Basic genetics

RINGNECK
Psittacula krameri manillensis

Introduction
This part of the site may seem more tedious and 'heavy' but the intention here is simply
try to explain in a basic way how genetic inheritance works in the species. With a
a little patience and study, a lot can be achieved in terms of knowledge in this
area.
To produce the various mutations and colors of the Ringneck, the breeder must understand
genetics. Genetics will provide knowledge of how genes are inherited by
offspring of a given pair of birds and how certain individuals should be mated
in order to maximize the number/quality of colors in the nest.
There are 3 modes of transmission of hereditary characteristics:
Related to Sex (e.g., Lutino, Cinnamon)
Recessive (e.g.: Blue, Turquoise Blue)
==> Dominante: Dominância Incompleta (ex.: Cobalto e Malva) & Dominância Verdadeira (ex.:
Green-Grey
The modes of genetic inheritance (Sex-linked, Recessive, and Dominant) can be
combined into birds through breeding in order to produce new colors. See
some examples:
Gray: it is a combination of genes, produced through the Gray-Green (dominant) and
Blue (recessive). Therefore, Gray = Green-Gray + Blue;
Silver: combines a sex-linked gene with a recessive and a dominant to produce this.
cor. Logo, Silver = Cinnamon (related to sex) + Green-Grey (dominant) + Blue (recessive).
From the two examples above, it is concluded that Gray and Silver are actually just arbitrary names.
that express the external appearance of the bird. However, it is important to understand that in
In reality, genetically the Gray is a Blue-Green bird and the Silver is a bird.
Gray Cinnamon, or rather, Blue-Green Cinnamon.
There are countless other examples that can be provided. When one understands how each
once formed, the whole genetic process becomes easier to understand.
Types of mutations and colors
Primary mutations: they are the ones that occur spontaneously and cannot be produced. There are
currently around 50 in Ringneck. As an example, Lutino, Green-Gray, Blue, Cinnamon,
Pale, Turquoise, Violet, etc.
Color/mutation combination: joins into one bird, genes of other colors/mutations
to form new colors. There are currently more than 340 combinations. Some examples are:
Recessive + Sex-Linked: Albino (Blue + ino); Creamino (Turquoise Blue + ino); Skyblue
(Blue + Cinnamon)
Recessive + Dominant: Gray (Blue + Green-Gray)
Recessive + Dominant + Sex-Linked: Silver (Blue + Green-Gray + Cinnamon)
Attention: The colors that are produced through the combination of mutations (Albino, Creamino,
Gray, Skyblue, Silver, etc) are not achieved by direct breeding between the colors that
It is composed not by itself but by the use of carriers. Example: mating a Blue male with
a female Cinnamon, it is not possible to breed a Skyblue chick in the first generation. From this
breeding, male puppies will be born Blue/cinnamon (Blue carrying cinnamon) and one male
This one mated with a Cinnamon female (preferably Cinnamon/blue) will produce offspring.
 Skyblue (there are also other possibilities to achieve this mutation). With the
Other color combinations mentioned above occur in a similar way.

Observations:
Females cannot be carriers of Sex-Linked mutations (ino, cinnamon, etc)
Dominant mutations (green-gray, etc.) cannot be carried;

PAIRING OF RECESSIVE MUTATIONS:

Male Carrier x Normal Female

Normal Male x Carrier Female
produces

25% Normal Male

25% Macho Carrier
25% Female Normal
25% Female Carrier

Male Mutation x Female Normal

Normal Male x Female Mutation
produces

50% Male Carrier

50% Female Carrier

Male Carrier x Female Carrier

produces

25% Macho Carrier

12.5% Normal Male
12.5% Macho Mutation
25% Female Carrier
12.5% Normal Female
12.5% Female Mutation

Male Mutation x Female Mutation

produces

50% Macho Mutation

50% Female Mutation

SEX-LINKED MUTATION PAIRING:

Male Carrier x Female Normal produces:

