NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE ALTIPLANO

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY:

PUNO–PERU
2019
 INDEX
I. INTRODUCTIONN ............................................................................................. 1
II. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Objetivos Generals ...................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objectives specifics..................................................................................... 2
III. JUSTIFICATION .......................................................................................... 2
3.1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................. 3
3.1.1 Incident 3
3.1.2 Accident of Work ................................................................................. 3
3.1.3 Quasi-Accident e ......................................................................................... 3
3.1.4 Dangero ........................................................................................................ 3
3.1.5 Risko ........................................................................................................ 3
3.1.6 Risk Acceptablee ....................................................................................... 4
3.1.7 Disease Occupational........................................................................... 4
3.1.8 Condition Sub-Standard ............................................................................ 4
3.1.9 Acto-Sub-Standard r ..................................................................................... 4
3.1.10 Emergency............................................................................................. 4
3.1.11 Non-conformity (NC): ............................................................................. 4
3.1.12 Potential Nonconformity (PNC) ............................................................ 4
3.1.13 Corrective action (CA): ........................................................................... 4
3.1.14 Preventive action (PA):........................................................................... 4
3.1.15 Immediate action:.................................................................................... 5
IV. CONCEPT THEORETICAL................................................................................ 5
4.1 GENERALITIES TEXTILE SECTORL ................................................... 5
4.1.1 Background Historical............................................................................. 5
4.1.2 Situation Actual ......................................................................................... 5
4.2 FRAMEWORK LEGAL............................................................................................. 6
4.3 PROCESS ON MANUFACTURING IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR ........................... 8
4.3.1 Processes Manufacturing and Marketing of Threads and Wools ................. 8
4.3.2 Organizational Chart/Location from the Occupational Health and Safety Area. ........ 9
V. SST REGULATIONS AND OHSAS STANDARDS.................................................... 9

VI. Identification of Hazards and Risk Assessment........................................ 10

VII. MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH.................... 10
7.1 Does textile sector companies are required to have a system
of Occupational Health and Safety Management System-SGSST and state its Policy
of Occupational Safety and Health, signed by the owner or the senior management
address? ....................................................................................................... 10
7.2 Do textile sector companies are required to have a
the
Supervisor or Occupational Health and Safety Committee? ............................ 11
7.3 Does textile sector companies are required to have an Annual Plan
of Occupational Safety and Health?.............................................................. 11
7.4 Does textile sector companies are required to have an Annual Plan
of Occupational Safety and Health?.............................................................. 11
VIII. MAIN RISKS IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR............................... 11
8.1 Which What are the main security risks in the textile sector? 11
8.2 Which What are the main physical risks?......................................... 11
8.3 Which What are the main chemical risks? .................................... 12
8.4 Which they are the main disergonomic, psychosocial, and risks of
organization of work?................................................................................ 12
IX. HOW PREVENT ACCIDENTS IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR................... 12
9.1 How prevent entrapments, blows and/or cuts caused by use
of machines or by moving parts of these unprotected (without guards)? 12
9.2 How prevent accidents from falling objects during transport and
load storage?........................................................................... 13
9.3 How prevent accidents from falls from different levels? ..................... 13
9.4 How prevent accidents from falls on the same level? .................. 13
9.5 How prevent accidents due to electrical contact (electrocution)? ..... 13
9.6 How prevent exposure to sources of noise above the
allowed limits? .......................................................................................... 14
9.7 How prevent contact burn accidents?..................... 14
9.8 How carry out fire prevention and protection?............. 15
9.9 How prevent ergonomic accidents from manual handling and
forced positions? .15
9.10 How to improve the poor environmental conditions of the
workplaces? ......................................................................................... 15
9.11 How to prevent accidents from chemical hazards? ........................... 16
9.12 How to improve the lighting in workplaces? ................. 16
 9.13 How to prevent the organization of work from causing stress to the
workers?.............................................................. 16
9.14 How to prevent bad working relationships? ............... 17
9.15 How to avoid preventing accidents due to personal behaviors of
some workers among the risks? .......................................................... 17
9.16 What they are the most serious accidents that occur within the
textile sector?.................................................................................................... 17
9.17 Which they are the risks to which the worker is exposed
textile regulations that can cause occupational diseases? ............ 18
X. CONCLUSIONS18
XI. SOURCES INFORMATION.................................................................. 19
 I. INTRODUCTION
In the textile industry, the raw materials are cotton, wool, and synthetic fibers that are transformed.
in threads in spinning machines and then in looms, previously going through dyeing stages,
carding, cutting, and selection. In this process, a variety of machinery such as spinners is used.
frames, carders, boilers, cutters, dry cleaning, cones, etc., as well as loading equipment and
transport classified as forklifts, lift trucks, trucks, including elevators or lifts,
and hand tools such as box cutters and others for maintenance and repair of
teams.

