MITO MIXTECO

Quetzalcoatl

This character is a god and the most important hero in the legends of the Indians of
Central Mexico. It was conceived by the creator gods and was born from a rock in the year 9.
wind.

Another story tells us that a council of gods in heaven gave him his garments and ornaments,
he was assigned his job and sent to the land when he was ten years old. He was received by
the creator gods with whom I had another conference and they gave him the responsibility of
to hold up the sky and to establish the dynasties. He was considered the founder of dynasties not
not only for the Mixtecs but for other groups as well to the extent that all the kings of
ethnic groups of Central America must have been their descendants.

Two primary sources say that the creator gods made Quetzalcoatl descend.
from heaven when I was thirty years old on the day 7 cane. Another text says that the day 7 cane is the
day on which the first Chichimecas left their place of origin in the northwest of
Mexico. Their pilgrimages took them to the center of Mexico where they founded
Teotihuacan, Tula, Cholula, Tenochtitlan, and other sites whose ruins can be seen today in
day.

MYTHS ABOUT THE CREATION OF THE EARTH

THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.

CELTIC MYTH

Celtic creation myth

In the beginning, God pronounced His Name, and the Manred (the first substance of the Universe)
It was formed. The Manred was a conglomerate of tiny indivisible particles, each
one of which was God and at the same time part of God. Life emerged from Annwn (the nothingness). It was
Partholan the first being to arrive in Ireland. He arrived with his Queen Dalny and a group of
companions. They came from the West, from the land of the dead. Some time later after
having settled in this land, they had to fight against the fearsome race of the
Fomorians: cruel, violent, deformed, and evil beings. They were defeated after
long struggles. The Partholeans would disappear some time later, due to the great plague.
The Fomorians regained power in Ireland under the command of their two kings: Morc and
Connan, they had completely taken over the land of Partholan. It was then that they arrived the
Nemedios, relatives of the race of Partholan. They put up a strong fight, but in the end
they were defeated by the Fomorians. Only thirty Nemedians survived the bloody
war. It is said that of these thirty there was a family called Britan, and it is due to
this is the current name of Great Britain. Later the great people of Dana appeared.
They came from the sky, for their origin was divine. Dana was the daughter of the chief of the gods.
Dagda. The Danann spread across four great cities: Falias, Gorias, Finias and
Murias. In each city, they acquired knowledge specific to each region. From Falias.
they brought the Stone of Destiny, which was placed upon the kings when they were crowned. From Gorias it
they brought the Invincible Sword of Lugh. From Finias they brought a magical spear and from Murias the
Cauldron of Dagda, which had the property of being able to feed an entire army and not
never remain empty. It was with all these possessions that they arrived in Ireland. Upon arriving, they
They found themselves with the Firbolgs (mortal beings). They did not accept any sort of treaty.
about the division of lands, so they declared war on the Danaans. They faced off in
Moytura. In command of the Danans was Nuada, the one with the silver hand, who could not...
to his hand defect. The victory belonged to the Danaans thanks, among other reasons,
things, to his magical arts. It happened then that the people wanted Nuada as king to
despite his defect. The current monarch: Bres, had to yield his crown. Shortly after, Bres
he found out he was a direct relative of the court of the Fomorians (enemies of the
danaanos). So betraying his people, he sought the support of Balor, king of the
Fomorians, to conquer the people of Dana. Balor was known as the Diabolical Eye.
well, he had only one eye and with just the gaze of it he could kill whoever he wanted. But, for
questions of old age, I couldn't keep my eyes open for a long time. The town of Dana
then fell under the yoke of the Fomorians for a long time. The Danann
They eagerly awaited the arrival of a Savior to free them from the tyranny in which they lived.
This Savior finally arrived with the name of Lugh, son of Kian and grandson of Balor. He was
thanks to Lugh that the Danann faced the Fomorians in a great battle and
They ended up defeating them. In this battle, Nuada, the one with the Silver Hand, lost his life.
and Balor, the one with the Diabolical Eye. To kill Balor, Lugh had to wait for the great eye
it will close to throw a stone that got embedded in his brain.

