Front air suspension

CHH-STD

Setting
Reaction bar
3. Stabilizer
4. Fixation
5. Shock absorber
Crossbar
7. Pneumatic bellows
Bellows plate

The construction of the pneumatic suspension of the front axle mainly consists of pneumatic springs,
reaction bar, a crossmember and fastenings and brackets for the support of the suspension components
in the chassis and front axle.

The air bellows are fixed onto the frame using a plate (8) and on the front axle through a fastening.
(4).
The reaction bars (2) are designed to absorb the braking force and provide a movement.
according to the address bar. They are fixed to the frame by means of consoles (1) and a fastening
for the air bellows (4).

The crossbar (6) that absorbs the lateral forces is fixed to the frame by a bracket and also in the
fixation for the air bellows. The front axle with air suspension is equipped with a shock absorber
extra reinforced and the stabilizer. The shock absorber (5) and the stabilizer (3) are fixed between the frame and the
fixing for the air bellows (4).

CHH810, CHH850

Reaction bar
2. Stabilizer
3. Shock absorber
Crossbar
Air bellows

Rear pneumatic suspension

RAD-A4
 Console
Reaction bar
Air spring beam
4. Stabilizer
Air Blower
Bellows plate
7. Shock absorber
V Bar

CHH-STD, CHH900, CHH850

The air suspension beam (3) replaces the mounting for all suspension components.
pneumatic and is secured to the rear axle with clamps. The air bellows are fixed to the frame
each one through its plate (6) and in the pneumatic spring beam (3). The V-bar (8) and the reaction bar
(2) transmit the forces of acceleration and brakes to the chassis. The V-bar also transmits the forces.
lateral to the frame.

The reaction bar is fixed to the air spring beam and through consoles (1) on the frame. The V bar
It is mounted directly on the rear axle and on one of the cross members of the frame.
The air suspension system is equipped with extra reinforced shock absorbers and a damper, which
It is mounted between the frame and the air spring beam.

CHH810

For the variant CHH8210, that is, vehicle with a chassis height of 810mm, the V-bar is replaced by
a top pull-up bar and a crossbeam.

Coupling of the pressure limiting valve during the test

Compressed air network

Air suspension, system description

Electrical/electropneumatic components for the system of

regulation

Electronic control unit

Sensor de nivel (7072LF/7072LR/7072RR)

Electrovalve package, front axle (6035LF) and drive axle (6035C)

Solenoid valve package, bogie (6045)

Control box (9009/9010)

Information lamp

Pressure gauges (pos 7a)

Solenoid valve relay (3019a) and power relay (3019b)

Bogie switch (133)

Pneumatic components of the regulation system

Generalities of the regulation system

Air spring bellows (pos 56, 57, 68)

Lift bellows, idle axle (pos 58)

Lift bladder, directional axis (pos 58)

Pressure regulator (pos 4)

Compressed air deposits

Location of the compressed air tank

Console for spill valve, distribution fittings, safety valve, and test fittings, RADT-A6

Distribution locker
Overflow valve (pos 52a and 52b)

Safety valve (pos 1a, 21, 21a)

Test rack (pos 23)

Drain valve (pos 26)

Silencer (pos 60)

Pressure control valve, RAPD-A6, LOAD-TR

Function of the regulation system

Schematic functioning figures, generalities

Front axle

Rear axle (driving axle and dead axle)

Front axle and rear axle

Bogie axle

Electronic command unit

The ECS control unit regulates the solenoid valves, which in turn governs the flow of air that enters and exits.
the spring bellows, so that the vehicle maintains a constant driving position level and also
maintain the level during loading and unloading. The control unit also sends signals to the display in the
instrument panel that provides the driver with the necessary information. The control unit processes the
Information from the level sensor and pressure sensor of the propeller shaft in the automatic level regulation.
manual level regulation, the control unit receives signals from the level sensor, control panel,
bogie switch and in some cases from the differential lock switch.

The main components of the vehicle are governed by their own control units. The communication
between the different command units, and the report from the command units to the decision-making
diagnosis and instruments take place through two links.

The system regulation signals are sent via the SAE J1939 control link. The signals of
information and diagnosis of the system are sent via the SAE J1708 information link, which is SAE-
standardized and consists of two twisted pair cables (30 turns per meter), one gray (GR) and the other
orange (OR). If the control link operates with a diminished function, the information link will work.
as "reserve".

Diagnosis

Error codes as screen text

If a failure occurs in the system, the screen will display a symbol for pneumatic suspension, the lamp
of yellow information and an error message. To test if the fault is active, first turn the key to
contact to the stop position and then to the driving position. If the fault is still active, it will appear
information on the screen. If the failure is severe, the power supply to the solenoid valves will be shut off and the
normal maneuvering of the system will be blocked, see Blocked Position.

Diagnostic assessment

The PC will connect through the diagnostic socket that is accessible in the driver’s cabin, see
Location of components in the cabin.

Level sensor (7072LF/7072LR/7072RR)

The level sensor reports to the control unit about the height between the frame and the axis. The information is
sent in the form of voltage signals that vary with the level. The control unit compares the signals from
level sensor with fixed nominal values and controls the solenoid valves, which regulate the air pressure in
the bellows. The frame level is kept constant, independent of the load and the type of
road. In normal driving position, the signal from the level sensor is 2.3–2.8V.

The number of level sensors per vehicle varies from one to three, depending on the vehicle variant. In RAD-A4,
TRACTOR con suspensión de ballesta delantera existe solamente un sensor de nivel detrás. En los demás
there are two level sensors behind, see level sensor.

The level sensor is a potentiometer and is fixed on the inside of the frame. A lever,
articulated with the fixed regulation rod to the vehicle's axis, it is coupled to the level sensor through a
hole in the frame. The vertical movements in the adjustment rod cause the lever to rotate the
potentiometer, whose signal is altered. See General table, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6
for the sensor level location.

Note! The link (lever and adjustment rod) must not be altered. An alteration implies that the limit values
the position of regulation is displaced which can alter the conduction properties.

Note! The driving position calibration must be done when any level sensor has been loosened.
Calibrate with the help of the PC.

Level sensor with lever and adjustment rod

Electrical diagram

Electrical diagram level sensor-control unit (9073)

Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF) and drive axle

(6035C)

A package of solenoid valves consists of one to three solenoid valves that regulate the flow of air in and out.
from the spring bellows upon receiving an order from the ECS command unit. The solenoid valve package of the axle
The front consists of a solenoid valve that is regulated electrically and pneumatically. The package of
The propeller shaft solenoid valves consist of three solenoid valves and they are electrically regulated. This applies to all.

vehicles, except for some 4x2 variant vehicles, TRACTOR, where the solenoid valve package
for the propeller axis consists of two solenoid valves.
The number of solenoid valve packages per vehicle will depend on the vehicle variant. The only variant
with a package of solenoid valves as described above 4x2, TRACTOR. The solenoid valve package is
located on the inner right side of the frame, see General diagram, total air suspension FH12, RADT-
A6y is coupled together according to the compressed air function in level regulation.

The front axle solenoid is activated from the control unit, pin 3. The solenoids of the axle
propulsors are activated from the control unit pins 4, 5, and 6. The solenoid valve of the propeller shaft, pin 1-4, is
the central valve regulates the vehicle's ascent and descent. The solenoid valve of the drive axle, pin 2-4 and
3-4 regulate the airflow on the left and right sides respectively.

A. Electrical diagram front axle

Electrical schematic; Front axle solenoid valve package (6035LF)-control unit (9073)

B. Electrical diagram drive shaft

Electrical schematic; Solenoid valve package propeller axis (6035C)-control unit (9073)

Function of compressed air in level regulation

Package of solenoid valves, front axle and drive axle

A. Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035 LF)

1/3. Air supply from, and drainage for, solenoid valve package of the propulsion axis 23
4. Air from the primary reservoir for regulating the solenoid valve
21. Air to and from the right air spring bellows, front axle
22. Air to and from the left air spring bellows, front axle
B. Solenoid valve package, propeller shaft (6035C)
Feed air from the primary tank
3. Evacuate the air from the silencer
21. Air to and from the left spring bellows of the propeller axle and idle axle
 22. Air to and from the spring bellows of the right propeller shaft and idle shaft

Electrovalve package, front axle (6035LF)

Solenoid valve package, drive shaft (6035)

Electrovalve package, drive shaft, 4x2, TRACTOR

In the ascent of, for example, the front train, the solenoid valve of the drive axle is activated, pads 1-4 and the air.
Power supply from the primary reservoir (pos 14) can pass to the solenoid valve package of the axis.
front and spring bellows. During the descent, after the ascent of the front train, the valve of the axle
Propeller, struts 1-4 are inactive. The spring bellows of the front axle evacuate through the package of
electrical valves of the front axle to the set of electrical valves of the drive axle and exit through the
silencer.

In inactive position, the solenoid valves block the airflow to and from the spring bellows (not applicable to
electromagnetic valve package, bogie, see Electromagnetic valve package, bogie (6045)).

For more information about level regulation, see the system regulation function.

Solenoid valve package, bogie (6045)

The solenoid valve package for the bogie consists of three solenoid valves, which, upon an order from the unit
ECS command regulates the airflow to and from the spring bellows of the bogie axles and the lifting bellows of the axle.
crazy and directional axis. The solenoid valve package is located on the inner left side of the frame, see
General frame, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6 and the air tubes are connected according to
Compressed air function in level regulation.

There are two variants of solenoid valve packages for the bogie, one for vehicles with a trailing axle.
driving axle and one for vehicles with a wild axle in front of the driving axle (directional vehicles). The difference
among the solenoid valve package is the adjustment of the regulation screws for the spill valve and
check valve that regulates the resident pressure in the lifting bellows.

