2.8 DIRECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.

Most of the basic linear measurement instruments or purposes

General measurements are represented by the steel rule, vernier, or the micrometer.

Steel rules are effectively used as a linear measuring mechanism;

to measure a dimension, the ruler is aligned with the graduations of the scale
oriented in the direction of measurement and the length is read directly. The rules
Steel can be found in depth gauges, for measuring depths.
of slots, holes, etc.

Also incorporated are the sliding calipers, adapted for operations

of linear measurements, often more accurate and easier to apply than a ruler
for measurement. A special type of steel ruler is the vernier or caliper.
Classification of measuring instruments.
Analog and digital measuring instruments.

In general, the parameters that characterize a phenomenon can be classified into

Analog and Digital, it is said that a parameter is analog when it can take
all possible values continuously, for example: the voltage of a battery,
the intensity of light, the speed of a vehicle, the inclination of a plane, etc.

On the other hand, it is said that a parameter is digital when it can only take values
discrete, for example: the number of particles emitted by a radioactive material
in one second, the number of molecules in a given volume of a certain material,
number of revolutions of an engine in a minute, etc.

Analog Instruments

El término: Analógico Se refiere a las magnitudes o valores que varían con el tiempo
in continuous form like distance and temperature, the speed, which could
vary very slowly or very quickly like an audio system.

Analog voltmeter

In daily life, time is represented in an analog form by clocks (of

needles), and in a discrete (digital) form by digital displays. In the technology
Analog data is very difficult to store, manipulate, compare, calculate, and retrieve.
information accurately when it has been saved, on the other hand in technology
Digital (computers, for example) can perform tasks very quickly, very
exact, very precise and without stopping. Modern electronics uses electronics.
digital to perform many functions that electronics used to carry out
analog

Digital Instruments

The term: Digital refers to discrete quantities such as the number of people.
in a room, number of books in a library, number of cars in an area of
parking lot, quantity of products in a supermarket, etc.

Digital multimeter

Digital systems are of great importance in modern technology,

especially in computing and automatic control systems. The technology
Digital can be seen in different areas: Analog and Digital. What is the
diferencia? mecánico: llaves electromecánico: el relé/relay hidráulico neumático
electronic. The last two dominate the technology.

Digital instruments tend to give the impression of being very accurate due to their
specific and unambiguous indication, but it should not be forgotten that if your
calibration is poor, its accuracy can be as bad or worse than that of a
analog instrument.
Vernier Caliper

It is an instrument for measuring lengths that allows readings in millimeters and in

inch fractions, through a scale called Nonio or Vernier.

It is composed of a fixed rule where the scales are graduated.

measurement either in millimeters, in inches or mixed.

Types of vernier calipers.

Dial gauge (or quadrant) calibrator

In this caliper, the graduated scale has been replaced by a dial indicator.
or quadrant operated by a pinion and rack mechanism achieving that the
resolution may even be greater achieving readings of 0.01 mm. Available are
calipers from 100 mm to 2,000 mm and exceptionally even longer.

Digital calipers

These calibrators use a type of displacement deflection system.

capacitance, they have the same size, weight, and measurement range as the
standard calibrators, are easy to read and operate, the values are read in a
liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, with five digits and a resolution of
0.01 mm, which is easy to read and free of reading errors.

Calipers with fine adjustment

They are designed so that the measurement tips can measure external surfaces.
only, or allow only internal measurements with a useful range of 600
up to 2000 mm has an adjustment mechanism for fine movement of the
cursor.

Caliper with adjustable probe for uneven tips

This type of caliper facilitates measurements on planes at different levels in parts.

staggered where they cannot be measured with standard calipers, I have a
vertical adjustment mechanism of the measuring point.

Caliper for tubular wall thicknesses

These gauges have a cylindrical probe to measure the wall thickness.

for tubes with an inner diameter greater than 3 mm, the probe fits
perfectly to the inner wall of the tube facilitating and making it more reliable the
measurement.

Low pressure calibrator with constant force

These gauges are used to measure easily deformable materials.

they have a sensor unit that serves to regulate low pressure and
probe constant on the piece to be measured.
Caliper with adjustable probe and conical tips. This design allows for
measurements of distances between centers, or from edge to center that are found in
a same plane or in unequal planes.

Käfer calibrator. Thickness gauge for plastics, paper, cardboard, threads, ropes.
and wires. They are portable, digital, or analog.

Although calipers are often used in environmental conditions

hostiles, their maintenance tends to be neglected due to its simplicity of
construction and low accuracy requirements. In order to obtain the best
the possible performance of these instruments, and ensure their economic use, is
It is essential to carry out effective maintenance control. Like with other types of
instruments, the calipers must have standardized rules that regulate the
purchase, staff training, storage, maintenance and inspection
periodic.
Micrometer

This tool is widely used in mechanical manufacturing. Although it is used

less than the gauge is used to measure, exterior dimensions, interior dimensions, depths
etc. and have a smaller range than the caliber. Through the
Micrometers can measure between 0.01 and 0.001.

The micrometer is a device that measures the displacement of the spindle when it
is moved by the turning of a screw, which converts the movement of the drum
in the linear movement of the screw. Its displacement amplifies the rotation
of the screw and the diameter of the drum. The graduations around the circumference.
The drum allows reading a small change in the position of the spindle.

