NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SANTIAGO ANTÚNEZ DE MAYOLO

Faculty of Economics and Accounting

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

Amartya Sen was born in 1933 in India.

In 1959, he received his doctorate at the University of
Cambridge in the United Kingdom and then became a professor at the
India, United Kingdom and the United States of America.
He was one of the founding fathers of the new 'paradigm.'
of human development, through its approach of
development as freedom and of its collaboration in the
construction of the indices of the Development Reports
Human
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

to progress, to grow economically, it is an abstract concept,
social, cultural or politically socially constructed:
from a human community. The approach that understands the
like all the people who development as a process
we inhabit this Planet we are (economic) of change
human beings, development structural; and, on the other hand,
humans should aspire to the approach that conceives the
joint progress of all the development as a process
people. multidimensional of
extension of the
human capabilities.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

CRITIQUE IMPLIES PROCESS

Critique Break Increase

Moral deep skills
WC of the object Individuals
of study capable of
del to satisfy
development your own
needs
PERSPECTIVES OF FREEDOM
Main object of study
of development, the objective of
analysis of politics
economic and social as well as
FREEDOM of the establishment of the
empirical links that make
that the point of view of the
freedom

The interconnection of certain

freedoms
If Economic opportunities,
concentrate political freedoms, services
social and security
protector
 Development can be conceived as a process of
IT IS CONCEIVEDexpansion of real freedoms enjoyed by the
individuals.

The fact that we focus our attention on freedoms

CONTRAST humanity contrasts with the stricter visions of the
development (GDP, personal income, industrialization,
technological advances, social modernization

but freedoms also depend on others

DEPENDENCE determinants such as social institutions
and economic; as well as political rights and
humans
 The
development Development demands the elimination of the
main sources of deprivation of
freedom

poverty and tyranny, the scarcity of

economic opportunities and
systematic social deprivations, the
abandonment in which they can be found
public services and intolerance or
excessive intervention by the States
repressive.
The lack of economic freedom, in the form of extreme poverty,
can make a person a helpless victim of rape.
other types of freedom. The lack of economic freedom can
feed the lack of social freedom, in the same way as the lack
Social or political freedom can foster a lack of freedom.
economic.
TYPES OF FREEDOM
Amartya Sen particularly investigates five distinct types of
freedom, viewed from an instrumental perspective. They are:
Political freedoms,
Economic services,
Social opportunities,
The guarantees of transparency and
Protective security.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
 CAPABILITY APPROACH
In the context of human development. It argues that development does not end in
the increase in national economic production, and that is why its estimation
SURGE through the available income is insufficient.

Development is more related to the things that people can

really to do or be and so with the capabilities they have, understood
CAPACITY like the opportunities to choose and lead one kind of life or another.

Although the theory or approach of capabilities emerges as a conceptual framework

from which to judge the quality of life, I considered that its scope is quite broader
general, as it implies reformulating the notion of well-being used in the sciences
social in the sense of having the freedom to lead a worthwhile life.
 RENTALS AND CAPACITIES
He tells us that the deprivation of capabilities
it closely relates to the lack of income,
which has a double meaning:
A low income can be an important cause.
on illiteracy and the lack of health, as well as
from hunger and malnutrition
An improvement in health and education contributes
to earn a higher income. These connections
they must understand each other perfectly.
But there are also other factors that influence the
basic capabilities and in the effective freedoms of
that individuals enjoy.
 To evaluate individual well-being, Sen considers that resources
available do not provide enough information because their
Utilization varies according to personal circumstances such as age.
or health, and socio-cultural aspects such as education or social capital.

An elderly person will surely need more resources than a

young so that both are equally capable of being
healthy.

A person with basic knowledge about health and

hygiene will be more capable of being healthy, with the same
resources, for those who lack such knowledge.
 However, the resources do
they have instrumental value
to the to be requirements
essentials to have
capacity.

The senian theory has them Sen proposes this

in mind in the form of concept in the field of
what are the permits the economy of poverty
resources under the power of , but I believe that your
subject the scope is broader
The authorizations consist of the resources regarding which
there is a relationship of habilitation, and a person is enabled
regarding certain resources when you can allocate them to your
disposition to use or consume them.