Vehicles with a rear axle behind the drive axle

The solenoid valve package is adjusted so that the pressure in the lift bellows varies between 0.7±0.3 bar.
(70±30 kPa). At a low pressure of 0.5±0.1 bar (50±10 kPa), the bleed valve activates and the supply air
from the compressed air reservoir (pos 50) flows to the lifting bellows. At a pressure that is too high
0.9±0.1 bar (90±10 kPa), the check valve acts and the air is evacuated through opening 3.

Vehicles with a crazy axle in front of the drive axle

The solenoid valve package is adjusted so that the pressure in the lift bellows varies between 1.4±0.3 bar.
(140±30 kPa). At a low pressure of 1.2±0.1 bar (120±10 kPa), the relief valve activates and the air from
The feed from the compressed air tank (pos 50) flows to the lifting bellows. At a pressure
too high 1.6±0.1 bar (160±10 kPa), the check valve acts and the air is evacuated through the
opening 3.
Electrical schematic

Electrical schematic; Bogie solenoid valve package (6045)-control unit (9073)

Function of compressed air in level regulation

Solenoid valve package, bogie

3. Evacuate the air from the silencer

11. Feed air from the solenoid valve package of the propeller shaft 21
12. Feed air from the solenoid valve package of the propellant axis 22
13. Air supply from the bogie elevator
14. Air to the propeller shaft pressure sensor (7064)
21. Air to and from the left air spring bellows, idler axle/directional axle
 22. Air to and from the right air spring bellows, idler axle/directional axle
23. Air to and from the lift bellows axle/steering axle

Solenoid valve package, bogie

Control box (9009/9010)

Generalities

The vehicle level is manually regulated with the control box. During driving, the control box
the control panel is located in the cabin. The control box is equipped with a 3-meter electrical cable, so that
the driver can position himself next to the vehicle during regulation. There are two variants of boxes of
maneuver, one for total air suspension of the vehicle (9009) and one for rear air suspension
of the vehicle (9010).

Control box (9009)

Electrical schematic; Control box (9009) - Control unit (9073)

Control box (9010)

Electrical diagram; Control box (9010)-Control unit (9073)

Function

The control box has three switches for the total pneumatic suspension vehicle and two for suspension.
rear pneumatic. Each switch has three positions and its function is described in the table below. A vehicle
with rear pneumatic suspension it only has a "Control Button" and a "Regulation Button".

3. Button of
Control button 2. Axis button
regulation

Front axle,
Regulation memory 1
manual
Above
M1
MAN1

Front axle and

Position of back
Position 2
driving (FOR)
(position Stop
memory 2
media
AUT
M2
 Regulation of
Rear axle,
Position 3 the position of
memory 3
(position driving Down
inferior
M3
MAN2

Control button

The control button is in position 2 during normal driving.

The regulation system is active, with the ignition key in the off position and the button of
Control in position 1, see Stand by mode (alert).
The inactive regulation system, with the ignition key in the off position and the control button
in position 2 or position 3.

Manual level regulation

Position the control button in position 1. (The instrument panel screen in the cabin shows a
icon for manual control of the air suspension and the yellow information lamp
turn on.)
Choose axis/axes with the axis button and adjust the vehicle level with the adjustment button. (The button for
regulation is first recuperative, but if it is pressed against its maximum position, it remains in a
very defined locking position, where it remains locked in this position. In the locking position,
level regulation continues until it is manually interrupted, or until it is reached
extreme position programmed in the vehicle.
The driving position is reached with the control button in position 2.

Manual level regulation can only be used at speeds below 10 km/h. If one
If this speed is exceeded, a warning acoustic signal will sound.

Memorize/Restore frame level

The frame level can be stored in three different positions for vehicles with suspension.
total pneumatic and in a position for vehicles with rear pneumatic suspension.

The vehicle must be stationary during the memorization of the chassis level.

Do the following to memorize the frame level:

Adjust the vehicle to the desired level.

 Select the memories M1, M2 or M3 with the axis button.
Keep the memory button pressed for at least 5 seconds.
Place the control button in position 2.

Do the following to restore a memorized rack level:

Choose the desired memory (M1–M3) with the axis button.

Position the control button in position 1.
Hold the memory button for 1–4 seconds.

Memorize the new level for the driving position

Do the following to modify the driving position level:

Place the control button in position 3. (When this position has been selected, an icon lights up)
pneumatic suspension on the cabin screen.
Adjust the vehicle to the desired driving position level with the axle button and button.
regulation.
Keep the memory button pressed for at least 5 seconds. (A new one can be stored)
driving position level adjusted by the driver.
Place the control button in position 2.

To maintain the driving properties intact, modify the driving position level within
the prescribed values for the vehicle variant, see Maximum regulation with driving properties
intact

Restore the nominal driving position level

The nominal level is adjusted in production vehicles and is restored as follows.

Place the control button in position 3.

Press and hold the memory button for 1 to 4 seconds.
Place the control button in position 2.

Standby mode (alert)

"Stand by mode (alert)" means that the vehicle maintains the selected level with active regulation during
105 minutes (or until the stored air has been consumed). This "mode" is activated by pressing the button.
Control in position 1 at the same time the ignition key is in the drive position. The key of
the contact will also need to be turned to the stop position.
In this 'mode,' manual level adjustment can also be performed.

Position blocked

In case of serious failures in the system, the power supply to the solenoid valves will be cut off and the
normal maneuvering of the system will be blocked. With the maneuvering box, the following actions can be performed
maneuvers when the system is locked. Regulation of the front axle, left or right sides,
It can only be done on vehicles with two solenoid valves and two level sensors in front. The vehicles
they are usually equipped with a solenoid valve and a level sensor in front and then regulate the sides
left and right at the same time.

Operated Up/Down Control button 2. Axis button

Position 1
Front axle Position 2

Rear axle Position 2 Position 3

Front and rear axle Position 2 Position 2

Front axle, left side Position 3 Position 1

Front axle, right side Position 1 Position 1

Rear axle, left side Position 3 Position 3

Rear axle, right side Position 1 Position 3

Information lamp
The information lamp for pneumatic suspension, see screen Component location in the cabin, it
turns on at the same time as the icons for the air suspension appear on the screen when

The control button is in position 1 (also a buzzer sounds if the vehicle is driven above
at 10 km/h in this position
The vehicle is not in driving position.
The control button is in position 3

Screen icon for 'manual regulation'

Screen icon for 'vehicle in non-drivable position'

Pressure gauges (pos 7a)

A manometer for a maximum of 14 bar (1400 kPa) is located on the instrument panel in the cabin, see
Location of components in the cabin. The pressure gauge shows the pressure in the primary tank. When the
Air pressure is less than 9.7 bar (970 kPa) the gauge diode turns on.

Solenoid valve relay (3019a) and power relay (3019b)

A solenoid valve relay and a power relay are located in the electrical control unit in the cabin, see
Location of components in the cabin. The solenoid valves are powered through a relay.
electromagnetic valve, which is connected to the ECS control unit, pins 10 and 15. The power relay connects
the control unit when the ignition key is in the driving position and is connected to the unit
remote, eyebrows 1 and 12.
Bogie switch (133)

The switch for the bogie lift/pressure on bogie is located on the instrument panel in the cabin.
verUbicación de componentes en la cabina. El eje loco designa en este texto bien sea al eje loco, eje
directional or to the last drive axle (for vehicles with two drive axles at the rear). For vehicles that do not
they have a bogie lift function, the switch instead provides a maximum pressure function on
bogie with displacement elevation. The switch can be set in three positions and its functions
they will depend on the limitation of the pressure on the vehicle's drive shaft. The switch turns on when
is located in positions 1 and 3. The differential brake switch must be activated for the function of
pressure on bogie in vehicles with two driving axles.
Electrical diagram

The bogie switch is connected to the ECS control unit, pins 20 and 35.

RALIM111315 RALIM-EU

Position 1 Elevator bogie option pressure on bogie, Elevator bogie pressure option on bogie,
(position with displacement elevation, once with displacement elevation, once
superior pressure on the propeller shaft achieved pressure reached on propulsion axis
maximum (11.5; 13 option 15 tons according to maximum (10, 5 option 11.5 according to the
the variant variant

Position 2 Normal driving position, loose axis Normal driving position, loose axle
(position descended descended
media)

Position 3 Presión sobre bogie sin elevación de Pressure 1

(position displacement Pressure on bogie until maximum pressure
inferior) about propeller shaft 10.5 option 11.5
tons

Pressure 2
Pressure on bogie up to maximum pressure
about propulsion axis 13.65 option 15
tons

Pressure 3
Close the pressure function on bogie

For a more detailed description of the pressure functions on the bogie lift and bogie pressure as well as
descripciones de flujo, verEje del bogie.

General aspects of the regulatory system

The compressor supplies air that is dried to both the brake system and the air suspension.
purified, in a single or double tower air dryer, before reaching the primary tank. For more details
about the description of the air compressor and air dryer, see the service manual, trucks, group 56,
compressors and service manual, trucks, group 56, air dryer and anti-freeze devices.

Air spring bellows (pos 56, 57, 68)

Vehicles with air suspension can absorb pavement irregularities with bellows filled with
air like rollers over a roller body. As the load increases, the bellows roll over the
roller body, which compresses the air in the bellows and increases the resistance to the spring. See
General diagram, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6 for the placement of the air spring bellows.

The air spring bellows (5) are made of a blend of natural rubber and synthetic rubber. They withstand
large temperature variations and are very resistant to the oxygen in the air and to the effects of
decomposition that ozone has. The air spring bellows consist of an inner rubber layer and a
exterior. The inner layer is made up of two rubber mats arranged in a cross with nylon threads.
blended. The angle between the nylon threads from the mats is decisive for the characteristic of
bellows, that is, for its compression force relationship and spring constant.