Description of the operation

The conventional micrometer is an instrument made up of a moving axis "c" with a

threaded part "e", at the end of which a graduated drum "f" is mounted;
By spinning the graduated drum, the movement of the micrometer screw is obtained.
"e", and consequently the movable axis "c", which will press the piece against the point
Plan 'B'. On the fixed part 'D', which is attached to the arch 'A', the scale is marked.
graduated scale in millimeters or inches. Unlike the vernier, there is a micrometer.
for each system of units. The fundamental parts of a micrometer are:

Horseshoe arch.

Flat fixed point.

Mobile axis, whose tip is flat and parallel to the fixed point.

Graduated body on which a graduated linear scale is marked in

one and a half mm.
 Support screw to the movable shaft.

Graduated drum.

Locking device, used to secure the moving axis in a standard measurement

and be able to use the go/no-go micrometer.

Clutch. This device consists of a molded wheel that acts by

friction. It helps to prevent the pressure of the moving shaft on the part from exceeding
the value of 1 Kg/cm2because excessive pressure against the part may cause
place to erroneous measurements.

Characteristics

Different appreciations:

The appreciation of an instrument is determined by the reading capability of its scale.

It is the value of the smallest dimension that the instrument can determine.

We could also define appreciation this way:

Appreciation:

The appraisal is determined by the reading ability of its scale. Also

it's called resolution.

The measurements of the calibers are always between the appreciation of 0.01mm to
0.001mm.

Field of measurement
It is the range of values that the magnitude to be measured can take with an instrument.
It is the range of values that we can detect between the maximum and the minimum.
instrument capacity. In a micrometer, the standard measurement that can
the reach is 25 mm. Therefore, we will have to choose the most suitable micrometer.
appropriate for the piece to be measured.

Form

There are several types of micrometers, apart from the one we are discussing (external),
depending on the shape that the piece we want to measure will have. Depending on
From the shape of the part, special micrometers can be used. Like now
We will see, the shape of each micrometer is also a consequence of its use for the
that is designed for each of them.

Depth micrometer

The depth micrometer is used to check the measurement of depth of the

hole, grooves, etc. It differs from the micrometer for external measurements in
that the arch is replaced by a bridge applied to the head of the micrometer.

The measurement range of this instrument is 25mm and its approximation is

0.001 mm.

Inside micrometer:

The interior micrometer is used to measure the diameter of the hole and other dimensions.
internal diameters greater than 50 mm. It is made up of a micrometric head on the
One or more extendable combinable axles can be mounted.
Wristwatch comparators

Cover indicators (cover comparator) are very useful tools.

extended in the industry for very diverse measurements, being one application, its
use in measuring devices that allow for very fast measurement of
mass-produced parts.

It requires a wide variety of models to suit different applications, a

variety is, in the measurement interval, another is the value of the minimum graduation,
there are cover indicators and lever-type indicators. There are.
indicators that give readings in millimeters and others that give them in inches.

There is a variety of contact tips available with different geometries for

a variety of applications. These can be used with extensions. For
to be able to take measurements, the indicators must be mounted on a base
support.

Currently, a wide variety of indicator models are available.

digital, with diverse functions such as data output, mm/in conversions,
preset, absolute zero, incremental zero and others that facilitate the work
increasing the reliability of the measurements.

Pattern blocks
The pattern blocks are the most precise materialized measurement in the industry for
calibration of instruments, as well as various measurements and outlines. They are
available in rectangular or square shapes, made of steel, ceramic, or carbide
(see figure 1). Common games include measures from 0.5 mm to 100
mm, but they are available in lengths of up to 1000 mm.

Like all measuring equipment, they need to be calibrated before use when
they are new and then calibrated periodically.

Go/No-Go gauges
Devices designed to verify the dimensions of a part within its limits
of upper and lower size, according to the tolerances specified by the
standards.

This is one of the fastest methods for measuring external threads and consists of
a pair of threaded rings go-no go.

These gauges are set to the limits of the part's tolerance. Their application
you simply screw them onto the part. The one that passes must go in without force over
the length of the thread and the not pass should not be inserted more than two threads before
what it gets stuck on.

These gauges only indicate whether the inspected part is within tolerance or not.
They do not specify what the actual size of the threaded part is; for that
It becomes necessary to use one of the methods previously described.

Height gauge
It is a device for measuring the height of pieces or the height differences between
plans at different levels. The height gauge is also used as
drawing tool, for which a burin is included. The height gauge, created
through the combination of a main scale with a vernier to carry out
quick and accurate measurements, it has a single probe and the surface on the
which rests, acts as a reference plane for taking measurements. The
height gauge has an accuracy of 0.001 inch, or its equivalent in
cm. they read the same way as vernier calipers and are equipped
with vernier scales of 25 or 50 divisions and with a gravers tip that can make
marks on metal.

Height gauge with dial

The meter incorporates the amplification mechanism of the dial indicator.

readings are taken by adding the readings of the main scale graduation and the
from the cover, which indicates the fraction of the main scale with a needle, what
minimizes parallax errors and allows for quick and accurate measurements.

Height gauge with dial and counter

The mechanism is the same as the dial height gauge. The mechanism of
Amplification of the indicator consists of the pinion, amplifier gear, and the pinion.
central. The counter indicates readings of 1mm and the fractions are indicated by the dial;
due to the fact that there are readings in 2 directions, they could be confusing when the cursor
moves up or down near point 0.

Electrodigital height gauge

They are classified into 2 types: one of these uses a rotary encoder to detect the
displacement and has a double column. The other uses the displacement detector.
type capacitance and has a single column of rectangular section. The
displacement detection mechanism is a rotary encoder that
convert the linear displacement of the cursor into a rotary movement of the disk
grooved. The system of this meter is based on a circuit scale.
high-precision integrated devices.