The textile industry also includes operations such as weaving, sewing, dyeing, finishing of fibers, etc.
each of these has its own risks, however, exposure to substances stands out
chemicals, mainly in dyeing processes, exposure to cotton dust or other fibers
organic, the skeletal muscle effort and exposure to noise.

The accidents mostly occurring in this sector are caused by the use of machinery and
tools to be used in cutting, sewing, or pressing operations, producing cuts, blows,
entrapments. Likewise, ergonomic risk factors should not be overlooked.
inadequate and repetitive postures adopted by the worker during their daily workday.

In November 2005, a regulation was issued that governs the standards related to Safety and
Occupational Health for companies in different industrial sectors, said regulation
it mostly contains the same requirements as the international standard OHSAS 18001.
More than five years have passed and there are still companies that have not implemented the requirements.
requested, this combined with the little oversight from the Ministry of Labor and Promotion of
Employment. In many cases, such implementation requires that companies have teams of
experienced work, whether from the company's own personnel or external consulting through a
consultant. Both paths require the company to make a strong investment, and probably
they will not see a short-term profit.

Last year, the companies affected by the global crisis began to cut their budgets.
and when evaluating where they could do it, they found that the topics related to Safety and Health of
Work was an expense and not an investment. Thus relegating the implementation or doing it in a way
inadequate. The importance of safety and health at work is even more appreciated when considering
that half of the adult population works in some type of industry, generally low
inadequate conditions. The active or working population of a country constitutes a very high percentage.
High of the total, which varies between 30% and 50%, the group is important and carries more weight if you have it.
it is present that the majority of the active population is the working mass: industrial, agricultural, mining,
etc., which is the one that directly generates national production.

Accidents and occupational diseases have unfavorable repercussions for the country.
the industry, society, and family:

Low productivity
High expenses for medical care and hospitalization
Compensations to the sick or injured worker

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 Economic and family problems.

In our country, the culture of prevention and accident reporting are lagging behind; little or nothing.
It is reported that the capacity for control and inspections of companies is developing slowly.
causing valuable information for prevention to be lost.

II. OBJECTIVES

1.1 General Objectives

Propose basic guidelines to establish, implement, and maintain a System model.
of Occupational Health and Safety Management based on OS 009 - 2005 TR and the standard
OHSAS 18001.

1.2 Specific objectives

Identify hazards, assess risks, and establish specific safety programs.
and Occupational Health in all positions, ensuring a proper implementation of the
control measures and risk minimization.
Achieve the commitment of all staff to develop a Safety Culture throughout
the organization.
Ensuring that the highest hierarchical level of the organization takes on leadership in everything
related to Security.

III. JUSTIFICATION
Currently, companies are developing topics related to Industrial Safety as a topic
isolated and of little significance to the company's business, they do not give it the necessary importance.
within the General Business Administration System, often due to ignorance,
In others because they think that activities related to the topic generate an expense and even worse, they do not.
They know the consequences that may arise if they do not meet the legal requirements or the costs to the
that could occur if an Accident, Incident, or Occupational Disease happened.

Therefore, having a good Occupational Health and Safety Management System in the company
structured to support the Company's General System, we will be able to achieve an environment
safe and healthy labor, resulting in a significant increase in competitiveness and a
substantial reduction in operational costs in organizations, where there is not only a
not just a small group working on this project, but a whole multidisciplinary work team
within the company that I lead and that are also led by the Highest Hierarchical Level.

This thesis proposes a model to follow in order to implement the requested requirements.
Supreme Decree 009 - 2005 TR and the OHSAS 18001 standard in textile sector companies;
it also provides better performance of activities and processes by reducing costs,
occupational accidents and diseases, improve the relationship between employees and the employer

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due to the commitment of the second to prioritize safety and health, it improves the image of the
organization in front of clients, suppliers, and the community.

3.1 DEFINITIONS

The following definitions were based on the OSHAS 18001 standard and the Glossary of
terms of D.S. 009

3.1.1 Incident
Event occurring in the workplace or related to work, that had the potential to lead to
to produce or produced an injury, illness or death.

Note: An Emergency Situation is a particular type of Emergency.

3.1.2 Work Accident

A sudden event that occurs due to work or as a result of work and causes injuries.
personal to the worker, such as functional disturbance, organic injury, disability, or death.

Occupational Accidents are also considered:

They disrupt the normal work process.

They occur during the execution of orders from the Employer, or during the execution of a
work under his authority, even outside the place and hours of work.

3.1.3 Quasi-Accident
An incident that did not result in any injury or illness but had the potential to
to produce it.

3.1.4 Danger
Source, undesirable event or act with potential to cause harm in terms of injury or
disease or a combination of these.