There are two types of air spring bellows, one called a full bellows and one that is assembled.
The complete bellows is fixed on the bellows plate (3) and cannot be disassembled. The lower section is
inserted with a body of perforated rollers (6) and fixed by metal clips. The rolling body is secured by
the elbow guide (7) in the central guide on the beam. The concavities of the rolling body are utilized to
maintain a large volume of air in the bellows, which implies greater bending comfort.

The other type of air spring bellows has an upper section that has been inserted with a plate.
fixed vulcanized with a fastening screw (2) on a bellows plate (3) in the frame. The lower section of the
The air spring bellows is embedded in a perforated rolling body.

Inside the air spring bellows, there is a progressive rubber shock absorber (4) located on the lower side of
the upper bellows plate. This absorbs the load when the bellows are compressed to the
bottom. This can occur when taking a curve at high speed, when going over a very uneven surface.
marked, when a diminished bellows function or if the pneumatic suspension pressure drops
suddenly. The vehicle can move at a maximum of 10 km/h when resting on the shock absorbers of
progressive rubber.

Full bellows

1. Feeding air from solenoid valve pack

2. Locking screw
Bellows plate
4. Progressive rubber damper
Air spring bellows
6. Rolling body
Guide stub
Mounting bellows

1. Power supply from solenoid valve package

2. Fixing screw
Bellows plate
4. Progressive rubber damper
Air spring bellows
6. Rolling body
Guide stub

Elevator bellows, idle axle (pos 58)

The lifting bellows for the axle box has the mission of raising the axle box during the lifting of the bogie. The bellows
elevator carries a lifting bellows (5), whose upper part is mounted on the idle shaft with brackets. The
The body of the lifting bellows is fixed in a suspended cradle. The lifting bellows is fed with air.
from the compressed air tank (pos 50) and is located in the center of the frame behind the idler axle, see
General chassis, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6.

During evacuation, there must be a reduced pressure of 0.25–0.65 bar (25–65 kPa) in the air bellows, for
that they do not fold and therefore can be damaged when the idle axle is lowered.
Lifting bellows, idler axle

Power supply from solenoid valve package

2. Fixing screw
Bellows plate
4. Progressive rubber shock absorber
Air blower
6. Rolling body
Guide stub

8. Lift bellows, directional axis (pos 58)

9. The lifting bellows for the directional axle are designed to lift the axle during the
lifting of the bogie. They are located in front of the steering axle and are fed from the reservoir.
compressed air (pos 50).
10. During the evacuation, there must be a reduced pressure of 1.2–1.6 bar (120–160 kPa) in the bellows.
aire, para que no se plieguen y por tanto puedan dañarse cuando el eje loco está descendido.

11.
12. Elevator bellows, directional shaft

13. Pressure regulator (pos 4)

14. The pressure regulator detects the air pressure in the primary reservoir and controls the coupling and
decoupling. For its location: General table, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6 and
for the coupled and uncoupled pressure of electropneumatic components.

15.
16. Compressed air deposits
17. The air compression tanks for pneumatic suspension systems are made of steel and
exists in three dimensions; 25 dm³, 30 dm³, and 50 dm³. The tank that has a capacity of 30 dm³ exists
also as a lightweight option, made from plastic composite.
18. The maximum working pressure for all types of compressed air tanks is 15 bar (1500 kPa).
19. The compressed air tanks are secured in the vehicle using tension straps over rings of
The location of the rubber varies depending on the type of vehicle, see air tank location.
compressed.
20. In the compressed air tanks, there is a drain fitting and a test fitting.

21.
[Link] deposit, 25 dm³

23.
24. Compressed air tank, 30 dm³
25.
26. Compressed air tank, 50 dm³

27. Location of the compressed air storage

28. 4x2, TRACTOR, CHH-STD, CHH-900

29.
30.1. Primary deposit

31. 4x2, TRACTOR, CHH-810

32.
Primary deposit

34. 4x2, RIGID, CHH-STD

35.
36.1. Primary deposit
2A. FSS-AIR, compressed air tank 50 dm³
2B. FSS-LEAF, compressed air tank 30 dm³

37. 4x2, RIGID, CHH-850

38.
39.1. Primary deposit
2. Compressed air tank 30 dm³

40. 6x2, RADT-A6

41.
42.1. Primary deposit
2. Compressed air tank 30 dm³
43. 6x2, RADT-A6S

44.
Primary deposit
2. Compressed air tank 30 dm³

46. 6x2, RAPD-A6, BBOX-L

47.
Primary deposit

49. 6x2, RAPD-A6, BBOX-R

50.
Primary deposit

52. 6x2, RADT-A8

53.
54.1. Primary deposit
2. Compressed air deposit 30 dm³

55. 6x4, RADD-A8

56.
Primary deposit
2A. RIGID, compressed air tank 30 dm³
2B. TRACTOR, compressed air tank 30 dm³

58. 8x2, RADT-A6

59.
60.1. Primary deposit
61. 8x4, RADD-A8

62.
Primary deposit

64. Compressed air deposits

65. The compressed air tanks for air suspension systems are made of steel and
it exists in three dimensions; 25 dm³, 30 dm³, and 50 dm³. The tank with a capacity of 30 dm³ exists
also as a lightweight option, made of plastic composite.
66. The maximum working pressure for all types of compressed air tanks is 15 bar (1500 kPa).
67. Compressed air tanks are secured in the vehicle using tension straps over rings.
the gum and its location varies depending on the type of vehicle, see air tank location
compressed.
In the compressed air tanks, there is a drain fitting and a test fitting.

69.
70. Primary deposit, 25 dm³

71.
72. Compressed air tank, 30 dm³
73.
74. Compressed air tank, 50 dm³

75. Location of the compressed air tank

76. 4x2, TRACTOR, CHH-STD, CHH-900

77.
78.1. Primary deposit

79. 4x2, TRACTOR, CHH-810

80.
81.1. Primary deposit

82. 4x2, RIGID, CHH-STD

83.
Primary deposit
2A. FSS-AIR, compressed air tank 50 dm³
2B. FSS-LEAF, compressed air tank 30 dm³

85. 4x2, RIGID, CHH-850

86.
Primary deposit
Compressed air tank 30 dm³

88. 6x2, RADT-A6

89.
90.1. Primary deposit
2. Compressed air deposit 30 dm³
91. 6x2, RADT-A6S

92.
93.1. Primary deposit
Compressed air deposit 30 dm³

94. 6x2, RAPD-A6, BBOX-L

95.
96.1. Primary deposit

97. 6x2, RAPD-A6, BBOX-R

98.
99.1. Primary deposit

100. 6x2, RADT-A8

101.
102. Primary deposit
2. Compressed air tank 30 dm³

103. 6x4, RADD-A8

104.
105. Primary deposit
2A. RIGID, compressed air tank 30 dm³
2B. TRACTOR, compressed air tank 30 dm³

106. 8x2, RADT-A6

107.
108. Primary deposit
 109. 8x4, RADD-A8

110.
111. Primary deposit

Spill valve console, distribution fittings, valve of

safety and test fittings, RADT-A6

For vehicle location of the console General panel, total air suspension FH12, RADT-A6.
 A. Non-recirculating spill valve (pos 52a)
B. Spill valve with recirculation (pos 52b)
[Link] racks
D. Safety valve (pos 1a, 21, 21a)
Test AR cores (pos 23)

1. From the primary deposit (pos 14)

2. To the solenoid valve package of the propulsion axis (6035C, opening 1)
3. From the solenoid valve package of the propelling axis (6035C, opening 21)
4. From the solenoid valve package of the propulsion axis (6035C, opening 22)
5. To the left air spring bellows of the drive shaft (pos 56)
6. To the air spring bellows of the right propeller shaft (pos 56)
7. For LOADSV
8. For compressed air deposit (pos 50)

9. Distribution valve
10. Two distribution fittings are located on a console on a cross member in the frame. They regulate the
air flow so that the pressure reached by the air spring bellows of the propulsion axle is the
 same. There is a distribution fitting for each side of the vehicle. For its location see
Spill valve console, distribution fittings, safety valve and test fittings,
RADT-A6.

11. Spill valve (pos 52a and 52b)

12. The spill valves are located on a console on a crossbeam in the frame and regulate the
air path in the compressed air system blocking the flow until achieving a pressure of
necessary system. For its location, see Console for spill valve, distribution fittings,
safety valve and test fittings, RADT-A6.
13. The non-recirculating spill valve (pos 52a) is responsible for ensuring that the supply air from the
The primary deposit should be controlled up to the braking system before the suspension system.
valve opens the air flow of the air suspension system to 6.7–7.0 bar (670–700 kPa).
14. The spill valve with recirculation (pos 52b) is responsible for ensuring that the air spring bellows are
fill before the compressed air tanks, so that the driving position level of
vehicle be reached as quickly as possible. The valve opens the airflow to the tanks
from compressed air at 10.0–10.4 bar (1000–1040 kPa).
15. When the inlet pressure (1) reaches the spill pressure, the valve (13) against the spring (9).
The air can pass through the valve and exit through the outlet (2). A check valve (14) is located in
the side of the valve for a channel that is connected to the atmosphere.
16. The overflow pressure can be adjusted with the adjustment screw (4) after having disassembled it.
the cover (3).
17. The valve (pos 52b) has recirculation for the entire pressure range, which means that the air
it can flow from the outlet (2) through the check valve (17) to the inlet (1) if the pressure
is lower in this connection.