25% Normal Male

 25% macho bearer
25% Female Mutation
25% Female Normal

Male Mutation x Female Normal

produces:

50% Macho Carrier

50% Female Mutation

Normal Male x Female Mutation

produces:

50% Macho Carrier

50% Normal Female

Male Carrier x Female Mutation produces:

25% Macho Mutation

25% Macho Carrier
25% Female Mutation
25% Female Normal

Male Mutation x Female Mutation produces:

50% Macho Mutation

50% Female Mutation

- See more at:

[Link]
genetics-basic&catid=40:genetics&Itemid=94#[Link]
 COCKATIEL GENETICS

for those who do not remember the genetics classes from high school, the explanation tries to be clear, despite the large amount

humans and birds. In the cells, the genetic information of each individual is contained. The DNA (which is found in
man, eye color, skin color, hair color, shoe size, amount of hair, shape of the nose and, in birds, the color of
Genes come in pairs. This allele; thus, each gene has two alleles). Therefore, for a child to have blue eyes, they need
This happens because blue eye is not a dominant trait (as can be seen by the small number of people who
or in pairs (and each pair is called
we will denote the brown trait as C, while the blue trait will be c. Suppose that both the mother and the father have
in blue eyes because the dominant trait is brown, that is, it is enough to have just one allele for the eyes to be brown (the
must have BOTH alleles the same (that is, cc).
that can arise in a child of this brown-eyed couple. As you can see, there are 4 possible combinations: either the child
(in this case, there will be blue eyes, since it has both recessive alleles c). There is one thing that can be understood at this moment: the
s, while the phenotype is how the characteristic is expressed in the body (brown or blue eyes). Thus, we have 3 genotypes p

to understand. The original gene, which in genetics is called wild type, is what defines the brown color. The blue color is a mu
The wild feather coloring pattern in cockatiels is the one that appears in the gray pattern.
It occurs and is passed on to the children.
See more at:
[Link]
gentica-calopsitas&catid=40:gentica&Itemid=94#[Link]
 Sex-linked mutations
Living beings have chromosomes. Humans have 23 chromosomes; but, as we have already said, they are in
a pair that is special, and carries our sexual information, determining whether we will be men or women. In women, it is
chromosome X and another called Y.
In birds, the same happens, only the situation is reversed. Males are the XX, while females are XY. And because of
now by the correct name: mutations) that are precisely on the X chromosome, that is, the genes that carry these mutations are
and defines feather coloration.
Let's go back to that explanation above about brown and blue eyes. When a male and a female are crossed, m
the mutation appears (as in the case of blue eyes), it needs to be present on both X chromosomes (in the case of males) or just on one

X chromosome

XX (male)

XY (female)

cinnamon, lutino, pearl, yellow face, and platinum. Thus, if a female is lutino, she carries the L gene on the X chromosome. Already the
the L gene on one of the chromosomes, then it will be the normal standard, even though it carries the lutino gene (in English, they call it is
Females cannot be split for these factors because they either are or are not the color carried by gene X.
gray wild type? Because, as mentioned above, this is the dominant pattern, and it is enough to have one gene for it (no need to
This is XCXP, which means it has the C (cinnamon) gene on one chromosome and the P (pearl) gene on the other? In this case, it will be gray t.
Yes, it carries both genes.
the split? Because this is vital for those who want to breed cockatiels. Let's go back to that little table of ours, but with another situation.

XN Chromosome XL

XNXL

XLY

gray males, one of which carries the L gene (XNXL) and the other does not (XNXN), and two females, one gray (XNY) and the
NY can produce lutino offspring, precisely because the father is split for the lutino gene (that is, he carries the L gene).
more cockatiels that are pearl-cinnamons or lutino-pearls? This occurs when the genes that define the mutations occur IN
hello-cinnamon, it must be XCPXCP. If it is only XNXCP, it will be gray, but split for pearl-cinnamon.
combinations.