3.1.5 Risk
Probability that a hazard will materialize under certain conditions and cause damage
to people, teams, and the environment. Being the combination of probability and/or exposure to a
dangerous event and the severity of the damage or illness that may be caused by the event or the
exhibition.

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 3.1.6 Riesgo Aceptable
Risk that has been reduced to a level that the organization can manage in relation to its
legal obligations and their own Occupational Health and Safety policy.

3.1.7 Occupational Disease

Disease contracted as a result of permanent exposure to hazards such as physical agents,
chemical, biological, and ergonomic, inherent to the work activity.

3.1.8 Sub-Standard Condition

All physical conditions in the work environment not aligned with legal requirements and other assumed ones
by the organization, which could cause incidents.

3.1.9 Sub-Standard Act

Any incorrect action or practice carried out by the worker deviating from the documentation
defined by the organization, which could cause accidents.

3.1.10 Emergency
Undesired event that occurs due to natural factors or as a consequence of fires,
explosions, earthquakes, spills, generalized crisis, workplace accidents, among others.

3.1.11 Non-conformity (NC):

non-compliance with specified requirements. It applies to deviation or absence of the requirements
specified, of one or more characteristics of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System.

3.1.12 Potential Non-Conformity (PNC)

Situation and/or conditions that can lead to a non-conformity or an undesired situation in
the Occupational Health and Safety Management System.

3.1.13 Corrective action (CA):

Action taken to eliminate the causes of an existing nonconformity, incident, or other situation
unwanted, to prevent it from happening again.

3.1.14 Preventive Action (PA):

Action taken to eliminate the causes of a potential nonconformity, incident, or other situation
undesirable potential to prevent it from occurring.

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 3.1.15 Immediate action:
Palliative action to 'stop' the continuity of the problem and reduce the impact caused.
due to a nonconformity, incident, defect, or other undesirable situation existing.

IV. THEORETICAL CONCEPT

4.1 GENERALITIES OF THE TEXTILE SECTOR

4.1.1 Historical Background

Since pre-Incan times, cotton and the fine hair of South American camelids have sustained the
development of economic activity in much of Peru.

The sheep wool and the fine hair from alpacas and vicuñas characterize the departments of Puno.
Cuzco, Arequipa, Ayacucho, and Junín, while the Pima, Tangüis, and Cerro cottons refer to the
productions of Piura, Lima, lea, and Lambayeque. This great territorial coverage and the existence and
the development of activities linked to these resources facilitated the organization of villages, workshops,
intermediate cities and capital cities. In them, the creative action and passion of the ancients.
Peruvian artisans produced fabrics and garments of great quality and beauty.

The skill of pre-Inca artisans and their knowledge in the treatment of fiber, the dyes
Natural fibers and the weaving of fabrics were remarkable. They dyed animal and plant fibers afterwards.
to clean them, card them, and before spinning them, using mineral pigments or vegetable dyes that are
they adhered to or impregnated the fiber with the help of mordants. They possessed an admirable expertise in
the textile pigmentation processes obtained red from cochineal, blue from indigo or woad,
yellow of the molle and ferruginous clays, the brown of the tara and dried fruits, the orange of the
achiote seed and the purple of the murice.

4.1.2 Current Situation

The term textile today encompasses a wide range of processes including: spinning,
finished, dry cleaning and garment making. This is why there is a need to make reforms
structural measures that allow for cost reduction, and of course the decrease of dangers to
that face the various segments of the sector, which underscore the importance of care and the
proper maintenance of machines and equipment, the installation of effective protections and grids
to avoid contact with moving parts, general ventilation, temperature control and use
of adequate personal protection whenever a danger cannot be avoided or completely controlled
with design, modification or substitution for less hazardous materials.

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The Peruvian Textile Industry in terms of Occupational Safety and Health is one of the most
unprotected, although rules and laws have been established, there are currently no guidelines for
Management that specifies the characteristics of the processes in the textile sector, which is why it was born.
concern about proposing a guide for implementing a Health and Safety Management System
I work in spinning and dyeing processes, this sector being considered a high activity.
risk by supreme decree. The Peruvian textile sector is one of the engines of development and one of
the largest job creators. Although in 2009 their growth was slowed down by the
the international financial crisis, at the end of 2010 has shown a slight recovery, especially
in the European market that represents 10% of our global exports.

According to the Foreign Trade Center (CCEX) of the Lima Chamber of Commerce (CCL), the year 2010
it would close with a positive balance for the Peruvian textile and clothing export sector in the
European market. And in 2010, the sector closed with sales of US$1.570 million.
superior to what was achieved the previous year and would demonstrate a slow recovery of one of the
most important sectors of the country, due to the large amount of labor.