18.
19. Non-recirculation spill valve (pos 52a)
20.
21. Spill valve with recirculation (pos 52b)

22. Safety valve (pos 1a, 21, 21a)

23. The safety valves protect the compressed air system against overpressure. The valves of
safety in the pneumatic suspension system, braking system, and air supply system,
they have different opening pressures, because the system has different working pressures.
Safety valve (pos 21a) for the current opening pressures of the safety valve
respective. For its location, see Console for spill valve, distribution fittings, valve
safety and test fittings, RADT-A6.

24.
25. Test cock (pos 23)
26. The test points are used to monitor the current pressure in different locations of the system
pneumatic suspension. They are located in the distribution fitting, compressed air reservoir, and in the
front air spring bag, right side, for vehicles with front air suspension.
For its location, see Console for spill valve, distribution fittings, safety valve and
test cores, RADT-A6.
27.
28. Drain valve (pos 26)
29. All compressed air tanks are equipped with manual drain valves, which allow
the draining of condensed water. For its vehicle location, see General table, suspension
total pneumatic FH12, RADT-A6.

30.
31. Silencer (pos 60)
32. The silencers are located in the solenoid valve package of the propelling axle and the bogie, see
Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF) and drive axle (6035C) and package of
solenoid valves, bogie (6045). The mission of the silencer is to reduce the exhaust sound. Also
prevents impurities from entering and clogging the aeration. The solenoid valve package of the front axle
controls the evacuation air for the solenoid valve package of the propulsion axis and that's why it does not have
silencer.

33.
34. Pressure control valve, RAPD-A6, LOAD-TR
35. The pressure control valve is governed by the pressure in the air duct from the bellows.
rear axle spring.
36. In the resting position, the valve allows a pressure of 0.5 bar (50 kPa) to reach the spring bellows.
of air for the directional axis. This is equivalent to a pressure on the propeller shaft of approximately 1,000 kg.

37. When the pressure in the rear axle increases, the pressure in the air duct for the valve increases.
pressure control. When the pressure reaches 3.9 bar (390 kPa), the valve opens and allows passage
gradually more air until the bellows of the steering axle. This equals a pressure on the axle
propulsor of approximately 7000 kg. When the pressure for the valve approaches 5.5 bar (550 kPa) the valve
fully opens so that the directional axis and the rear axle bellows receive the same pressure of
air. This amounts to a pressure on the propeller shaft of approximately 10,000 kg.
38. The valve is not used in all markets.

39.
40. Schematic operation figures, generalities
41. The following operational descriptions for the regulatory system apply to vehicles with
total pneumatic suspension RADT-A6, see also General table, total pneumatic suspension FH12,
RADT-A6y do not intend to provide a complete description of all existing types of vehicles. The
schematic figures have not been fully structured in some cases, since
they only show a part of the regulatory system that is the most important for each
regulation. The air ducts are represented by thick dashed lines and the electrical wires
by thin lines. In the activated position, the air ducts are marked in blue and the
electric cables with red.

42. Air feeding process

43. The compressor delivers air to the brake system and the pneumatic suspension system. The air is
fed from the compressor to the primary tank (pos 14) through the air dryer and
pressure regulator, see flow arrow 1 in the schematic figures. The manometer, located in the
cabin, shows the air pressure in the primary tank (pos 14). From the primary tank the air
passes through the distribution rack, spill valve, and solenoid valve package (6035C, 6035LF,
6045) on their way to the air spring bellows (pos 56, 57, 68). The drainage of the bellows of
Air spring is made through the solenoid valve package (6035C, 6045).
44. The air supply to the braking system takes precedence over the suspension system.
pneumatic. For this reason, it is only the braking system that is powered by air, until it reaches
6.7–7.0 bar (670–700 kPa). When the non-recirculation overflow valve (pos 52A) and the bellows are opened
Air springs are filled with air. At 9.7–10.0 bar (970–1000 kPa), the relief valve opens with
recirculation (pos 52B) the airflow for the compressed air tank (pos 50). From here the
the vehicle reaches the driving position level before the compressed air tank
start to fill up.
45. The automatic and manual level regulation of the vehicle is done through the level sensors.
(7072LF, 7072LR, 7072RR) which informs the ECS control unit (9073) of the current level of the vehicle.
The command unit compares this level with the programmed values of desired levels and in case
necessary, activate the solenoid valves to fill or empty the air spring bellows. In a regulation
The manual level uses the control box (9009). The pressure sensor on the propeller shaft (7064)
inform the control unit about the pressure on the propulsion shaft. The solenoid valves are
supplied through the solenoid valve relay (3019A) and the control unit is coupled through
the power relay (3019B) when the ignition key is in the driving position.
46. The lifting bellows for the vehicle variant RAPD-A6 is supplied with approx. 12 bar (1200 kPa) at
through the solenoid valve package for the propulsion axis (6035C), opening 1. The other vehicles
with bogie lifting function, feed the lift bellows (pos 58) with approx. 7 bar (700 kPa)
from a separate compressed air tank (pos 50), through a four-way protective valve
circuits and a distribution fitting for the solenoid valve package, bogie (6045) opening 13, see
flow arrow 2 in the schematic figures.
 47.

Front axle
Front axle elevation

The control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 1 (Upper position)
Regulation button: Position 1 (Upper position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electric

Let the feeding air pass through

Central (1-4) Active 1, up to 23 and continues to the solenoid valve
front 1/3
Solenoid valve package
of the propulsion shaft (6035C) Left (2-
Inactive -
4)

Right (3-4) Inactive -

Let the air pass through 1/3, until 21 and

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Active 22 and continues to the spring bellows of
(6035LF)
air

Stop after front axle lift

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 1 (Upper position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 1 (Middle position-stop/Upper position-stop)
automatic when the vehicle reaches the high position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electric

Solenoid valve package Central (1-4) Inactive 1 closed, the supply air cannot
 of the propeller shaft (6035C) to pass

Left (2-
Inactive -
4)

Right (3-4) Inactive -

21 and 22 closed, the air from the bellows of

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Inactive front axle air spring cannot
(6035LF)
to be evacuated

Front axle drop

Control box

Botón de control:Posición 1(Posición superior)

Axis button: Position 1 (Upper position)
Regulation button: Position 3 (Lower position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electric

The air from air spring bellows passes

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Active 21 and 22 through 1/3 to the solenoid valve
(6035LF)
of the propeller shaft 23

Central (1-4) Inactive Evacuate the air from 23 through 3.

Solenoid valve package Left (2-

Inactive -
of the propeller shaft (6035C) 4)

Right (3-4) Inactive -

Stop after lowering the front axle

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

 Axis button: Position 1 (Upper position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 3 (Middle position-stop/Lower position-automatic stop
when the vehicle reaches the lowest position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electric

21 and 22 closed, the air from the bellows of

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Inactive air spring of the front axle cannot
(6035LF)
be evacuated

1 closed, the feeding air cannot

Central (1-4) Inactive
to pass
Solenoid valve package
Left (2-
of the propeller shaft (6035C) Inactive -
4)

Right (3-4) Inactive -

Rear axle (driving axle and idle axle)

Rear axle lift

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 3 (Lower position)
Regulation button: Position 1 (Upper position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electrovalves electric

Front solenoid valve

(1-4) Inactive -
(6035LF)

Package of Let the feed air pass through

Central (1-4) Active
axis solenoid valves from 1
 propulsor (6035C) Let the air pass through 21 until the
left air spring bellows of the axle
Left (2-4) Active
propeller and the solenoid valve 11 of the axis of
bogie

Let the air pass through 22 Until the

air spring bellows of the drive shaft
Right (3-4) Activa
right and up to the solenoid valve 12 of the shaft
of the bogie

Lift bellows (1-

Inactive -
4)

Axis drainage
Inactive -
crazy (2-4)
Package of
axis solenoid valves Let air pass through 11 to 21
from the bogie (6045) up to the left air spring bellows
Axis lock
of the bogie axle
locomotive propeller Inactive
Let air pass through 12 to 22
4)
up to the right air spring bellows of the
bogie axle

Stop after rear axle lift

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 3 (Lower position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 1 (Middle position - stop / Upper position - stop)
automatic when the vehicle reaches the high position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

Front solenoid valve

(1-4) Inactive -
(6035LF)

Package of Central (1-4) Inactive 1 closed, the feed air not

 axis solenoid valves can happen
propeller (6035C)
21 closed, the air from the bellows of
Left (2-4) Inactive air spring of the propeller shaft and axle
the locomotive cannot be evacuated

22 closed, the air from the bellows of

Right (3-4) Inactive air spring of the propeller shaft and shaft
the loco cannot be evacuated

Lifter bellows (1-4) Inactive -

Package of Drainage of the eccentric axis

Inactive -
electrovalves of the axis of (2-4)
bogie(6045)
Axis Lock
Inactive -
propulsor-loco (3-4)

Rear axle descent

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 3 (Lower position)
Regulation button: Position 3 (Lower position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
electric

Front solenoid valve

(1-4) Inactive -
(6035LF)

1 closed, the supply air does not

Central (1-4) Inactive
it can happen

Solenoid valve package The air from the spring bellows

of the propulsion axis (6035C) Left (2-4) Active left of the propeller shaft passes through 21

and is evacuated through 3

Right (3-4) Inactive The air from the right spring bellows
 the propeller shaft passes through 22 and is

evacuated through 3

Lift bellows (1-4) Inactive -

The air from the spring bellows of

Drainage of the eccentric axis
Solenoid valve package Active the axis of the eccentric air passes through 21, 22 and is
(2-4)
of the bogie axle (6045) evacuated through 3

Axis blockage
Inactive -
propeller-loco (3-4)

Stop after the rear axle descent

The control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 3 (Lower position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 3 (Middle position-stop/Lower position-automatic stop)
when the vehicle reaches the lowest position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

System
Solenoid valve package Electrovalve Pneumatic system
electric

Front solenoid valve

(1-4) Inactive -
(6035LF)

1 closed, the supply air not

Central (1-4) Inactive
it can happen

The air from the spring bellows of

Solenoid valve package Left (2-4) Inactive air of the propeller shaft and the idle shaft no

of the propeller shaft (6035C) can be evacuated

The air from the spring bellows of

Right (3-4) Inactive air of the drive shaft and idle shaft no
it can be evacuated

Elevator bellows solenoid valve package (1-4) Inactive -

 of the bogie axle (6045) The air from the air spring bellows
Drainage of the eccentric axis
Inactive it is not possible to evacuate from the crazy axis to
(2-4)
through 3

Axis blockage
Inactive -
locomotive propeller (3-4)

Eje delantero y eje trasero

Front axle and rear axle elevation

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 2 (Middle position)
Regulation button: Position 1 (Upper position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

Let the feed air pass through

from 1 to 23 and continues until the
Central (1-4) Active
front solenoid valve 1/3.
Let air through to the valve (2-4) and (3-4).