2. SCANDINAVIAN OR NORDIC MYTH

The Creation of the World

Before the world, the world:

At first there was nothing but an Open Abyss, a huge void called
Ginnungagap; however, this chaotic region, this Ginnungagap, was not empty. At
to the north lay Niflheim (the home of mist), which had existed 'countless
ages before the land was created; and to the south is Muspellheim. These two regions
they contrasted like ice and fire, for Niflheim reigned in ice and fog,
while Muspellheim was invaded by flames and heat. From the center of
Niflheim was bubbling, the powerful source of all waters, a well called
Hvergelmir, the Roaring Cauldron. From it flowed Svöl, Gunnzrá, Fjörm Fimbulzul, Slidr, Hríd,
Sylgr, Ylgr, Víd, Leiptr, and Gjöll, "which is located closest to the gates of Hel." There was
emerged from the spring of unmemorable times, fermented in a poisonous foam
that settled like the slags that form in the furnace, and hardened, giving
place to the formation of ice. When the ice stopped and ceased to flow, it remained
suspended where the poison of the foam solidified, and formed frost. And this mist
frozen grew and spread over everything that exists in Ginnungagap. As a consequence
from it the Open Abyss, located in the northern quadrant, was filled with hard and
crunchy ice and frost coming from the rains and storms, while the
The southern firmament of the Abyss sparkled from the effect of the sparks and molten gases.
that sprang from Muspelheim.

The appearance of the first beings:

"From the fermented drops, which came to life by virtue of the power emitted by the heat,"
the image of man was formed. His name is Ymir, although the Ice Giants call him
They called him Aurgelmir (Clay Pot), for they claimed that all their race descended from him.
he was God, but an evil creature, like all his kind, called Etns (Frozen Giants).
It is said that while she was sleeping, Ymir began to sweat and beneath her left hand
a male and a female grew; then a child was born one after another. And from them arose the
race of the Etns. Immediately after the frost started to drip, it
solidified in the cow Audhumla, from whose udders four rivers of milk flowed: She was the
What fed Ymir. The cow Audhumla also needed to eat. She licked the stones of
ice, and found them salty. The first day she licked on the rocks, they appeared on them, because the
afternoon, the hair of a man; the second day, a human head, and the third,
complete man. He was named Buri, of beautiful appearance, tall and strong.

Of the first gods and the destruction of Ymir:

He fathered a son named Bor, who took Bestla, the daughter of the giant Bölzorn, as his wife.
(Perilous thorn); they had three sons: Odin, Vili, and Vé. The sons of Bor struck the head
from the giant Ymir, from whose wounds so much blood flowed, when he fell, that all the
giant icebergs drowned, with the exception of only one, which managed to save itself with its
family. The giants call him Bergelmir.

From the creation of the world:

Then Odin, Vili, and Vé took the corpse of Ymir and threw it into the center of the Abyss.
They opened it and made it the Earth. And with its blood, they created the lakes and the seas. In fact,
the Earth was made from his flesh, and the mountainous cliffs from his bones; rocks and ridges
they made from the toes of their feet, from their double set of teeth and the splinters of their bones
broken.

On the appearance of the dwarfs:

"Thus it came to be a new race. The dwarves that took form and life in the body of Ymir,"
They were then like worms; but with a word from the gods, they became conscious with the
intelligence of men and adopted a human appearance. They lived in the land and in the
cliffs. Four of those dwarfs were chosen for an important function.

The end of the world:

The sons of Bor took the skull (of Ymir) and formed the sky with it, placing it
at the top, above the ground, with a dwarf in each of its four corners to
hold it like this. These dwarfs were named East, West, North, and South (Austri, Vestri, Norðri, and
South). Then they took the ignited ashes and the sparks that were in Muspellheim.
expelled, and they were placed in the center of the Open Abyss, both above and below to
to illuminate the firmament and the earth. They fixed the position of all the stars: some in the
sky and others that had to move forward and backward under the sky, and they fixed their places and traced
suspicious paths. They say that the ancient traditions that resulted from this work
nights and the days and the counting of the years

And it's not just that, since the side is round and encompasses the deep blue sea. Throughout the
external shores of the ocean Odin, Vili, and Vé granted lands that were called Yötuheim,
the race of Giants, so that they could settle in them. But in the center of the world
They built a fortified wall, enclosing that region, to defend themselves from the giants.
enemies: and they built them with the eyebrows of Ymir, and they called Midgard their stronghold.
They also took their brains and formed the clouds by throwing them into the winds.

The creation of humans:

Walking along the beach of the deep sea, the sons of Bor stumbled upon two planks.
cast by the waves, they were picked up and carved into human shape. The first of the
children were granted the soul and life; the second, understanding and sensitivity; and the third,
figure and the faculties of speech, hearing, and sight. They were given dresses, and they were called by
their names, the man Ash and the woman Elm (Askr and Embla). These two procreated.
all of humanity and they dwelt in Midgard.

3. GREEK MYTH

Origin of the world

THE CREATION ACCORDING TO HESIOD (Classic Myth)

According to Hesiod, in the beginning there was only CHAOS. Then GEA (Earth) emerged.
emerged from TARTARUS, the gloomy depths and EROS (Love) element
primordial that should not be confused with Eros or Cupid, the son of Aphrodite. From Chaos by the
The action of Eros gave rise to EREBOS (the last mists), whose domains extended below.
de Gea, and NYX (the darkness or the night). Erebos and Nyx gave rise to ETER and HEMERA (the day)
who personified respectively the celestial and terrestrial light.

