Support

Power electronics

Chopper
Inverter
Dimmer
Switching power supply

Created by [Link]
([Link])

March 2011 (CFPA of Bejaia)

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1 - The Inverters (DC-AC Conversion)..

Presentation:
The inverter is an electronic device that allows the conversion of direct current (and voltage).
in an alternating current (and voltage) with the desired frequency (usually 50/60 Hz).

It consists of two distinct stages: a control stage and AC/DC conversion and a stage
step-up transformer to provide an appropriate output voltage.

Operating principle:

I / Control level (Conversion): is often made up of a power transistor bridge

coupled with recovery diodes, controlled by full-wave or pulse-width modulation
of impulses.

Block diagram of the conversion stage of a single-phase inverter

Each set (recovery diode (Dipower transistor (Ti)) constitutes a switch

électroniqueKiIn order to create an alternating voltage across the load terminals, the switches Kiwill be
ordered two by two according to the following principle:
1st case :

Full wave command (1herehalf period).

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During the 1tierhalf-period, K1 and K3 are closed when K2 and K4 are open. The voltage across
in this case the charge is positive (Uc= E), while in 2nde half-period, it is K2 and K4 that are
closed and the voltage across the load is reversed (Uc = -E).

2andcase :

Full wave command (2herehalf period)

The downside of this command is the significant distortion at the output due to insufficient filtering.
Par conséquent, la commande la plus utilisée est celle utilisant unemodulation à largeur d’impulsions
MLI, comparing a sinusoidal reference (low frequency) to a triangular carrier (high frequency)
frequency).

Schematic diagram of the MLI command

At high frequencies, PWM modulation allows the voltage to be transformed into a series of pulses,
variable width, and variable amplitude (Uc= E x (Vr / Vp)) depending on the ratio (Vr/Vp).

II / Transformer floor: Its main role is to elevate the converted voltage to a suitable voltage.
for the desired application.

Diagram of an ideal transformer.

This level must be built to optimize ohmic and magnetic losses in order to be
performant in various environments.

Usage:
The standalone inverter can be at a fixed frequency, it is then used as a backup power source or
uninterrupted power supply from a battery.
At variable frequency, it is used for speed variation of motors.

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2–The Dimmers (Alternative-Alternative Conversion)..

Presentation:

The dimmer is a device that allows, from an alternating source, to convert

a sinusoidal voltage of constant effective value into an alternating voltage of the same
frequency but effective variable value. This will allow him to control the power
absorbed by a receiver in alternating current. (it behaves therefore like a switch
ordered, it establishes or interrupts the connection between the source and the load.

Principle:

The voltage across the load evolves according to the control sequence, thus we
differentiate between two types of dimmers:
Phase angle dimmer.
Wave train dimmer.

I / Operation of a phase control dimmer on resistive load:

In this type of dimmer, the signal sent to the dimmer's control input is
analog. The thyristor Th1 is triggered during the positive half-cycle with a delay angle α.
report on the zero-crossing of the mains voltage. The thyristor Th2 is triggered during the alternation
negative with the same phase shift.

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II /Operation of a wave train dimmer supplying a resistive load:
In this type of dimmer, the thyristor Th1 and the thyristor Th2 are continuously triggered.
during the time Ton (conduction period) and they are then blocked until the end of the period of
modulation.

T: period of the source voltage.

Sound: duration of the wave train.
Tc: modulation period.

Usage:

The lighting.
The heating.
The starting of alternating current motors.

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3–The Choppers (Continuous-continuous conversion)..

Presentation:
The chopper allows obtaining a variable continuous voltage source from a source of
tension remains fixed.

Principle:
It is evident that the simplest method to convert a fixed value direct current voltage into
A variable DC voltage is the potentiometer voltage divider setup.

The output voltage Udis given by:

The drawback of this setup is its mediocre efficiency (in power), which turns out to be critical for
applications making intervene from
non powers negligible.

The yield is written as:

Thus, these assemblies are used only in low power electronics (a few Watts).
maximum). In power electronics, choppers will be systematically used.
Indeed, the chopper performs the same function in direct current as the transformer does in alternating current.
alternating, that is to say a change in voltage with an efficiency close to 1. Which is not the case
with a rheostat or potentiometer.

Types of choppers:
There are several types of choppers, the two basic types being series connection and
parallel montage. The principle consists of periodically interrupting the power supply to the load by the
source.