Let the air pass through 21 until the

Package of
left air spring bellows of the axle
axis solenoid valves Left (2-4) Active
propeller and the solenoid valve 11 of the axis of
propeller (6035C)
bogie

Let the air pass through 22 to the

air spring bellows of the propeller shaft
Derecha (3-4) Active
right and the solenoid valve 12 of the axis of
bogie

Let air pass through 1/3, until 21,

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Active 22 and continues to the spring bellows of
(6035LF)
air
 Lift bellows (1-
Inactive -
4)

Axis drainage
Inactive -
crazy (2-4)
Package of
axis solenoid valves Let air pass from 11 to 21
from the bogie(6045) up to the left air spring bellows
Axis locking of the bogie axis
Inactive
locomotive propeller (3-4) Let air pass from 12 to 22
to the right air spring bellows of the
bogie

The rise of the front and rear axle is achieved by pumping air between the front air spring bellows and
backside.

Stop after elevating the front axle and rear axle.

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 2 (Middle position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 1 (Middle position-stop/Upper position-stop)
automatic when the vehicle reaches the high position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

21 and 22 closed, the air from the bellows

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Inactive of air spring of the front axle no
(6035LF)
can be evacuated

1 closed, the feed air not

Central (1-4) Inactive
Package of it can happen

axis solenoid valves 21 closed, the air from the bellows of

propulsor (6035C) Left (2-4) Inactive air spring of the drive shaft and axle
the train cannot be evacuated
 22 closed, the air from the bellows of
Right (3-4) Inactive air spring of the drive shaft and axis
the loco cannot be evacuated

Elevator bellows (1-4) Inactive -

Package of Drainage of the eccentric axis

Inactive -
electromagnetic valves of the axis of (2-4)
bogie(6045)
Axle lock
Inactive -
locomotive-propeller (3-4)

Front axle and rear axle descent

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Upper position)

Axis button: Position 2 (Middle position)
Regulation button: Position 3 (Lower position)

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

The air from the air spring bellows of the

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Active front axle passes 21 and 22 through 1/3
(6035LF)
up to the solenoid valve of the propulsion shaft 23

1 closed, the supply air cannot

Central (1-4) Inactive
to pass

The air from the left spring bellows of the

Package of
Left (2-4) Active the propeller shaft goes through 21 and is discharged to
axis solenoid valves
through 3
propulsor (6035C)
The air from the right spring bellows of the
Right (3-4) Active the propeller shaft goes through 22 and is evacuated to

through 3

Package of Lift bellows (1-

Inactive -
axis solenoid valves 4)
 from the bogie(6045) The air from the air spring bellows
Axis drainage
Inactive The crazy axis passes through 21, 22 and is evacuated
crazy (2-4)
through 3

Axis lock
Inactive -
propeller-loco (3-4)

Stop after lowering the front and rear axle

Control box

Control button: Position 1 (Top position)

Axis button: Position 2 (Lower position)
Regulation button: Position 2/Position 3 (Middle position-stop/Lower position-automatic stop)
when the vehicle reaches the lowest position

The level sensors continuously send information to the control unit.

Package of System
Electrovalve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

21 and 22 closed, the air from the bellows

Front solenoid valve
(1-4) Inactive of the front axle air spring not
6035LF
can be evacuated

1 closed, the supply air does not

Central (1-4) Inactive
it can happen

21 closed, the air from the bellows of

Package of
Left (2-4) Inactive air spring of the propeller shaft and shaft
axis solenoid valves
the locomotive cannot be evacuated
propulsor (6035C)
22 closed, the air from the bellows of
Right (3-4) Inactive air spring of the drive shaft and axle
the train cannot be evacuated

Lift bellows (1-4) Inactive -

Package of
Drainage of the crazy axis The air of the air spring bellows
shaft solenoid valves Inactive
(2-4) the crazy shaft cannot be evacuated
bogie(6045)
Axis blockage Inactive -
 propulsor-loco (3-4)

Bogie axle

Generalities of elevator bogie

Bogie elevator is designated as a jack elevator, directional axle elevator, or pressure on bogie of
last drive axle (for vehicles with two drive axles at the rear). To achieve a pressure function
about the bogie in vehicles with two drive axles, the lock switch will need to be activated
differential. In the use of the 'crazy axis' in the text that follows, it should be understood that it includes
also the directional axle and last propeller axle. The pressure limitation on the vehicle axle
(RALIM11/13/15/-EU) determines the lifting function of the bogie. During the lifting of the bogie, the increase in the
pressure on the propeller shaft that receives a greater traction force. By elevating the bogie the
the wear of the tires on the non-driven axle is reduced.

Function

During the elevation of the bogie, the bogie switch is in position 1, which causes the spring bellows on the axle to be engaged.
(pos 57) they evacuate and if the vehicle has an lifting bellows (pos 58) they provide air to the lifting bellows. Neither the elevator
neither the eccentric axis nor the displacement elevation will take place if the maximum pressure on the propelling axis has been

achieved. An acoustic signal sounds from a buzzer when the pressure on the propeller shaft reaches 13
tons (RALIM15).

Bogie switch in position 1 always provides the maximum possible pressure on the drive axle for the
variant of vehicle RALIM11, RALIM13, and RALIM15. For the RALIM-EU vehicles, it is stipulated that the switch for the

the bogie in position 1 provides the highest possible pressure on the drive axle for an unloaded vehicle or
partially loaded.

The bogie switch is located on the instrument panel in the cabin, see Component Location
In the cabin, it lights up when positioned in position 1.

Occasions when the bogie elevator should not be used

When the pressure according to the pressure sensor of the primary tank is below 10 bar (1,000 kPa).
During slow maneuvers when shifting gears, due to a high air consumption.

Descent of the bogie

To lower the crazy axle, after raising the bogie, set the bogie switch to position 2.
intermediate position. The lift bellows is evacuated (if there is a lift bellows) and the spring bellows of the idle axis
they receive air. The air pressure in the spring bellows of the propeller shaft and the idle shaft will be equal. The lamp of the

the switch and the warning light for the lifting of the crazy axle are off when the switch is in
position 2.

Overload of the propeller shaft

If the pressure in the propeller shaft is too high when the bogie axle is lifted and the vehicle is carrying
pressure limitation on the axle, the bogie elevator automatically switches to the pressure on the bogie.

In case of overload of the propeller shaft, a signal sounds and the warning lamp for raising the eccentric shaft lights up.

It lights up. The system is protected in case the blind shaft descends, for example, driving in a
irregular path where momentary loads can appear on the propelling axis.

Pressure on bogie generalities

In the use of the 'crazy axis' in the text that follows, it also covers the directional axis and the
last drive axle (for vehicles with two drive axles at the rear). During pressure on the bogie, it
They evacuate the bellows of the eccentric shaft so that the pressure in the propeller shaft increases. Neither the rise of

displacement or elevation of the rear axle with the bellows raised occurs. The wheels of the rear axle never lose.
contact with the ground, as in the case of the bogie elevation. The pressure on the bogie can, for example,
used to get out of a jam on slippery floors. There are two types of pressure on the bogie, one
for the RALIM11/13/15 variants and another for RALIM-EU.

Function for RALIM11/13/15

The bogie switch will be positioned in position 3.

The spring bellows of the idle axle will be evacuated until they are airless or until their pressure on the axle
maximum allowable thrust is reached.

The bogie switch lights up in position 3. A signal sounds and the information lamp lights up if
the pressure on the propulsion shaft is over 13 tons (RALIM15).

Function for RALIM-EU

Pressure 1
The spring bellows of the idle axis are emptied until they are pressureless, or until the pressure on
the propelling axis 10.5 option 11.5 tons is reached.
 Pressure 2
Speed lower than 30 km/h
The air spring bellows continue to deflate until they are at zero pressure, or until the pressure
About the propeller shaft has increased by 30% to 13.65 option 15 tons. The lamp of
Information will blink to indicate the increase in pressure in the propulsion shaft. If the speed is
above 30 km/h the pressure on the drive shaft will automatically drop to 10.5 option 11.5
tons.
Speed over 30 km/h
The increased and memorized pressure on the propeller shaft will be achieved if the speed decreases by
below 30 km/h within 15 seconds. The bogie switch will blink to indicate that it has
selected the pressure on the propulsion axis memorized. The bogie switch lights up with a steady glow
if the speed has not dropped below 30 km/h within 15 seconds.
Pressure 3
The pressure function on the axis is inactive. The information lamp goes off and the signal stops.
This provides maximum pressure on the propulsion shaft for a fully loaded vehicle at a
speed lower than 30 km/h.

Elevator bogie

The bogie switch is in position 1 (upper position).

The level sensor continuously sends information to the control unit.