4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Law No. 29783, Law on Occupational Safety and Health (2011).

Supreme Decree No. 005-2012-TR, Regulation of the Law on Occupational Safety and Health
(2012).

Supreme Decree No. 002-2013-TR approves the Occupational Safety and Health Policy (2013).

National Plan for Occupational Safety and Health, approved in the 14th ordinary session of the CNSST
(2013).

Law No. 30222 amends Law No. 29783 (2014).

Supreme Decree No. 006-2014-TR, Modifies Supreme Decree No. 005-2012-TR, Regulations of the Law on Safety and Health
in the Work (2014).

D.S. No. 42-F, Industrial Safety Regulations (1964).

D.S. N° 029-65-DGS, Regulations for the Opening and Health Control of Industrial Plants
(1965).
D.S. 039-93-PCM Regulation for the Prevention and Control of Occupational Cancer (1993).

LAW No. 26790 Law of Modernization of Social Security in Health (1997).

D.S. No. 009-97-SA, Regulation of the Law for the Modernization of Social Security in Health (1997).

D.S. Nº 003-98-SA, Technical Standards for Risk Work Complementary Insurance (1998).

Law No. 28048, Law on the Protection of Pregnant Women Engaged in Activities that Pose Risks
your Health and/or the Normal Development of the Embryo and the Fetus (2003).

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D.S. No. 009-2004-TR, Regulation of the Law for the Protection of Pregnant Women, from (2004).

D.S. N° 015-2005-SA, Regulation on Permissible Limit Values for Chemical Agents in the
Work Environment (2005).

R.M. No. 374-2008-TR, List of Physical, Chemical, Biological, Ergonomic Agents and
Psychosocial factors that pose risks to the health of pregnant women and/or normal development
Embryo (2008).

R.M. No 375-2008-TR, Basic Norm of Ergonomics and Risk Assessment Procedure

Disergonomic (2008).

R.M. No 480-2008/MINSA, List of Occupational Diseases (2008).

R.M. No 312-2011/MINSA, Occupational Medical Examination Protocols and Diagnostic Guidelines

of the Mandatory Medical Examinations by Activity (2011)

R.M. No 004-2014/MINSA, Modifies Number 6.6.1 of the Technical Document 'Protocol of'
Occupational Medical Examinations and Diagnostic Guidelines for Mandatory Medical Exams
for Activity" (2014).

R.M. No 571-2014/MINSA, Modify Technical Document 'Medical Examination Protocols

Occupational and Diagnostic Guidelines for Mandatory Medical Examinations by Activity (2014).

R.M. N° 050-2013-TR, Approve Reference Formats that Contain Minimum Information

What the Mandatory Records of the Health and Safety Management System Should Contain
Work (2013).

D.S. No. 012-2014-TR, Approves the Unique Registry of Information on Workplace Accidents,
Hazardous Incidents and Occupational Diseases and Amends Article 110 of the Regulation of
the Occupational Safety and Health Act (2014).

R.M. N° 085-2013-TR, Approve the Simplified Registration System of the Management System
Safety and Health at Work for SMEs (2013).

D.S. No 014-2013-TR, Regulation on the Registry of Authorized Auditors for Evaluation

Periodic of the SGSST (2013).

Supreme Decree 009 'Regulation on Occupational Safety and Health' is one of the
most relevant regulations that the sector must comply with currently.

While each organization must meet a series of legal requirements, the Ergonomic Hazard comes
being the most significant in various processes of that sector, Ministerial Resolution 375 - 2008
Basic Ergonomics Standard and procedure for evaluating Disergonomic Risk
gaining importance and will in many cases require modifications to current processes, whether to
level of procedures, complete or partial automation and even reengineering.

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 4.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR

4.3.1 Manufacturing and Marketing Processes of Threads and Wools

When managing Worker Safety and Health as a Management System, account was taken of
the principle of process-based approach, where internal processes were analyzed, their
respective Sub-Processes and how they interact with each other, identifying the inputs, outputs,
controls and necessary resources.

Within the processes and/or sub-processes that significantly impact security and
Worker's health can be mentioned:

Dry cleaners
In this process, the dyeing of acrylic and polyester fibers is carried out, using a series of
chemical products, including dyes and auxiliaries (Acetic Acid, Hypochlorite, etc.), which are
dyed inside pressure vessels, at elevated temperature and programmed under equipment
computerized.

Maintenance
Among the main activities that have significant impacts on Security and Health
Personally, we can mention the Preventive and Corrective Maintenance work of all the
Pressure Vessels, the frequent work of Oxy-fuel and Electric Welding. Within the
machines that require special care include Gas and Oil Boilers, the tank of
Oil Storage and the Electric Substation.

