende de la persona y de dónde se suba a la balanza, en la Tierra, la Luna, en
the weight...). The value of weight depends on two bodies: the person and the planet where it is being measured
Mass, on the other hand, is the inertia that a body has. It is its property by which a certain amount is necessary.
strength for Arlo. And this does not disappear anywhere in space, it depends on whether it is near or far from something.
planet. It is a property of the body. For an astronaut to accelerate a can of soda in space, they will need
apply the same force as to accelerate it here on Earth. Remember that mass (inertia) acts wherever you
you go.
TerminalVelocity
We observed that when air resistance is very small, objects fall with an acceleration of g (9.8 m/s²).
This is the acceleration of gravity and it is due to the gravitational attraction of the Earth on the falling body.
But the force of gravitational attraction applied to the body is its weight, and then we can say that the body
it accelerates due to the force of its weight. Thus, the expression of the mass principle for the case of a falling body
free transforms into:
P = m.g
Weight is a vector that points downward (toward the center of the Earth) and the acceleration g does too. In this expression
The second principle shows the relationship between weight, mass, and acceleration due to gravity.
But what happens if the air resistance is not negligible? In that case, we cannot ensure that the body with
the acceleration g since it is not only the weight that is acting but also the friction with the air. As the friction with the
air (FR) is a opposing force (opposite) to the direction of movement, the second principle takes the form: P-FR=m.a
where the net force acting on the falling body is the difference between the weight and the friction. Like this
net force is a little less than weight, the acceleration a will be less than g.
You may have noticed that when you stick a hand out of a car window, you can feel the friction force of the air.
You may have also noticed that the faster the car goes, the greater the frictional force.
When a skydiver jumps from an airplane, as they go faster due to their accelerating fall, each
there is greater friction with the air. There will come a time when the friction is as intense as the force
weight of the parachutist, and in that case the net force on him will be zero:
P=FRor: P-FR=0
The speed at which this occurs is the terminal velocity.
From there, as the net force applied is zero (as long as the parachute is not opened), the skydiver does not
accelerate more. Its acceleration is also zero (from the equation) and it maintains a constant speed fall (due to the
which is called "limit speed".
What mass does a weight have – How much does a mass weigh
The weights used in ancient scales served as a measure of comparison to know how many
apples or cakes were bought. A body that has a mass of one kilogram must weigh a certain
quantity that can be calculated according to the formula: P=m.g
Replacing: 1kg. . 9.8 m/s9.8
2
Kg.m/s2
As it is very common to measure distance in meters, mass in kilograms, and time in seconds, this choice
The system of units is called 'MKS System'. In this system, the product is: kg . m/s2it is called newton (N),
so it remains
P = 9.8 N
Thus, one kilogram of mass weighs 9.8 N.
We can also ask ourselves what mass a piece of rubble that weighs 1 Ñ has. In that case, we will do the calculation.
clearing the mass: m = P/g
We find that the rubble has a mass of 102 grams.
In the Technical System, on the other hand, a unit of force is used that facilitates calculations between mass and weight.
the unit is called "kilogram force" (kgf). This unit is proposed so that one kilogram of mass weighs a
kilogram force. So, if the weight of one kilogram of mass is 9.8 N and in the other system it is 1 kgf, we have the
equivalencia:9,8 N= 1 kgf
The kilogram force is very useful because to ensure that there is a mass of 3 kilograms, it is enough to
make sure it weighs 3 kgf, and there’s no need to calculate how many newtons 3 kg weigh. But on the other hand
This can cause some confusion if it is not clearly remembered that the kgf is a unit of force and a kg is a unit of mass.
3) THIRD PRINCIPLE: ACTION AND REACTION
One day I was in my car stopped in front of the red traffic light waiting for my turn, when suddenly:
CRASH!! A distracted driver shrank my trunk and left me without rear lights. We both got out to assess the damage.
the damages and the distracted one showed me how my trunk had dented the hood of his latest model. I was complaining.
that my trunk had disappeared as if it were foldable, but he insisted that my car had broken his new ones.
long-range headlights, what else could have acted on his car? Surely my car was the cause of his
denting. On the other hand, your car was the one that had applied force on my trunk to bend it that way. The two
Cars had interacted. The distracted driver's car pushed against mine and mine pushed against theirs.
I had never thought that the principle of interaction would take care of traffic accidents.
Every time one body exerts an action on another by pushing it, pulling it, or attracting it gravitationally,
Magnetically, by hitting or stroking it, an interaction occurs between the two. One body applies a force.
about another and at the same time receives from the other a force of equal intensity but in the opposite direction. For each pair of
When bodies are interacting, a pair of forces appears. The Earth gravitationally attracts the Moon and is attracted.
by the Moon with a force of equal intensity.
The hammer exerts a force on the nail and thus we manage to drive the nail into the wood, but at the same time the nail
exert a force on the hammer equal in intensity but in the opposite direction. This force on the hammer is the
that stops the hammer and even makes it 'bounce' upwards.
When our car is towing a trailer (of a trailer home, boat, or motorcycle), the trailer receives a force of
our car. This is the forward force that accelerates the trailer. But a force acts on our car.
backwards with equal intensity. This backward force on our car forces us to use more fuel than if not
we would have towing to achieve the same acceleration.
The forces of the interaction pair are vectors like all forces, but they have certain characteristics:
They are of the same intensity.
They have opposite meanings.
They are on the same line of action (they have the same direction).
One of them is applied to one of the two interacting bodies, and the other is applied to the other body.
The two forces of the pair are usually called "action" and "reaction." Someone might think that the car pulls the
trailer with an action and then the trailer reacts pulling the car in the opposite direction. But we
We will simply talk about interaction pairs without making this distinction. For example, the Earth and the Moon attract each other.
gravitationally. This attraction is mutual. It doesn't seem useful to say that the attraction the Moon exerts on the Earth
it is the reaction and that the attraction that the Earth exerts on the Moon is the action. We could classify them the other way around and
It would also sound strange. We would prefer to talk about pairs of forces that appear in the interaction.
Definition: "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."