Phenotype

Gray

pearl Gray
role (double mutation) Gray

Lutino

Lutino

Pearl Cinnamon

Yellow face
 See more at:
[Link]
sex-linked mutations&catid=40:genetics&Itemid=94#[Link]

RINGNECK
Manila parakeet
General considerations

Due to the huge number of mating possibilities among the different colors and
ringneck mutations, it is almost impossible to provide the outcome between each of them. For
Yes, we have listed below some of the pairings that are considered classic,
using carrier birds and mutants of some of the more popular mutations.

The pairings below are considered ideal and standard for the colors in question because
they make the most of the genetic potential of each mutation and the result in terms of colors
the two puppies are excellent, as there is also an interesting balance between colors and sexes
two puppies that will be produced, maximizing the final result. In addition, these
mating (with few exceptions) does not produce a "possible carrier" bird, in a way
It is known exactly what each born puppy carries genetically.
Because we believe it is not worth it in terms of the genetics of the produced puppies, by choice.
we follow a line of conduct when mating our Ringnecks and
we usually do not mix the Ino gene (Lutino, Albino) with the Cinnamon genes (Cinnamon,
Skyblue, Silver, etc) and Green-Gray (Green-Gray, Gray). For this reason, there are not in the tables
below no combination between Ino and the colors/mutations from the Canela genes or
Green-Grey, except in a few justifiable exceptions.

Obviously there are other options to mate the same birds mentioned below but
typically the results are not as satisfactory as those listed. Therefore, for those
if you do not know deeply the genetic inheritance of color in Ringnecks, we advise you to base yourself on
in the tables below to make the pairings of the birds.

DIRECT RESULTS OF MATINGS

CREATION DIAGRAM FOR RINGNECK MUTATIONS
WITH EXPECTATIONS IN PERCENTAGES
Organized in alphabetical order of males
Macho Albino

M Albino x F M Albino x F M Albino x F Blue

Green/blue Albino 50% M Blue/ino
25% M 50% M Albino 50% F Albino
Green/blue/gold
50% F Albino
25% M Blue
25% F Lutino/blue
25% F Albino

M Albino x F M Albino x F M Albino x F Lutino

Creamino @ Turquoise Blue @
25% M Creamino OU 50% M Lutino/blue
25% M Albino M Creamino x F 50% F Lutino/blue
Blue
25% F Creamino
25% F Albino 25% Turquoise
Blue/ino
25% M Blue/ino
25% F Creamino
25% F Albino

M Albino x F COMING SOON COMING SOON

Lutino/blue @
25% M Lutino/blue
25% M Albino
25% F Lutino/blue
25% F Albino

Blue Male

M Blue x F Blue M Blue x F Lutino M Blue/ino x F

Lutino
50% M Blue 50% M
Green/blue/nothing 25% M
50% F Blue
Green/blue/ino
50% Green/Blue
25% M Lutino/blue
25% Green/Blue
25% F Lutino/blue

M Azul x F M Blue x F Albino M Blue/ino F Blue

Lutino/blue 50% M Blue/ino 25% M Blue/indigo
25% M 50% Blue F 25% M Blue
Green/blue/ino
25% F Blue
25% M Blue/ino
25% F Albino
25% Green/blue
25% F Blue

M Blue x F Gray M Blue x F M Blue/ Male x F

@ Green/Blue @ Albino
25% Gray M 25% M Green/Blue 25% M Blue/Ine
25% M Blue 25% M Blue 25% M Albino
25% Gray F 25% Green/blue 25% Blue F
25% F Blue 25% F Blue 25% F Albino

M Blue/foxy/ino x M Blue/foxy x F M Blue/foxy/ino x

F Albino Skyblue F Skyblue
25% M Albino 25% M Skyblue 25% M Skyblue
25% M 25% M Blue/cinnamon 25% M
Blue/cinnamon/ino Blue/cinnamon/ino
25% F Skyblue
25% Female Albino 25% F Albino
25% Blue F
25% F Skyblue 25% F Skyblue