Finished Threads/Yarns

In this process, activities of handling acrylic and/or polyester fiber are carried out through
machines (Fig. 03) that have various moving parts and at the same time there is constant contact with
electrical parts. Sharp objects are handled as auxiliary resources and are used
various equipment to transport materials, making Ergonomic Hazard one of the
main points to consider.

Laboratory
Here, the effectiveness of the dyeing processes is analyzed by conducting tests with the different products.
chemicals and materials that are going to be dyed or have been dyed, although the quantities to be handled with
Regarding the dry cleaning process, the dangers are minor, but they are always present.

Raw Material Warehouse 1 Finished Product.

These operational processes are responsible for storing and supplying materials for manufacturing.
of Threads and/or Yarns, as well as transporting and dispatching the finished products (Fig. 05) to
supplier or end customer. Therefore, the handling of lifting equipment is required.

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transport such as forklifts, trolleys, and pallet jacks (Stockas). Being one of the main
hazards of exposure to chemicals and manual handling of loads.

4.3.2 Organizational Chart/Location of the Health and Safety Area

Work.

The Occupational Health and Safety in various companies in the Textile Sector depends on management.
In terms of both functional and administrative levels, in several companies that area must report
to the Production, Manufacturing, Maintenance, Administration and Finance Managements and even to
Human Resources.

In many cases this reduces relevance, it will affect the priority and speed in decision-making, as
that the Line Management in charge of the Occupational Safety and Health area will evaluate whether the Management
Health and Safety is compatible with the specific objectives of area management.
In various companies in the textile sector, a Management position can be observed to carry out the Management.
of Safety and Health. In many cases, the Heads of Safety and Health at Work are the
responsible for defining and executing actions in the different processes of the company, to lift
thus the non-conformities of the Management System; unlike other Management models, where
one of the main responsibilities of the Occupational Safety and Health area is to coordinate
and advise, so that these areas can demonstrate their commitment and thus ensure themselves that
define, execute and follow up on the raised non-conformities.

Upon starting the implementation process of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System,
the Industrial Safety area reported directly to the Manufacturing Management. But to
to be aligned with the various companies of the Group, the area became part of the Management of
Administration and Finance up to the present.

V. SST REGULATIONS AND OHSAS STANDARDS

Although D.S. N° 009 is a regulation, the requirements contained propose to manage Safety and
Health as a Management System, upon reviewing the content of the regulation it can be seen that when
to order and compare the articles with the international standard OHSAS 18001 'Management System'
Safety and Health at Work
methodology of Plan, Do, Check, and Act. Therefore, the implementation of the Decree
Supreme No. 009 in all companies will motivate the decision of senior management for the future.
also be adapted and certified according to the requirements of the OHSAS 18001 standard.

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 VI. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
The processes identified in the interaction map have various subprocesses, as well as each
The subprocess is divided into operations and these in turn into specific activities.

Therefore, when the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) was carried out at Coats,
it was attempted to develop a matrix that met corporate directives and took into account what
next:

Evaluation of all the identified job positions in the

Job Descriptions/Clarifiers.

Activities carried out in each process/sub-process.

Identification of Hazards (As a source or Potential Hazardous Event)

of all the job positions defined in Coats.

The current controls implemented.

The probability, severity, and level of risk.

Control measure to be implemented to minimize risks.

~ responsible for implementing the action and execution deadline.

Follow-up on the compliance of the Action Plans.

~ Observations to take into account.

The proposed methodology was evidenced through the local evaluation document.

of Risks by Job Position (IPER), making it clear that as measures of

continuous improvement will be taken into account in the future:

Re-Evaluation of the Risk Level, to determine the effectiveness of Jos

proposed controls and/or their implementation.

Modify the Probability, Severity, and Risk Level Matrix

proposal by the group for the second review.

VII. MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

7.1 Are companies in the textile sector required to have a System of

Management of Occupational Health and Safety - SGSST and state its Policy of
Occupational Safety and Health, signed by the owner or the management.
address?

10
Yes, all companies in the textile sector are required by Law No. 29783, Safety Law and
Occupational Health, to implement and state a Safety and Health Policy at Work,
signed by the owner, the director, or senior management.

7.2 Are textile sector companies required to have a Supervisor or

Occupational Safety and Health Committee

Yes, if the employer has 20 or more workers, they must form a committee.
equal, that is, made up of the same number of representatives from employers and employees
a minimum of 4 members and a maximum of 12; the representatives of the workers are
chosen by them through election. If it has fewer than 20 workers, it must have a
Safety and Health Supervisor elected by the workers.

7.3 Are companies in the textile sector required to have an Annual Plan?
Occupational Health and Safety?

Yes, and it must be approved by the Occupational Health and Safety Committee-CSST.