With light, Gaia took on personality and began to give birth on her own. This is how she emerged.
URANUS (The Starry Sky). It also produced the high mountains.

Uranus contemplated his mother from the high peaks and poured a fertile rain over
she, thus giving birth to the grasses, the flowers, and the trees along with the animals that were formed like
a procession for each plant. The leftover rain made the rivers run and filled with
Water the lowlands gave rise to lakes and seas, all of them deified with the name of
Titanes: OCÉANO – CEO – CRÍO – HIPERIÓN – CRONOS; y las Titánidas: TEMIS – REA –
TETIS – TEA – MNEMOSINE – FEBE; from them descended the other gods and men.

In addition, Uranus and Gaia created other children of horrible appearance: the three primitive Cyclopes:
ARGES - ASTÉROPES - BRONTES, who had a single round eye, were immortal and
they represented respectively the lightning, the flash, and the thunder. Finally
they fathered the Hecatoncheires or Hundred-Handed Ones, three brothers with fifty heads and
arms each called: COTO - BRIADERO - GIGES.

For her part, the night gave birth to THANATOS (Death), to HYPNOS (Sleep), and to others.
deities like the HESPÉRIDES (Jealous guardians of the sunset when the fogs
they begin to win the battle of daylight, phenomena that repeat every day), the
MOIRAS (Defenders of the cosmic order, represented as spinners who rule with their
threads the destinies of life) and NÉMISES (The divine justice, pursuer of the
unmeasured and protector of balance
[Link] MYTH

THE AZTEC MYTH OF CREATION

By the characters and writings and by the relationships of the old and of those of their time
infidelity was among priests and popes, as the main lords said to whom they
he raised them in the temples and taught the law so that they would spread it; together before me, with their
books and ancient figures, many of them, smeared with human blood, told of the beginning.
It seems that they had Tonacatecuhtli, who had as wife Tonacacihuatl (known as
also as Xochiquetzal). They were lord and lady of our flesh and were raised in
the thirteenth heaven, of which the beginning was never known. They had four children. The
mayor, Red Tezcatlipoca, named so because he was born red. The Uexotzinco and Tlaxcala,
lo tenían por su dios principal y le llamaron Camaxtli. Al segundo hijo lo nombraron
Black Tezcatlipoca, the worst of the three because he was the one who commanded the most and could do so because he was born

black in the midst of all beings and things. They called the third Quetzalcoatl, known
also known as "Night and Wind", while the last and smallest one was called
"Lord of the Bone" or "The Serpent with Two Heads," whom the Mexicans regarded as
their main god and named Huitzilopochtli. From the four children of the first couple
(Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacíhuatl), the black Tezcatlipoca was omnipresent, he knew everything.
thoughts and hearts; thus they called it Moyocoya, which means the one of
almighty. His younger brother, Huitzilopochtli (god of the Mexican people) was born without
flesh, with the bones bare. Thus it remained during the six hundred years of stillness
among the gods, a stage in which they did nothing.

After a long period, the four sons of Tonacatecuhtli gathered to arrange it.
what they should do and the law they would have. They agreed to name Quetzalcoatl and
Huizilopochtli in order to impart the orders. Then, by commission and opinion of the
two others made the fire, then half a sun that, since it wasn't whole, illuminated
little by little they made the man -Oxomoco- and the woman named Cipactónal. They were given the
order that they would not be idle, but that they would always work. He was sent to work the land.
while she spun and wove. From this first human couple, the macehuales were born.
Cipactónal received the gift of healing through certain grains of corn that were given to him.
given by the gods for healing, divinations, and sorcery as they usually do
what women do today.

Having completed their task with the first men, the gods made the three hundred.
sixty days of the year that were divided into eighteen months of twenty days each.
they created the gods who inhabited hell: the "Lord of the Underworld" and his lady, the
"Lady of the Underworld." The time had come for them to create the heavens and they began with the first one.
high, from the thirteenth downwards to continue with the creation of the water in which
they created a large fish called Cipactli, resembling a caiman. The four gathered together
brothers (children of the first couple) and created Tláloc and Chalchiutlicue, who were
water gods, to whom they appealed when they were in need of it. As they were the
four together, they made the fish Cipactli into earth, which they called Tlaltecuhtli, carrying it
as a deity, supported by the fish that had engendered her. Others said that the
Earth was created by the gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, who came down to the earth.
goddess of the sky. She had her joints completely covered with eyes and mouths with
those that bit like a wild beast. Before it was lowered there was water (that no one
know who created) on which the goddess walked. When the gods saw this, they
they said: "It is necessary to do the earth," and by saying this, the two became great.
snakes. Transformed, one of the snakes grabbed the goddess by the right hand and the
left foot and the other from the left hand and the right foot, they pulled so hard that they broke it.
in half. With the back of the shoulders they made the earth, and the other half
they took to heaven.