We may be authorized regarding a certain amount of food because

we have money to acquire it in the market, or because our
close relationship with the owner of that food allows us to
demand it, or because we are holders of a benefit in kind.

On the contrary, we would not be enabled if we merely depend on the

charity.
ENABLING
The set of goods susceptible to such
availability constitutes the authorizations of
subject. On the other hand, the enablement can be
also regarding services or even regarding
from the very workforce.

It is called basic or direct habilitation to the

resources that are the result of one's own work
(self-production), while the permits
of exchange are those obtained from another
form (mainly trade).

Money is not equivalent to the qualifications because of

variations in prices, at the level of supply, to the ease of
access to markets, or to legal and cultural restrictions
to obtain certain resources.
 But Sen's analysis distinguishes a level
intermediate between the authorizations and the
capabilities.

To be free is to be capable, and for that one needs

to be enabled. Now, to be able to
What? The answer is to be able to function.

The functions are the things that the subject does or

the situation in which he finds himself thanks to his
authorizations and the use that one can make of them, by
example travel, be healthy, or have a home.
 The functions provide an overview of what the subject's life is like, which is
necessary, if not for the assessment of your freedom, then for judging your well-being.
They are a primary notion in the capabilities approach, as they are formulated
through the operations, they are the most basic type of information that is
it operates in theory, and it is the functionalities, not the capabilities, that can
to be directly observed.

A bicycle is something with

B. the effects caused
certain properties, such as
for the use of the bicycle
for example, to be a
they are very varied: for
means of transportation. This C. not everyone who possesses one
some, mounting is a
possibility of bicycle will be able to
to transport ourselves from one place fun; for others, it is a to travel with her:
effort that is part of maybe he doesn't know how to ride, or not
to another within certain
of the sport; for those of
limits and in one way due to his age, his health
beyond, it is the discomfort or their physical condition.
determined is a
what it means to use a
characteristic of that object,
work tool.
regardless of
Finally
use that is made of it.
Which of those three aspects is the most suitable to represent the contribution of a bicycle?
to the well-being of a person?

It doesn't capture well-being because a bicycle is an object, a commodity, and its

My possession does not equate to being able to use it. One can be the owner of the
bicycle, or being next to it, or even sitting on it and, yet, not
to be riding a bicycle.

it has to do precisely with the utility that the bicycle provides.

Due to its variability, it is not a suitable type of information either.
to capture well-being. It is influenced not only by tastes and goals
individuals, but also cultural conditioning.

The most appropriate thing is to determine what the person does with the bicycle, and in
What does the general manage to do with the assets under his control (the
enabling). And this, which is the operation, will vary depending on how we focus.
in a child, an athlete, or a disabled person.
Consequently, the functions provide a conception
novelty of well-being in which it no longer consists of either utility or
in the amount of resources. On the contrary, well-being is now a
assessment of the living conditions constituted by the
functions. These are facts of personal life, effective and not
merely hypothetical, and therefore constitutive aspects of the manner
in which the subject lives.

Obviously, not just one function occurs each time, but rather the
the person functions in many ways: they are nourished and healthy,
and protected, and read, and travel, and participate in their society, etc. Their life can
to be considered through this set of functionalities, which
delimits the person's 'general state', their way of living.

Sen proposes an ambitious critique of utilitarianism and its

influence on the methodology of the social sciences, since the
conception of life as a set of functions, and of the
well-being as their goodness implies considering well-being
as the goodness of life, which connects with classical linkage
between ethics and economics.
 CRITICISMS OF THE SEN APPROACH

In many of the topics discussed, Sen uses concepts

confusing and their ideas are sometimes not very enlightening.
greater ambiguity occurs when approaching two concepts
fundamentals in their approach: capacity and freedom.
It is also criticizable for its ambiguity regarding the approaches.
based on human rights. It is curious that Sen
develop your theory without making the slightest reference to the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
Secondly, another crucial aspect in the
Sen's approach is its operability. In this
Sen has been strongly criticized for
many authors, who believe that by not
identify in detail the
important capabilities, ordered based
Regarding priorities, their approach is not operational.