7.4 Are companies in the textile sector required to have an Annual Plan?
Occupational Safety and Health?

Yes, with the aim of detecting potentially dangerous situations and to ensure greater
level of protection of the safety and health of workers.

VIII. MAIN RISKS IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR

8.1 What are the main security risks in the textile sector?

Contact with tools and equipment (blade sheets, ironing machines, foldings
cortadoras, máquinas de coser, remalladoras, etc.), los que originan lesiones, atrapamientos, cortes,
amputations, punctures, crushes, blows burns.

Fire risk due to the combustible material being worked with (resins, foams for
covers and fillings, fibers of very diverse composition, flammable materials stored.

Lack of order and cleanliness in hallways and passage areas that could lead to falls causing
injuries to the worker.

Transport and handling of goods (raw materials and finished products), which originates
blows from falling stored and work objects.

8.2 What are the main physical risks?

Exposure to excessive heat or cold for workers.

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 Visual fatigue or impairment of sight due to excessive or sudden light in the workplace.
Exposure to high noise levels.
Contact with electrical facilities or equipment.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by the motors of the machines.
coser.

8.3 What are the main chemical risks?

Among the main chemical risks we have:

Exposure to gases generated by hot plastic material, metallic powders, and vapors
(especially lead), fabric treatment, finishing (formaldehyde), skin powder,
wool powder, cotton and other fibers, solvents, dyes, and pigments.
Contact with chemical substances used as cleaning and disinfecting products.

8.4 What are the main disergonomic, psychosocial, and...

organization of work?

Forced and maintained postures for long periods.

Manual handling of load above the maximum allowed load.
Repetitive use of pedals.
Poor environmental conditions in the workplace.
Monotonous, repetitive tasks with short cycles.
Work stress.
General conditions in the work environment (piece-rate pay and frequent
chain production systems.
Subcontracting, shifts.

IX. HOW TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR

9.1 How to prevent entrapments, impacts and/or cuts caused by the use of
machines or moving parts of these unprotected (without guards)?

The following measures must be adopted:

Buy safe machines that have all their safeguards and devices.
operational security.
Follow the safety regulations observed by the manufacturer.
Use protective devices such as defense or barrier.
Place accessible emergency switches that allow stopping the machine
immediately.

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 Install screens to protect the eyes from fragments of the elements that may
detach from the machines in case of breakage.
Use the necessary PPE.

9.2 How to prevent accidents caused by falling objects during transportation

load storage?

The following measures must be adopted:

Secure the loads being transported to prevent them from sliding or falling.
Ensure the stability of the stacks, respecting the maximum height.
Secure or anchor the shelves firmly, placing the heaviest loads on the
lower shelves.
Do not exceed the weight capacity of the shelves.
Use stairs to place or take down objects from the shelves.

9.3 How to prevent accidents from falls from different levels?

The following measures must be adopted:

For work at heights above 1.80 m, use a harness connected to a lifeline.

Whenever possible, use scaffolding with railings placed around its edges.
Secure all elements of the ladders, place non-slip supports and
pay attention to the angle of placement and the way of use.
The step ladders or double ladders will be equipped with stops at their upper end and chains.
the cables that prevent its opening and should not be used as support ladders.
Install railings, intermediate bars, and supports in the lofts or elevated work areas.
or bases around the entire perimeter of the openings.
Prohibit the use of unsafe elements to reach high places.

9.4 How to prevent accidents from falling at the same level?

The following measures must be adopted:

Repair the damaged floors.

Install railings or covers (lids) on floor openings.
Remove dirt, papers, grease, and obstacles that can be tripped over.
Remove unnecessary objects and tools that are not being used.
Mark and indicate the obstacles that cannot be removed.
Install appropriate lighting in the workplace and in the steps and access to stairs.
Wear appropriate footwear.

9.5 How to prevent accidents from electrical contact (electrocution)?

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The following measures should be adopted:

Perform a visual inspection before starting work to detect possible defects in

the electrical installations.
Use grounding systems and differential switches.
Periodically inspect the electrical installation by specialized personnel.
Do not use devices in bad condition or damaged by moisture until it has been checked by a
electrician.
Electrical faults must be repaired by specialized personnel. In case of a breakdown,
disconnect the power, unplug it, and report the damage for repair.
Avoid the use of 'extensions'.
Disconnect the equipment before cleaning it.
Do not handle electrical devices with wet hands.
Do not clean equipment connected to the electric current with liquid elements and avoid the
splashes.
Connect the electronic devices to a switch to support a possible short circuit.
The main switch must be accessible and free of obstacles.
The control panel must remain closed, with access only for electricians.
qualified.

9.6 How to prevent exposure to noise sources above the limits

allowed?