The schematic figure applies to the variant of the total air suspension vehicle RADT-A6 (with bellows
elevator, pos 58) provided that the maximum allowable pressure on the drive shaft is not reached.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

Let the supply air pass from the

Lifting bellows
Active air deposit through 13, continues to 23
(1-4)
and the lift bellows fills
Package of
Drainage of the axis The air from the air spring bellows of the axle
solenoid valves of Active
crazy (2-4) the train passes through 21 and 22 and is evacuated through 3
bogie axle (6045)
Axis lock
propulsor-loco (3- Active 11 and 12 Close
4)

Package of Let a brief blow pass with an air of

Central (1-4) Active
electromagnetic valves of nutrition from 1 to 21 and 22 and continues
 propulsion shaft up to the air spring bellows of the axle
(6035C) propeller for compressing the reduced pressure of
bellows in the air spring bellows of the idler axle

Let the air pass through 21 of the bellows.

Left (2-4) Active
left propeller shaft air spring

Let the air pass through 22 the bellows of

Right (3-4) Asset
air spring of the right propeller shaft

{"Pressure on bogie/Descent bogie":"Pressure on bogie/Descent bogie"}

The bogie switch is in position 3 (Lower position).

The level sensors constantly send information to the control unit.

The schematic figure applies to the variant of the vehicle with total pneumatic suspension RADT-A6 (with bellows
elevator, position 58) when the drainage of the air spring bellows of the driven axle is carried out (until they are
they are under no pressure or until the maximum pressure on the propeller shaft has been reached.

Package of System
Solenoid valve Pneumatic system
solenoid valves electric

Lift bellows (1-

Inactive The elevator bellows evacuates
4)
Package of
Drainage of the eccentric axis The air spring bellows of the non-driven axle
axis solenoid valves Active
(2-4) Evacuate
of the bogie(6045)
Axle lock
Active 11 and 12 close
propulsion-loco (3-4)

Let the feed air pass through

Central (1-4) Active from 1, up to 21 and 22 and continues until the

air spring bellows of the drive axle

Package of
Let the air pass through the 21 bellows.
axis solenoids
Left (2-4) Active air spring of the propeller shaft
propeller (6035C)
left

Let the air pass through 22 A

Right (3-4) Active
air spring bellows of the drive axle
 law

Electrical components

ECS Command Unit (9073)

Level sensor

Location Position number

Front axle..... 7072LF

Rear axle, right side..... 7072RR

Rear axle, left side..... 7072LR

Number of level sensors per vehicle

All vehicles with air suspension have two level sensors at the back, except RAD-A4.
TRACTOR, FSS-LEAF, which have one. There is one more level sensor in front, for vehicles that have
front pneumatic suspension, FSS-AIR.

Control box

Vehicle variant Position number

Total air suspension of the vehicle. 9009

Rear pneumatic suspension of vehicle... 9010

Electrovalve relay (3019a)

Power relay (3019b)

Elevator bogie switch/Pressure on bogie (133)

Suspensión neumática, ubicación de componentes

General dashboard, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6

General panel, control system, full pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6

1. ECS Command Unit (9073)

2. Maneuvering box (9009)
3. Level sensor (7072)
4. Test fuel filter (pos 23)
5. Air spring bellows, front axle (pos 68)
6. Pressure regulator (pos 4)
Distribution rack for extra equipment (elevator bellows)
7. Safety valve (pos 21a)
8. Primary deposit (pos 14)
9. Test valve (pos 23)
10. Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF)
11. Solenoid valve package, drive shaft (6035C)
12. Solenoid valve package, bogie (6045)
13. Console for: Overflow valve (pos 52a and 52b)
Distribution rack
Safety valve (pos 21)
Test rack (pos 23)
14. Air spring bellows, propeller shaft (pos 56)
15. Compressed air deposit (pos 50)
16. Air spring bellows, idle axle (pos 57)
17. Lifting bellows, idle shaft (pos 58)

ECS, Air suspension with electronic control

The ECS command unit (1) automatically regulates the level when the load is modified. The level of
The vehicle can also be manually adjusted with the control box (2). The level adjustment in the
vehicle, automatic or manual, takes place through the level sensor (3) which communicates to the control unit
ECS the current level of the vehicle. The sensor level signal will depend on the height between the frame and the axle.

The control unit compares the current level of the vehicle with the programmed values and, if necessary,
Activate the solenoid valve package (10, 11, 12) to fill or empty the air spring bellows (5, 14, 16). See
Function of the regulation system for more information about flow descriptions, where it is used
position number as a reference to the location of components.

Location of components in the cabin

Location of components in the cabin

1. Control box (9009 for full air suspension, 9010 for rear air suspension)
2. Diagnosis taking
3. Witnesses (Information Lamp)
4. Screen
5. Witnesses
6. Manometers (pos 7a)
7. Drive shaft pressure sensor, connector, marked 7064
Primary tank pressure sensor, connector marked 754
Differential Lock Switch
9. Bogie switch (133)
10. Solenoid valve relay (3019a) and power relay (3019b)
11. ECS command unit (9073)

Air suspension, component location

General panel, total air suspension FH12, RADT-A6

General panel, regulation system, total pneumatic suspension FH12, RADT-A6

1. ECS Command Unit (9073)

2. Maneuvering box (9009)
3. Level sensor (7072)
 4. Test fitting (pos 23)
5. Air spring bellows, front axle (pos 68)
6. Pressure regulator (pos 4)
Distribution rack for extra equipment (elevator bellows)
7. Safety valve (pos 21a)
8. Primary deposit (pos 14)
Test separator (pos 23)
10. Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF)
11. Solenoid valve package, drive shaft (6035C)
12. Solenoid valve package, bogie (6045)
13. Console for: Spill valve (positions 52a and 52b)
Distribution ratchet
Safety valve (pos 21)
Test rack (pos 23)
14. Air spring bellows, propeller shaft (pos 56)
15. Compressed air deposit (pos 50)
16. Air spring bellows, idler shaft (pos 57)
17. Lift bellows, idle axle (pos 58)

ECS, Electronic control air suspension

The ECS command unit (1) automatically regulates the level when the load is changed. The level of
The vehicle can also be manually regulated with the control box (2). The level regulation in the
vehicle, automatic or manual, takes place through the level sensor (3) that communicates with the control unit
ECS the current level of the vehicle. The level sensor signal will depend on the height between the frame and the axle.

The control unit compares the current level of the vehicle with the programmed values and, if necessary,
activate the solenoid valve package (10, 11, 12) to fill or empty the air spring bags (5, 14, 16). See
Function of the regulation system for more information on flow descriptions, where it is used
position number as a reference to the location of components.

Location of components in the cabin

Location of components in the cabin

1. Control box (9009 for total air suspension, 9010 for rear air suspension)
2. Diagnostic assessment
3. Witnesses (Information lamp)
4. Screen
5. Witnesses
6. Manometers (pos 7a)
7. Drive shaft pressure sensor, connector, marked 7064
Primary tank pressure sensor, connector marked 754
Differential lock switch
Bogie switch (133)
10. Solenoid valve relay (3019a) and power relay (3019b)
11. Command Unit ECS (9073)

Control box (9009/9010)

Generalities

The vehicle level is manually regulated with the control box. During driving, the control box
The control box is located in the cabin. The control box is equipped with a 3-meter electrical cable, so that
the driver can position themselves beside the vehicle during regulation. There are two variants of boxes
maneuver, one for total pneumatic suspension of the vehicle (9009) and one for rear pneumatic suspension
of the vehicle (9010).
Control box (9009)

Electrical diagram; Control box (9009)-Control unit (9073)

Control box (9010)

Electrical diagram; Control box (9010) - Control unit (9073)

Function

The control box has three switches for the vehicle's complete air suspension and two for suspension.
rear pneumatic. Each switch has three positions and its function is described in the table below. A vehicle
With rear air suspension, it only has a "Control Button" and a "Regulation Button."

3. Button of
Control button 2. Axis button
regulation

Front axle,
Regulation memory 1
manual
Up
M1
MAN1

Front axle and

Position of buttocks
Position 2
driving (FOR)
(position Parade
memory 2
media)
AUT
M2
 Regulation of
Rear axle,
Position 3 the position of
memory 3
(position driving Down
inferior
M3
MAN2

Control button

The control button is in position 2 during normal driving.

The regulation system is active, with the ignition key in the off position and the button of
control in position 1, see Stand by mode (alert).
The inactive regulation system, with the ignition key in the stop position and the control button
in position 2 or position 3.

Manual level regulation

Place the control button in position 1. (The instrument panel display in the cabin shows a
icon for the manual adjustment of the air suspension and the yellow information light
turn on.)
Choose axis/axes with the axis button and adjust the vehicle level with the adjustment button. (The button of
regulation is primarily recuperative, but if pushed against its maximum position, it remains in a
very defined locking position, where it stays blocked in this position. In the locking position,
the level regulation continues until it is interrupted manually, or until it is reached the
extreme position programmed in the vehicle.
The driving position is reached with the control button in position 2.

Manual level regulation can only be used at speeds below 10 km/h. If it is

If this speed is exceeded, a warning acoustic signal will sound.

Memorize/Replace rack level

The frame level can be memorized in three different positions for vehicles with suspension.
total pneumatic and in a position for vehicles with rear pneumatic suspension.

The vehicle must be stationary during the frame level memorization.

Do the following to memorize the frame level:

Adjust the vehicle to the desired level.

 Choose the memories M1, M2, or M3 with the axis button.
Hold the memory button for at least 5 seconds.
Set the control button to position 2.

Do the following to reset a memorized rack level:

Select the desired memory (M1–M3) with the axis button.

Position the control button in position 1.
Hold the memory button for 1–4 seconds.