M Blue/ino x F M Blue x F Green - M Blue/cinnamon x F

Lutino/blue Gray/blue @ Silver
OU OU OU
M Green/blue/ino x M Green/blue x F M Gray/cinnamon x F
F Albino Gray @ Skyblue
12.5% M 12.5% Gray M 12.5% M Silver
Green/blue/ino 12.5% Green 12.5% M Skyblue
12.5% M Gray/blue 12.5% M
Lutino/blue 12.5% M Blue Gray/cinnamon
12.5% M Blue/ino
12.5% M 12.5% M
12.5% M Albino Green/blue Blue/cinnamon
12.5% F Green/Blue 12.5% F Gray 12.5% F Silver
12.5% F Lutino/blue 12.5% F Green- 12.5% F Skyblue
Gray/blue
12.5% F Blue 12.5% Gray F
12.5% F Blue
12.5% F Albino 12.5% Blue F
12.5% Green/blue

M Blue/ino x F M Blue/cinnamon x F M Blue x F

Creamino Cinnamon/blue Turquoise Blue @
OU OU 25% Turquoise M
Turquoise M M Blue
Blue/ino x F Albino Green/blue/cinnamon x 25% M Blue
F Skyblue
12.5% M Turquoise 25% Turquoise
Blue/blueish 12.5% M Blue
Green/blue/cinnamon
12.5% M Blue/ino 25% F Blue
12.5% M
12.5% M Creamino
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% M Albino
12.5% M
12.5% Turquoise Blue/cinnamon
Blue
12.5% M Skyblue
12.5% Blue F
12.5% Green/Blue
12.5% F Creamino
12.5% Blue F
12.5% F Albino
12.5% F
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Skyblue

M Blue/cinnamon x F M Blue/cinnamon/ino M Blue/cinnamon/ino x

Blue x F Blue F Cinnamon/blue
25% M Blue 25% M Blue
25% M Blue/cinnamon 25% M Blue/cinnamon12.5% M
Green/blue/cinnamon/ino
25% F Blue 25% F Albino
12.5% Cinnamon/Blue
25% F Skyblue 25% F Skyblue
12.5% M
Blue/cinnamon/young
12.5% M Skyblue
12.5% Albino F
12.5% F Lutino/blue
12.5% F Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Skyblue

SOON SOON SOON

Cinnamon Male

M Cinnamon/blue x F M Cinnamon/blue x F M Cinnamon/blue x F

Skyblue Gray Blue
25% M Skyblue OU 25% M Blue/cinnamon
25% Cinnamon/blue
25% F Skyblue M Green-Cinnamon- 25% M
25% F Cinnamon/blue Gray/blue x F Blue Green/blue/cinnamon
12.5% M 25% F Skyblue
Gray/cinnamon 25% F Cinnamon/blue
12.5% M
Blue/cinnamon
12.5% M Green-
Gray/blue/cinnamon
12.5% M
Green/blue/cinnamon
12.5% F Silver
12.5% F Skyblue
12.5% Cinnamon
Green-Gray/Blue
12.5% F
Cinnamon/blue

COMING SOON SOON SOON

Gray Male

M Gray x F Blue M Gray x F M Gray/cinnamon x F

@ Turquoise Blue @ Cinnamon/blue
25% Gray OU OU
25% M Blue
25% Gray F M Gray Turquoise x M Green
25% F Blue F Blue @ Gray/blue/cinnamon x
F Skyblue
12.5% Turquoise
Gray 6.25% M Silver
12.5% M Turquoise 6.25% M Skyblue
Blue 6.25% M
12.5% Gray C Gray/cinnamon
12.5% M Blue 6.25% M
Blue/cinnamon
12.5% F Turquoise
Gray 6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Gray/Blue
12.5% Turquoise F
Blue 6.25% M
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Gray
6.25% Green-
12.5% Blue F
Gray/blue/cinnamon
6.25% M
 Green/blue/cinnamon
6.25% F Silver
6.25% F Skyblue
6.25% Gray F
6.25% Blue F
6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Grey/Blue
6.25% F Cinnamon/blue
6.25% Green-
Gray/blue
6.25% Green/Blue