The following measures must be adopted:

Acquire machines and equipment, taking into account the noise level they produce.
Cover walls and ceilings with materials that absorb sound.
Isolate the noise sources by installing them as far away as possible from the work areas.
Reducir el tiempo de exposición del trabajador mediante turnos de trabajo, evitando el paso
for high exposure areas, etc.
Delimit and mark the noise exposure areas.
Use personal protective equipment against noise.
Inform the workers about the risk involved in working with noise.

9.7 How to prevent contact burn accidents?

Adopting the following measures:

Delimit and mark the dangerous areas.

Work in as wide spaces as possible.
Separate the dangerous areas.
Thermally insulate hot surfaces.
Use personal protective equipment.

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 9.8 How to carry out fire prevention and protection?

Adopting the following measures:

Only have the necessary amount of flammable or combustible materials available in the
work areas.
Prohibit smoking throughout the area at risk.
Install a spark-proof electrical system.
Control and prevent the concentration of dust and suspended fibers through extraction.
located. Follow the instructions of the supplier and the gas installer
flammables.
Install fire extinguishers according to the class of fire that could arise.
Periodically maintain the fire extinguishers and other fire safety equipment.
Instalar sistemas de detección y alarma de fuego.
Review and maintain isolated and protected electrical installations.
Signal and leave the emergency exits clear.
Make emergency and evacuation plans and instruct the workers.

9.9 How to prevent ergonomic accidents from manual handling and positions
forced?

Taking the following measures:

Whenever possible, automate and mechanize the processes.

Perform load manipulation using appropriate techniques.
Load and transport weights by adhering them to the body and in an upright position.
Manipulate the loads with the help of other people.
Reduce the weight of the loads.
Redesigning jobs and equipment.
Enable changes of position and breaks during work in one position
forced.
Maintain a clear space around the work area, according to the type of machine.
Keep corridors and passage areas free of obstacles.
Periodic health surveillance.

9.10 How to improve the poor environmental conditions of places

for work?

Adopting the following measures:

Periodically open the windows to ventilate the space.

Take breaks during work where the worker is exposed to high temperatures.
temperatures.

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 Regulate the temperature using heating and air conditioning.
Perform maintenance on heating and air conditioning equipment.
Carry out thermal and humidity insulation.
Humidify the air of the premises.
Avoid drafts.

9.11 How to prevent accidents from chemical risks?

Among the main measures, we have:

Be aware of and have access to the safety data sheets (MSDS) of chemical products.
Mantener una buena ventilación en los lugares donde se utilizan o manipulan sustancias
chemicals.
Si la sustancia es extremadamente tóxica o peligrosa, buscar procesos alternativos para
carry out the chemical treatment.
Always use gloves, goggles, protective creams, and masks.

9.12 How to improve workplace lighting?

Adjust the intensity of the lighting to the visual demands of the tasks.
Correct the lighting in dark places.
Eliminate or shield dazzling light sources.
Periodically clean lamps and lighting fixtures to correct low illumination.
Avoid light contrasts.
Repair the flickering lights.

9.13 How to prevent work organization from causing stress to the

workers?

Adopting the following measures:

Take breaks.
Have suitable means and equipment.
Instruct about new techniques and equipment.
Distribute the holidays.
Make job rotations.
Eliminate production bonuses.
Plan and coordinate the work considering the possible extra work.
Hire extra staff when there is excessive time pressure.
Do not excessively prolong the usual workday and compensate it with rest.
additional.
Select the right staff for each type of work, taking into account the
qualification, experience, age, health status, etc.

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 9.14 How to prevent poor working relationships?

Adopting the following measures:

Delimit tasks by related activities.

Set priorities for tasks, avoiding overlaps or interferences between them.
workers.
Prevent competitive behaviors among workers.
Report periodically on the quality of the work done.
Motivate the worker by holding them accountable for their task.
Clarify the issues with the stakeholders.

9.15 How to prevent accidents due to personal behaviors

some workers among the risks?

Implementing the following measures:

Promote the acceptance of security measures.

Inform workers of each and every risk they may face.
to find.
Plan meetings with safety instructions, periodically.
Raise awareness about the responsibility for the safety of colleagues.
Inform about personal protective equipment and the consequences of not using them.
Mark the workplaces specifying the PPE that should be used.

9.16 What are the most serious accidents that occur within the sector?
textile?

They occur during the operation, maintenance or cleaning of machines, many of which are very old and without
protections. All of them have transmission systems using gears or pulleys, some without
protect, moving parts from slow or very fast movements, cutting discs, needles, carders that
they have hundreds of metal spikes that allow the fuzz to be removed from the fabrics in the process, etc. There are
many accidents due to entrapments, with amputation, possibly even leading to death of the
worker. Other risks are associated with manual handling of materials or intervention.
machines in motion, which can cause various types of injuries - whether blunt,
puncturing and especially cutting injuries, falls to the same or different level, burns, injuries from
electric origin, etc. It is also important to consider that this industry presents working environments.
contaminated by the production of lint and that move through all sectors of the plants
of the process, even affecting electrical systems. This can lead to fires, for this reason, the
Emergency programs must be very well structured.