I / The series chopper (voltage reducer):

The operation of the converter is inferred from

the analysis of the behavior of the switch I.

at=0, Iest engaged (passing) during a

weather , then :ud(t)= U.

Between etT( The test is open.

So we have: i=0 and the currentdcircular through the
diodeD ("freewheeling" diode).
So: ud(t) = 0 as long as the diode D conducts, which is
as long as the current i(t) is non-zero.

Whend(t) cancels, the diode D blocks and :ud

(t) = Ec.

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II/ Le hacheur parallèle(élévateur de tension)

The parallel chopper is also called a step-up chopper. This circuit allows for the provision of a
average tensionUd0 from a DC voltage source U < Ud0.

The main applications of the parallel chopper are

regulated power supplies and braking
for the recovery of direct current motors.

We distinguish 2 operating phases:

When the switch is closed, the diode is
inversely polarized (VD= - ud), the charge is therefore
isolated from the source. The source provides energy to
the inductance.
When the switch is open, the output stage
(capacity + load) receives energy from the source and
of inductance.

For the steady-state analysis presented here, the

filtering capacitor has a capacitance value
high enough for one to consider the
tension available at constant output:

Switch technology:

I / Diodes: (Junction diode recovery time:

When a diode is conducting, electric charges
accumulate at the junction. The amount of charge
thus stored is a function of the size of the component and the current
who crosses it
To move from the passing state to the blocked state, it is necessary to evacuate the
charges stored during conduction. The time required to eliminate the stored charges is called
the recovery time of the diode. Example of the evolution of current and voltage across a
diode during a switching operation:
The reverse current during the recovery phase depends on the external circuit.

II / Bipolar transistors :(Switching time)

Bipolar transistors use two PN junctions. The base-emitter junction is forward-biased when the
transistor conduit. The characteristics of diode coverage are also present with the transistor.

Example of waveforms in the case of a series chopper

freewheeling diode switches instantly:
Through the base current, loads must be brought in.
electric at the base-emitter junction during the
storage time for the current
collector appears.

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The growth of ic is not immediate, a negative base current is needed for the charges.
accumulated in the base-emitter junction disappear (duration td) and that the collector current
begins to decrease.

Observations :
In a series chopper in direct current, when the transistor closes, it is the maximum current in
linear operation of the transistor corresponding to the reverse recovery current of the diode. This current
can be ten times greater than the current in the load
This phenomenon causes switching losses in the transistor that is short-circuited at the source.
and creates electromagnetic disturbances

III / MOSFET Transistor:

The MOSFET transistor has the advantage of relatively simple control that requires little power.

In manufacturing, a diode is also placed between the drain and the source.
integrated. This diode is generally a fast diode. This
a diode can be used in a bridge structure for example
Example of waveform forms in a series chopper (with diode)
of perfect freewheel).

Between the grid and the source, the transistor behaves like a
capacitor (Cgs ~ 1nF) that needs to be charged and discharged at
each switching. The peaks of the current ig must be of
the order of the ampere.
The short switching times tr and tf allow for reduction
switching losses or increasing the frequency of the
cutting out.

IV / Thyristors :
The implementation of the thyristor in choppers is very delicate because the cancellation of the current in the
Switches during blocking are not natural. However, at very high powers, the thyristor is
irreplaceable. By component, one can switch 2000A at 2500V!
It is necessary to associate an auxiliary circuit with the thyristor that includes several additional thyristors.
inductances and capacitors to achieve the blocking of the main component.

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Summary ...

1 - Alternative / Continuous conversion (AC / DC) [rectifiers]:

Rectifier assembly:
Non-commanded (with diodes).
Controlled (with thyristors).

Applications:
Continuous power supply (for electronic circuits).
Power supply for direct current motor.
Battery charger ...

2 - Continuous conversion / continuous (DC / DC) [chopper] :

Chopper assembly:
Series (voltage reducer).
Parallel (voltage elevating).

Applications :
Switching power supply (computer, mobile ...).
Power supply for direct current motor.

3- Continuous / alternative conversion (DC / AC) [inverter]:

Applications :
Backup power supply (+ generator).
Speed controller for asynchronous motor ...

4- Alternative conversion / alternative (AC / AC) [dimmer]:

Applications :
Halogen lamp dimmer.
Speed controller for universal motor ...