M Gray/cinnamon x F M Gray/cinnamon/ino x COMING SOON

Skyblue F Cinnamon/blue
OU 6.25% M Silver
M Blue/cinnamon x F 6.25% M Skyblue
Silver 6.25% M
12.5% M Silver Gray/cinnamon/ino
12.5% M Skyblue 6.25% M
Blue/cinnamon/ino
12.5% M
Gray/cinnamon 6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Grey/Blue
12.5% M
Blue/cinnamon 6.25% M Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Silver 6.25% Green
Gray/blue/cinnamon/ino
12.5% F Skyblue
6.25% M
12.5% Gray F
Green/blue/cinnamon/ino
12.5% Blue F
6.25% F Silver
6.25% F Skyblue
6.25% F Albino
6.25% F Albino
(masc. Green-Gray)
6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Grey/blue
6.25% Cinnamon/Blue
6.25% F Lutino/blue
6.25% F Lutino/blue
(male Green-Grey)
Lutino Male

M Lutino x F Blue M Lutino x F Lutino M Lutino x F Albino

@
50% M 50% M Lutino
Green/blue/ino 50% M Lutino/blue
50% F Lutino
50% F Lutino/blue 50% F Lutino/blue

M Lutino/blue x F M Lutino/blue x F COMING SOON

Albino Blue
25% Lutino/Blue 25% M
Green/blue/ino
25% M Albino
25% M Blue/Blue
25% F Lutino/blue
25% F Lutino/blue
25% F Albino
25% F Albino

Macho Skyblue

M Skyblue x F M Skyblue x F M Skyblue x F Gray

Skyblue Silver @ 25% Gray/cinnamon
25% M Silver
50% M Skyblue
25% M Skyblue 25% M Blue/cinnamon
50% F Skyblue 25% F Silver 25% F Silver
25% F Skyblue
25% F Skyblue

M Skyblue x F Blue M Skyblue x F M Skyblue x F

50% M Blue/cinnamonGreen-Cinnamon-
Cinnamon/blue @
Gray/blue @ 25% M Skyblue
50% F Skyblue
12.5% M Silver 25% Cinnamon/blue
12.5% M Skyblue 25% F Skyblue
12.5% Cinnamon 25% Cinnamon/blue
Green-Gray/Blue
12.5% M
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Silver
12.5% F Skyblue
12.5% Cinnamon
 Green-Grey/Blue
12.5% F
Cinnamon/blue

Turquoise Blue Macho

M Turquoise Blue x M Turquoise Blue x M Turquoise

F Albino F Blue @ Blue/ino x F Albino
25% Turquoise 25% Turquoise OU
Blue/ino Blue M Blue/ino x F
25% M Blue/ino 25% M Blue Creamino
25% Turquoise 25% Turquoise 12.5% Turquoise M
Blue Blue Blue/blue
25% F Blue 25% F Blue 12.5% M Blue/Gray
12.5% M Creamino
12.5% M Albino
12.5% Turquoise
Blue
12.5% Blue F
12.5% F Creamino
12.5% F Albino

M Turquoise Blue x M Turquoise COMING SOON

In Gray Blue/ino x F
Lutino/blue 6.25%
OU
M Lutino/turquoise
M Gray Turquoise x
6.25% M
F Blue @
Lutino/blue
12.5% Turquoise
6.25% M
Gray
Green/turquoise/ino
12.5% Turquoise
6.25% M
Blue
Green/blue/ino
12.5% Gray M
6.25% Turquoise M
12.5% M Blue Blue/ink
12.5% Turquoise F 6.25% Turquoise M
Gray Blue
12.5% Turquoise 6.25% M Blue/blue
Blue
6.25% M Blue
12.5% Gray C
6.25% F
12.5% Blue F Lutino/turquoise
 6.25% F Lutino/blue
6.25% F
Green/turquoise
6.25% Green/blue
6.25% F Creamino
6.25% Turquoise F
Blue
6.25% F Albino
6.25% F Blue