Memorize the new level for the driving position

Do the following to adjust the driving position level:

Place the control button in position 3. (When this position has been chosen, an icon lights up)
air suspension on the cabin screen.
Adjust the vehicle to the desired driving position level with the axis button and the button of
regulation.
Hold the memory button pressed for at least 5 seconds. (A new one can be stored again)
driving position level adjusted by the driver.
Set the control button to position 2.

To maintain the driving properties intact, modify the driving position level within
the prescribed values for the vehicle variant, see Maximum regulation with driving properties
intact.

Restore the nominal driving position level

The nominal level is adjusted in production vehicles and is replenished as follows.

Place the control button in position 3.

Press and hold the memory button for 1 to 4 seconds.
Position the control button in position 2.

Standby mode (alert)

The Stand by (alert) mode means that the vehicle maintains the selected level with active regulation for
105 minutes (or until the stored air has been used up). This "mode" is activated by pressing the button of
control in position 1 at the same time that the ignition key is in the driving position. The key of
The contact will also need to be turned to the stop position.
In this 'mode' manual level adjustment can also be performed.

Position blocked

In the event of serious failures in the system, the power supply to the solenoid valves will be shut off and the
Normal maneuvering of the system will be blocked. The control box can perform the following
maneuvers when the system is locked. Front axle adjustment, left or right sides,
It can only be done in vehicles with two solenoid valves and two level sensors at the front. The vehicles
They are normally equipped with a solenoid valve and a level sensor in front, and then they regulate the sides.
left and right at the same time.

Handled Up/Down Control button 2. Axle button

Position 1
Front axle Position 2

Rear axle Position 2 Position 3

Front and rear axle Position 2 Position 2

Front axle, left side Position 3 Position 1

Front axle, right side Position 1 Position 1

Rear axle, left side Position 3 Position 3

Rear axle, right side Position 1 Position 3

Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF) and drive axle

6035C
A package of solenoid valves consists of one to three solenoid valves that regulate the flow of air coming in and going out.
from the spring bellows upon receiving an order from the ECS command unit. The solenoid valve package of the axis
The front consists of a solenoid valve that is regulated electrically and pneumatically. The package of
The propeller shaft solenoid valves consist of three solenoid valves and are electrically regulated. This applies to all.
the vehicles, except for some 4x2 variant vehicles, TRACTOR, where the solenoid valve package
the propulsion axis consists of two solenoid valves.

The number of solenoid valve packages per vehicle will depend on the vehicle variant. The only variant
with a solenoid valve package is the one described above 4x2, TRACTOR. The solenoid valve package is
located on the inner right side of the frame, see General diagram, total air suspension FH12, RADT-
A6y is coupled together according to the function of compressed air in level regulation.

The front axle solenoid valve is activated from the control unit, pin 3. The solenoid valves of the axle
Propulsion systems are activated from the control unit pins 4, 5, and 6. The electromechanical valve for the propulsion shaft, pin 1-4, is

the central valve regulates the ascent and descent of the vehicle. The solenoid valve of the drive axle, pin 2-4 and
3-4 regulate the airflow on the left and right sides respectively.

A. Front axle electrical diagram

Electrical diagram; Front axle solenoid valve package (6035LF)-control unit (9073)

B. Electrical schematic propeller shaft

Electrical diagram; Solenoid valve package propulsion axis (6035C)-control unit (9073)

Function of compressed air in level regulation

Electrovalve package, front axle and propeller shaft

A. Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035 LF)

1/3. Air supply from, and drainage for, solenoid valve package of the propulsion shaft 23
4. Air from the primary reservoir for regulating the solenoid valve
21. Air to and from the right air spring bellows, front axle
22. Air to and from the left air spring bellows, front axle
B. Solenoid valve package, propulsion shaft (6035C)
1. Air supply from the primary tank
3. Evacuate the air from the silencer
Air to and from the left spring bellows of the propeller shaft and idle shaft
 22. Air to and from the right propeller shaft and idler shaft springs

Solenoid valve package, front axle (6035LF)

Solenoid valve package, propulsion shaft (6035)

Solenoid valve package, drive shaft, 4x2, TRACTOR

In the ascent of, for example, the front train, the solenoid valve of the drive axle is activated, contacts 1-4 and the air
From the primary tank (position 14), the power supply can pass to the solenoid valve pack of the axis.
front and spring bellows. During the descent, after the rise of the front train, the axle solenoid valve
propulsor, pads 1-4 are inactive. The spring bellows of the front axle evacuate through the package of
electrovalves from the front axle to the electrovalve package of the drive axle and exit through the
muffler.

In inactive position, the solenoid valves block the airflow to and from the spring bellows (not applicable to
solenoid valve package, bogie, see solenoid valve package, bogie (6045).

For more information about level regulation, see System Regulation Function.

Tire and inner tube

Construction.

Types of tires.

Tire dimensions.

Factors responsible for tire wear.

Recommendations to avoid unnecessary tire wear.

Tire wear verification.

Tire rotations.

Wear on the shoulders of radial tires.

See IE: Construction

See IE:Types of tires
See IE: Tire dimensions
See IE: Factors responsible for tire wear
See IE: Recommendations to avoid unnecessary tire wear
See IE: Verification of tire wear
See IE: Tire Rotations
See IE: Wear on the shoulders of radial tires

Construction
The tires are composed of a cable structure beneath a vulcanized layer. The cables are
formed by a braid of fiber, nylon or steel wires. The structure of the tires can be of
two types: radial structure and diagonal/conventional structure. The difference between a tire
diagonal/conventional and radial is mainly in the arrangement of the cables of the canvases of the
structure.

In the radial tire "A," the cables are arranged in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation of the
tire, which is stabilized with belts beneath the tread, surface of the tire that comes in
directly in contact with the ground. Being flexible, they are installed more quickly on the wheels and have a
good surface contact on the road. They are used in vehicles for long distances and on roads in
good condition.

In the diagonal/conventional tire 'B', the wires are arranged in the same direction of rotation of the
tire. They are rigid, which makes installation on wheels difficult, and are generally used in vehicles that
They work in construction and on poorly maintained roads.

The advantages of radial tires compared to diagonal ones are:

Good heat dispersion.

Smallest amount of heat generated in the casing.
Largest number of kilometers.
Smaller fuel consumption.
Greater resistance to holes and penetrations.
Greater ease and protection for the suspension.
Good adhesion and conduction.

Tires can also be classified as: tube tires and tubeless tires. The
tubeless tires have a special rubber layer called 'liner', which ensures insulation against
air leaks. It is necessary to install them on appropriate tires using special valves.
Basically, the advantages of tubeless tires compared to tube tires are:
 Lower weight.
Greater torque transfer capacity, both from the engine and the brakes.
Easier assembly and disassembly.
Fewer components.
Greater security.
Lower working temperature.
Lower probability of quick emptying when it is perforated.

Types of tires

Tires can have two types of construction: diagonal (conventional) and radial. The basic difference
The difference between a bias tire and a radial tire is mainly in the arrangement of the cord strands in the plies.
the structure and existence of belts that involve the entire periphery of the radials.

The diagonal tire has a structure normally consisting of crossed textile plies in relation to
others.

In the radial tire, the supporting structure is made up of plies whose steel cords are
arranged in parallel and in the radial direction.

The advantages of radial tires compared to diagonal ones are:

Good heat dispersion.

Smallest amount of heat generated in the casing.
Largest number of kilometers.
 Smaller fuel consumption.
Greater resistance to holes and penetrations.
Greater ease and protection for the suspension.
Good adhesion and conduction.

Tires can also be classified as: tire with tube and tire without tube.
The basic concept of tube tires appeared in the early twenties and remains simple. The
tubeless tires began to be developed in the sixties and were marketed in the years
seventy.

Basically, the advantages of tubeless tires are the lighter weight, larger space between
the tire and the brake drum, greater resistance to oxidation, smaller amount of components,
greater safety, lower operating temperature, lower probability of quick depletion
when it drilled and the transport capacity of a larger pair, both from the engine and the brakes.
Tires with inner tubes no longer have the advantages.

Tire dimensions

Low profile (without camera)

295: width measurement of the tire in mm

80: the height of the section is 80% of the width
295/80R22.5 radial casing
22.5: diameter of the wheel in inches

According to that, the nominal diameter presented above is: (295x0.8x2) + (22.5x25.4) = 1043 mm.

Normal profile (without camera)

The normal profile of a radial tire is approximately 90%. In this type, the nominal diameter is: 13R22.5:
(13x25,4x0,9x2) + (22,5x25,4) = 1166 mm.

Tire with tube

The tube tire has a profile of approximately 100%, which means that the height of the section is the
same as the width: 12.00R20: (12x25.4x2) + (20x25.4) = 1118 mm.

Height of the loaded section

In general, the loaded section should be 85% of the unloaded section. This does not include the tire (since this
normally does not suffer any deformation):

The height of the normal section is 80% of 295 = 236 mm. The height of the loaded section is 85%
295/80R22.5
from 236 = 201 mm.

The rim (r) will therefore be half of the rim plus the loaded section: (22.5x25.4/2) + 201 = 487 mm
(center of the axis on the floor).

Maximum operating width

B Cross section, new
C Border width
D Edge diameter
And diameter of the tire, new
F Maximum tire diameter in operation
The height of the section
 D Tire diameter
Static ray with load
Difference between the tire with and without load

Factors responsible for tire wear

Pressure
 The number of kilometers
B Amount that the tire is inflated (%)

The tire must always maintain the same shape, the lower section with 85% of the upper section.
very high pressure produces noise, without comfort, low bearing resistance, depending on a
better adhesion or worse and irregular wear model.
A very low pressure results in the smallest noise, high bearing resistance, rapid wear,
mildly unsatisfactory and tire wear.

Speed
 The number of kilometers
B Speed

High speeds produce high wear due to elevated lateral fatigue. The measure that the temperature
fatigue increases, while producing a greater temperature.