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Switched-Mode Power Supplies

I / Linear Power Supplies:

Presentation:
The synoptic diagram of the power part of linear power supplies is shown in the following figure:

The term "linear" for this type of power supply comes from the fact that the transistor in the stage of
regulation works in its linear range.
The basic principle of the regulator circuit with series transistor is described as:

The fundamental elements used in a linear power supply are:

- A transformer operating at 50Hz provides galvanic isolation and modification of the
effective value of the voltage (generally a step-down).
A diode rectifier followed by a filtering capacitor that allows for voltage transformation.
sinusoidal issue from the transformer into a voltage of non-zero average value and with little fluctuation.
A Zener diode accompanied by a transistor regulator circuit allowing to provide a
regulated voltage output from the power supply.

Strengths:
Easy to implement.
Allow to obtain very stable voltages.
Very little disruptive to the electrical or electronic environment.

Weak points:
The transformer is heavy and bulky because it operates at 50Hz.
The transistor of the regulation stage dissipates a significant amount of power, it imposes then
the use of a bulky radiator hinders the efficiency of the power supply.

II / Switching Power Supplies

The fundamental elements used in a switching power supply are:
(Rectifier + Filter) directly connected to the network (mains).
Pulse transformer (galvanic isolation between the network and the user), controlled at
primary by switch controlled (transistor or thyristor).
(Rectifier + Filter) at output.

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Strong points:
The transformer operates at a frequency fd≥ 20 kHz, very much higher than that of the 50Hz network.
is therefore of reduced dimensions.
The power transistor operates in switching mode and has reduced losses.
Therefore: The associated heat sink is of small dimensions, resulting in a gain in volume and mass.
The yield of the feeding is over 80% (compared to a maximum of 60% for the
linear power supplies). Indeed, they involve a switch that is assumed to be 'ideal' and some
almost lossless passive components (C, L).

Weak points:
They are less simple to implement than linear power supplies.
A residual ripple due to the cutting remains at the output.
They are disruptive to the electrical and electronic environment; the radiated interference.
are important due to the segmentation.

III / Family of switch mode power supplies

Flyback Power Supply: indirect transfer

It is an indirect power supply. Initially, the primary of the transformer stores
the energy, and then in a second step this energy is transmitted to the load by the winding
secondary (demagnetization phase).
The schematic diagram of the Flyback power supply is described in the following figure:

The hypotheses for the study of functioning are as follows:

The tensions VE and VS are constant, due to the presence of the capacitors CE and C;
The diode D and the transformer T are considered perfect as well as the switch S.

The two operating cycles are as follows:

When the switch is closed: 1 = , 2 is less than 0, = 2− < 0the diodeDest
blocked.
The transformer behaves at the primary as a sole inductance.1increased and the
The primary of the transformer stores energy in the form of magnetism.
When the switch is opened,1decreases almost instantly and the tensions u1 and u2
invert almost instantaneously. u2 > 0 therefore D conducts and u2 = VS. The magnetic energy
stored in the previous cycle is returned to the usage circuit (the load) thanks to
the secondary winding.

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Use of a chopper:

This power supply generates fewer parasites because the input current corresponds to [Link] assembly is
used to measure the power factor of 'flyback' power supplies.

Remarks:
The "chopper" is a direct converter: the energy from the source passes to the output when K is
closed; L and C are not essential if the load can tolerate an ON/OFF control.
engine with high inertia in front of T for example.

The 'flyback' and lift converters are storage converters: when K is closed,
An inductance stores energy when the charge is disconnected from the source.
When K is open, the energy stored in L is transferred to the charge. L is
indispensable as an energy reservoir.

B / Food Forward: (direct transfer)

The hypotheses are the same as for the study of the operating principle of the power supply.
Flyback.
We also assume a complete demagnetization of the magnetic circuit at the end of the cycle.

C / Push-Pull Feeding
This type of power supply allows for the transfer of significant power with excellent efficiency.
made of its symmetrical magnetic cycle.

How to choose?
In practice, the choice of principle will be determined by the output power of the power supply:
Flyback :P< 100w
Forward : 100w < P < qq100w
Push-Pull: P > qq 100w

Conclusion :
Linear power supplies are simple and stable but heavy and bulky.
massive (W/kg) and low volumetric (W/litre) and low efficiency.

Switching power supplies are lightweight and compact. They have excellent
yield. On the other hand, their stability is average or poor. They are therefore widely used in
embedded electronics (lightweight, efficiency) or simply for their excellent performance
lorsque la stabilité n’est pas une caractéristique essentielle.

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