The other gods found out and got very angry, so to reward the
Goddess of the earth for the damage that had been done to her, the gods all descended from the sky.
and they commanded that the necessary fruits for human life should come from it: from its
hair made the trees and flowers, from their skin the small grasses and flowers, from the eyes
they made the wells, the fountains, and the small caves, from the mouths of the rivers and great
caves while from the holes of the nose and the shoulders, the valleys of the
mountains and the mountains themselves respectively. The goddess cried several times during
The nights, tirelessly. She wanted to eat the hearts of men and only remained silent.
when they were given to him; and he only carried fruit if it was sprinkled with human blood.

(*) Version by Andrés Manrique of Myths and Legends of the Aztecs, Incas, Mayans and
Muiscas; compiled by Walter Krickeberg; ed. Economic Culture Fund.
POETRY

Poetry (from the Greek ποίησις 'action, creation; adoption; manufacture; composition,
poetry; poem < ποιέω 'to make, to manufacture; to beget, to give birth; to obtain; to cause; to create' is
a literary genre considered as a manifestation of beauty or feeling
aesthetic through the word, in verse or in prose. The Greeks understood that it could be
news of three posts of poetry, the lyric or song sung with accompaniment of lyre or harp
by hand, which is the meaning that later became generalized for the word, even without music;
the dramatic or theatrical and the epic or narrative. For this reason, it is generally understood today
like poetry, lyrical poetry. It can also be framed as a 'textual modality' (this
Yes, like a piece of text). It is common nowadays to use the term 'poetry'
as a synonym for 'lyric poetry' or 'lyric', although from a historical point of view
And cultural, this is a subgenre or subtype of poetry.

Characteristics of Poetry

Alternation of discourses that has its origin in Aristotle's observation of difference.

between mimesis and diegesis, that is, between narration and description.

They can be based on true or distinctly invented facts.

The narration is done in the past.

The narrator may appear in the work or not. They are not always present, as in the genre
lyrical, and it doesn't completely disappear either, as it does in the dramatic genre.

The form that is preferably used in epic or narrative literary work is prose or
the long verse (hexameter, Alexandrine verse...)

It tends to include other genres (lyrical, dramatic, didactic), which is why it is often
the one that has the greatest extent.

It may present divisions in its external structure such as chapters, headings...

It has the following variants or subgenres: epic, chivalric romance, cultured epic poem,
romance, traditional tale, myth, legend, story, novel. Each one, in turn, has
different typologies or classes of texts, especially the myth, the traditional tale and the
novel.

This can be in two ways: direct and indirect.

TYPES OF POETRY

The word poetry refers to a literary style, based on the artistic manifestation.
by means of the word, in verse or prose. Here, the aesthetic qualities of language
primarily about the content.

Dramatic Poetry:

TRAGEDY: this encompasses those poems of a solemn nature, culminated with a

tragic ending (hence its name). The characters that make it up are usually in conflict
against fate, who through a series of misfortunes leads them towards an ending
irremediable, like the death of the protagonists, or their moral destruction.

COMEDY: they are poetic compositions consisting of a lighter argument than the
previous ones. The work begins with the intervention of the chorus. The action is carried out by
a comic hero, who ends the play by defeating his adversaries, and achieving his
initial purpose.

Sainete: a type of dramatic poetry, characterized by its humorous, comic style.

Humorous. It feeds on popular customs and traditions to develop its theme.

LYRIC POETRY:

SONG: the song is a composition in verse, written with the purpose of being sung.
The number of stanzas that compose it usually varies, and a single theme is presented in them.
the thought. It has a melancholic style in its forms and culminates with an epilogue.

MADRIGAL: this type of lyrical poetry is one that expresses romantic themes,
by means of hendecasyllabic and heptasyllabic verses, that is, of ten and seven syllables
respectively. They are usually short compositions.

ODE: this term of Latin origin refers to those poems whose purpose is
to make a praise about a specific aspect of people or objects. The ode
It addresses themes of varied nature, and is usually accompanied by a reflection from the author.
They are usually divided into equal stanzas.

SATIRE: satire is a genre written in verse whose peculiarity lies in the tone
burlesque or protest with which it is written.

EPIC POETRY: these are poems that narrate the exploits and feats of a hero,
taking its qualities as ideals for society. Its purpose, then, is the
to enhance and acclaim the feelings of unity in a region or nation.
Source: htp://[Link]/lengua-y-literatura/100-tpos-de-poesia/#ixzz4AlQgCH00