Temperature x Speed

Ambient temperature in °C
B Performance
The temperature is of great importance for wear. A high ambient temperature softens the tire.
which results in fatigue, which will likely soften the tire more.

Note! If at an ambient temperature of 15° C and at a speed of 80 km/h the performance is at 100,
He will fall by 67% if the speed is 115 km/h.

Note! If at a speed of 100 km/h and at a temperature of 10° C the performance is at 100, it will fall.
for 47% if the ambient temperature is 30° C.

Road with curves/straight sections

Roads with curves significantly increase wear, partly due to high lateral fatigue and partly due to
to simple mechanical wear.

Type of road Km (%)

Straight and level 100

Line with slight irregularities 96

Slightly irregular with curves 76

Quite irregular with curves 50

Road structure

A hard surface wears out the tire more than a soft surface. This is due to the
compression/wear that produces high lateral fatigue. The risk of aquaplaning also presents a
highest chance of occurring, since the tire will have to overcome the irregularities of the track
Continuously. A smaller opportunity for adhesion exists as the contact surface will change.

Road surface Km (%)

Asphalt in good condition 100

Concrete 95

Pavement with stones 90

Asphalt 85

Ripio 64
Gravel and small stones 50

By

When talking about specifying a vehicle's tire, it's also important to observe, for example, the
part of the engine. This becomes obvious when it is considered that the tires are the last link in the
chain that is started with the crankshaft.
When the engine's power is being transmitted to the tires, the tire is a few degrees before the
tire rotation, which creates a lateral fatigue work that heats the tires.
The brake pair can be larger than that coming from the engine, however it can be forgotten since
It has a short time limit. It is important to know that braking can offer a rise in temperature.
This increase in temperature can cause lateral fatigue in the tire. In case this fatigue
Excessive increase can cause the tire to explode.

Balancing

The imbalance of the wheels and tires is the main cause of vibrations. It is possible that the assembly
wheel-tire does not have a uniform mass distribution. In this way, it will always present a certain
imbalance that, depending on its size and the rotation of the wheel, may sometimes lead to
considerable vibrations, which will negatively affect comfort, will increase wear on the
tires and can reduce the lifespan of the bearings, the dampers, and the elements of
suspension and steering of the vehicle. The tire imbalance can be static, simple dynamic and
combined dynamic.
Static imbalance

It is the imbalance caused by a mass situated symmetrically in relation to the median plane of "K" and it is not
uniform along the circumference (1). With this type of imbalance, the wheel oscillates in the vertical direction that
produce the successive impacts on the tire, which affect the suspension and steering of the vehicle, causing
localized wear on the tire tread (2). The vibration is felt at speeds starting from
50/60 km/h and increases exponentially with the increase in rotation.
 Centrifugal force

Simple dynamic imbalance

It is the imbalance caused by a pair of forces (masses m1 and m2) located in a symmetrical way in
relation to the middle plane "K" and is not uniform along the circumference (1).
When the wheel starts to rotate, the two masses m1 and m2 generate two centrifugal forces that
causes the transverse oscillations (2).
The tire suffers from rapid wear and both comfort and driving are compromised, as well as the
mechanical elements of the vehicle's suspension and steering.
The vibrations begin to be felt when the rotation enters the resonance band, in other words,
starting from 70/80 km/h and it doesn't feel more approximately at 130 km/h, although the vibrations
they continue to act in the suspension.

Combined dynamic imbalance

The most common case we find is combined dynamic unbalance. This unbalance is represented by the
sum of static imbalance and dynamic imbalance.
Tire pressure calibration

Tire calibration must be done weekly. Tires should be calibrated according to the load.
and the superstructure of the vehicle.

Note! Always remember to check the pressure of the spare tire.

Observe the recommendations of the tire manufacturer. In the absence of such recommendations, see the
pressures indicated in the diagrams.

Note! The pressures indicated in the diagrams correspond to the average of the pressures recommended by
the main tire manufacturers.

Simple Round
Double roll
Simple Rolling

Double rolled
Double wheeled

In dual wheel assemblies, the tires must be of the same type and have the same diameter, or in the
maximum 6 mm difference between the diameters.

Recommendations to avoid unnecessary wear of the

tires

Carry out periodic inspections.

Maintain the correct pressure, adjusting it according to the load.

Note! Always check tire pressure when they are cold.

Wear increases with an increase in speed.

Do not overload the tires with poorly distributed weights.
Do not drive with uneven and unbalanced tire pressures.
Periodically check the convergence of the wheels.
Rotate tires regularly.
Keep the tires free of stones and other objects in the grooves of the treads.
Do not allow contact of tires with solvents, fuels, and mineral lubricants.

Note! When mounting the tire on the rim, use only vegetable lubricant.

Verification of tire wear

Check if the tires have normal wear. Compare the wear with the illustrations, verifying
the various types of wear.

Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Highways
mountainous, with
many curves or
badly paved
2. Temperature
high environment
3. Tire no
Wear
intended for the type of
normal
use
quick
4. Bad habits of
address
especially use
incorrect of the
brakes and

high speeds

Parallelism
incorrect of the
front wheels
2. Parallel
Wear incorrect among
irregular axes
fast 3. Lack of reviews
regular
4. Alignment of
trailer
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Positive inclination
O negative in
excess
2. Flexibility
Wear in exaggerated axis
one side due to the load
excessive
Alignment of
trailer

Wear in Alignment of
teeth of trailer
sierra

Wear
Incorrect pressure:
central (A) and
wear in Excess air

the shoulders B Shortness of breath

(B)
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Floating of the
tires
2. Double Combo
bad
3. Operation
irregular of the
brakes
Wear and tear
4. Overloading
diagonal
(distribution)
5. Low air pressure
or difference of
pressure between double
6. Defects of the
tire

Tires with
Wear
different diameter
fast of the
Calibrated
tires in
3. Axis with warping
a montage
4. Excess load
double

1. Pressures
inadequate
Wheels
incorrectly
Wear due to
centered
friction between
3. Minimum distance
tires
between tires
(assembly
outside of
double)
recommended
4. Incorrect type of
tires
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Sub-tire
inflated
2. Load badly
distributed over the
vehicle
Double assembly
Break of the
incorrect
case in the
(dimensions,
flank
wear and tear
different, etc).
4. Roads
arched
Accidental cut

Excess pressure
High speed in
great obstacles
3. Overloading
Break of the
4. Problems of
case
suspension
due to
springs and
impacts
shock absorbers
5. Pinch for
obstacle
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Camera failure
Tire
2. Penetration of
what a hollow wheel
object
or under pressure
Small loss
low

Contact of
tire with
Pollution fuels
from the lubricants, oil
gum burned, fats,
etc.

Tire
inadequate for the type

for use
Excessive pressure
3. Roads of
Cuts
gravel/stones
multiple
big, in
bad conservation
songs of works,
mines, etc.
4. Excess of
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

acceleration (use
abusive)

New brakes
not yet
Wear
softened
located
2. Sudden braking
due to the
3. Imbalance of
brakes
braking system

1. Assemblies
incorrect
Incorrect union of
double assembly
3. Anomalies in the
operation of the
Wear and tear
braking system
said
4. Very pressures
Wavy,
reductions or
Abandoned,
imbalance of
etc.
pressure between the
tires of
double assembly
5. Shock absorbers and/or
springs in fatigue
 Symptoms Probable cause Illustration

Normal on wheels
without traction,
Furrows
good roads and
longitudinal
long courses

It is normal,
depending on the
Wear in size of the
the edges of band; how much more
the grooves the weight is large,

(band) bigger the

wear

Wear on the shoulders of radial tires

When radial tires show abnormal wear with the number of kilometers below
expected, this wear is characterized by a rounding in the shoulders called 'shoulder force', and
With this characteristic, the tire presents an undesirable appearance as if it were an old tire.
In most of those cases, there are also issues with vehicle steering.

This symptom may relate to several basic maintenance steps such as:

Convergence
Divergence
Camouflage
Excess clearances of the bearings
Excessive play in the bushings
 Excessive play in the master pin bearing
Tire calibration
Alignment between axes
Trailer alignment

These steps are of extreme importance for the proper performance of the tires, however once the
vehicle that is with the steering system within its specified values, there is still one specific
"shoulder closure", which is characteristic of radial tires.

The "shoulder closure" can exist, even when all the steps above are in good condition, this
Closure is a characteristic of radial tires.

Note! If the necessary provisions are not taken when the shoulder closures are verified, such as the
tire rotation and alignment, this symptom can worsen, leading to the formation of undulations that
they will begin to extend to the center of the tire, transforming into 'flattened' wear, which will cause
the vibrations in the steering wheel due to tire deformation and the consequent imbalance.

The Dislocation of the Shoulders

For a tire groove seating to exist and for the tires to perform
Well, throughout life, the mounting of radial tires on the drive axle must be done
during the first 10 to 15 thousand kilometers of life.

The mounting of radial tires on the drive axle, during the first 10 to 15 thousand kilometers of their
life, for a tire tread impression to exist, one of the practical ways for
the tires have a good performance throughout their entire first lifespan.

With this procedure, the grooves of the tires are reduced by about 3 mm. This causes
there is a previous settlement of the same (hardening), with the reduction of this wear, because the
new tires are more sensitive to this effect, caused by the lateral movement of the shoulders and
grooves. On the drive axle, this feature is smaller than on the front axle.
After a prior settlement on the traction axis, experience has shown that when
transferred to the front axle, they present greater durability than if they had been installed
from the beginning in the front axle and they do not show the deformations "shoulder break" as he does
mentioned previously.

Normal height grooves (new)

B Lateral force applied on the tire

Low height grooves

B Lateral force applied to the tire