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 9.17 What are the risks to which the worker under the regime is exposed?
textiles that can cause occupational diseases?

Regarding the risks that can cause occupational diseases, they can be grouped into:

Chemical risks: depending on the production system, various could be used.

products such as solvents in the production of rayon, cleaning products, dyes, etc.
Physical risks: the most important is noise, which has generated a large amount of
workers with hearing impairment or hearing damage. Another issue is the vibrations that could affect
the upper limbs or the entire body.
Biological risks: are caused by dust from plant and animal fibers, such as the
cotton and animal-origin wools, with respiratory tract conditions being the most
common (such as Bisinosis, a lung disease caused by cotton).
Dysergonomic risks: many work situations that require greater effort
musculoskeletal, potentially causing musculoskeletal injuries due to movements.
repetitive. Regarding the control to prevent accidents and illnesses, companies
they must apply the current and enforceable legislation to all types of industry, such as the Law of
Occupational Safety and Health and its Regulation, D.S. 42-F, Safety Regulation
Industrial. These regulations establish that companies must take measures to
protect the life and health of their workers.

X. CONCLUSIONS
Taking into account the Deming circle (PDCA) and after having carried out the planning
from the management elements, achieve that it can be implemented and maintained as planned
it was a very complex task, since Industrial Safety had to support and carry out a
strict monitoring of the different areas. Being a support and coordination area,
Industrial Safety had to ensure that the actions were effectively executed.
commissioned, who have understood the importance of carrying them out and that the habits of
Incident Prevention has been integrated into their daily activities. ~ Implementation
From a Management System of Occupational Health and Safety, it not only achieved the reduction of
Occupational accidents and illnesses, but also improved the organizational climate,
increased productivity, strengthened the commitment to keep Safe and Healthy the
areas, processes were standardized and the identification of personnel with the company was achieved.
The Industrial Safety area reports to Line Management, at the time to the
Manufacturing Management and then to Administration and Finance Management, presented
difficulties in the effectiveness of implementing simple and technical related issues
an SST, since in many cases decision-making is conditioned on reviews
unnecessary and the priority is evaluated according to the objectives and resources of the
Managing department. ~ To carry out the risk assessment for each job position was
a commitment at all levels is necessary; on one hand, the leadership ensured the

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 staff participation and compliance with actions and on the other hand the responsible team
it was made clear that their participation was essential as only they knew about
detail the processes to be evaluated.
Currently, one can appreciate the constant growth of the textile sector, which leads to
increase in productivity, acquisition of machinery, and hiring more staff,
therefore it is important to highlight that if these factors are not managed from a point
From a process-based approach, we can see Industrial Safety as the
executor of everything related to that topic and each area would act independently
fulfilling only what is related to their functions and having a minimal commitment
with the Occupational Safety and Health.
The success of the implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety Management System largely depends on
degree of commitment from the Management and the effective flow of information between it and the
different levels of the organization. Therefore, it is necessary and indispensable
commit the entire organization, foster an Organizational Culture that has as
priority safety and establish open communication among all levels
organizational.
The Safety and Health of Workers in the textile sector, specifically in the processes of
Yarn and Dry Cleaning has not been favored due to the little or no oversight of the
government agencies and the absence of Programs, Guidelines, or Best Practices that
detail the priorities and needs regarding occupational safety and health. In this way, the
need for research on Occupational Health and Safety measures of this
sector, as there may possibly be the facilities and basic infrastructure, but not
There are Management Systems that take into account the Plan, Do, Check, and Act cycle.
act

XI. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

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Cooper D. Improving the Safety Culture 'A Practical Guide'. London: Applied Sciences
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Pan American Health Organization. Occupational Diseases: Guide for their diagnosis.
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Prevention and preparedness for
response to Chemical Accidents. Available at: [Link]
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Occupational Safety and Health Department. High temperatures in textile dyeing machines.
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Consulted: August 30, 2010.

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European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Risk Assessment. Available at:
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2010.

Environmental Protection Agency. International Chemical Safety Cards. Available at:

[Link] Consulted: August 12th
2010.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health "Center for Prevention and Control of the
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National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Technical guide for evaluation and prevention
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National Institute of Civil Defense Basic Manual for Risk Assessment. Available at:
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International Labor Organization. Safety Programs. Available at: http: 1 /www. insht.
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International Labour Organization. Auditing, Inspections and Investigations. Available at:

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