Gray Turquoise Male

Gray Turquoise x Gray Turquoise x COMING SOON

F Blue @ F Skyblue
OU 12.5% Turquoise
Gray/cinnamon
M Gray x F
Turquoise Blue @ 12.5% Turquoise M
12.5% M Turquoise Blue/cinnamon
Gray 12.5% M
12.5% Turquoise M Gray/cinnamon
Blue 12.5% M
Blue/cinnamon
12.5% Gray M
12.5% Turquoise F
12.5% M Blue
Gray
12.5% Turquoise F
12.5% Turquoise
Gray
Blue
12.5% Turquoise
12.5% Gray F
Blue
12.5% Blue F
12.5% Gray C
12.5% Blue F

Green Male

M Green/blue x F M M Green/Blue/Cinnamon
Albino Green/blue/cinnamon x x F Gray
F Blue
25% M 6.25% M
Green/blue/ino 12.5% M Green/blue/cinnamon
Green/blue/cinnamon 6.25% M Green/blue
25% M Blue
12.5% M
25% Green/Blue 6.25% M
Green/blue Blue/cinnamon
25% F Blue
12.5% M
 Blue/cinnamon 6.25% M Blue
12.5% M Blue 6.25% Green-M
Gray/blue/cinnamon
12.5% Green/Blue
6.25% Green-
12.5% Blue F
Gray/blue
12.5% F
6.25% M
Cinnamon/blue
Gray/cinnamon
12.5% F Skyblue
6.25% M Gray
6.25% Green/Blue
6.25% Blue F
6.25% F Cinnamon/blue
6.25% F Skyblue
6.25% F Silver
6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Grey/Blue
6.25% Green
Gray/blue
6.25% Green F-
Gray

M Green/Blue x F M Green/blue/in x M Green/blue x F

Blue @ F Albino Gray @
25% M Green/Blue OR OU
25% M Blue Blue/ino x F M Blue x F Green-
Lutino/blue Gray/blue @
25% Green/Blue
12.5% M 12.5% Gray M
25% F Blue
Verde/azul/ino 12.5% M Green-
12.5% M Gray/blue
Lutino/blue 12.5% M Blue
12.5% M Blue/Ink 12.5% M Green/Blue
12.5% M Albino 12.5% Gray F
12.5% Green/Blue 12.5% Green F
12.5% F Lutino/Gray Blue/Blue
12.5% Blue F 12.5% F Blue
12.5% F Albino 12.5% Green/Blue

M COMING SOON SOON

Green/blue/cinnamon x
F Skyblue
OU
M Blue/cinnamon x F
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% M
Green/blue/cinnamon
12.5% M
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% M
Blue/cinnamon
12.5% M Skyblue
12.5% Green/blue
12.5% Blue F
12.5% F
Cinnamon/blue
12.5% F Skyblue

Green-Grey Male

M Green- M Green-Gray/Blue COMING SOON

Gray/blue/cinnamon x x F Blue @
F Skyblue OU
M Green/blue x F
OU
Gray @
M Gray/cinnamon x F12.5% Gray M
Cinnamon/blue 12.5% Green
6.25% M Silver Gray/blue
12.5% M Blue
6.25% M Skyblue 12.5% M
6.25% M Green/blue
Gray/cinnamon 12.5% Gray C
12.5% Green
6.25% M Gray/blue
Blue/cinnamon 12.5% F Blue
6.25% Cinnamon 12.5% Green/blue
Green-Gray/Blue
6.25% M
Cinnamon/blue
6.25% M Green
Grey/blue/cinnamon
6.25% M
Green/blue/cinnamon
6.25% F Silver
6.25% F Skyblue
6.25% Gray F
6.25% Blue
6.25% Cinnamon
Green-Grey/Blue
6.25% F
Cinnamon/blue
6.25% Green-
Gray/blue
6.25% Green/Blue

See more at:

[Link]
ingneck-psittacula-krameri-manillensis&catid=40:gentica&Itemid=94#[Link]