The Brick Apparatus

It is known as Rigging or blocking law to the arrangement and fastening with which it is placed the
material used in walls and facades. The masonry of a building or wall can be classified according to the
material used and the arrangement of the pieces. In this entry, we will focus on the
brick fixtures.

Ceramic bricks have specific dimensions and a determined format. There are several formats of them.
more common are:

The format meter: 24×11.5 cm (rope x beam)

The Catalan format: 29×14 cm.
The standardized format: 25×12 cm.
The bricks are specifically designed to interlock in a certain way to form a wall. The dimension of the
The width is twice the brick plus 1 cm for the joint. Therefore, the arrangement of the bricks in a wall is especially rigid.
Types of tackle.
Rope Rigging. It is made up of bricks arranged in flat rows, so that the longest dimension of the brick follows the
wall direction forming overlaps of half or quarter brick.

Spanish Bond or Spanish Stacking. The bricks are placed resting on their largest face in such a way that they
you can see the smallest face (the head)
Flamenco or Gothic bond. It is formed by alternating rows of rope and brick. This bond can be simple, double, triple.
etc., according to the number of pieces placed in rows on ropes.

Dutch rigging. It consists of alternating rows of sticks with another row formed by rope and sticks.
English Bond (Normal). It is formed by alternating courses of ropes and bricks. In normal bond, the joints of the rows...
the ropes are all found in a vertical line.

English Cross Rigging (Variant). It is formed by layers of rope and twisted rope alternated horizontally. The joints are made with ropes.
A quarter of brick is superimposed, and the joints are alternately aligned with those axes that face ropes.
Old English bond. It consists of two rows of alternating ropes in half brick or one row of stretcher. In this bond, it does not
the characteristic crosses appear, which are broken by a second row of rope.
Belgian rigging. It is made up of horizontally alternating layers of rope and brand. It is the same as the English, but running.
half brick every row in stretch in relation to the previous stretch row.

American masonry. It is one that has a wall thickness greater than half a foot. A row of header bricks is placed every five rows.
the rope. The rows overlap by half a brick.
Panderete masonry. It is formed by bricks placed on edge in their longest direction and following the direction of the
factory of bricks united with cement mortar.

Palomero Rigging. It is like the rigging in a tambourine but leaving gaps between the horizontal pieces. It is used in those
temporary partitions that must allow ventilation of the room and in the construction of the slopes of the roof.
There are more types of gear, but these are the most common and used. To conclude this entry, I will place
a small list of vocabulary that is usually used when talking about gear and brick walls and I leave you pending
for an upcoming entry the types of walls.
6 Conditions for a Good Rigging:
1. The tendeles must to be horizontal y continuous.

2. In sense vertical no must of news continuity between the together.

3. In a vertical sense, the correspondence between the joints should be made as far apart as possible.

4. That there is no need to break bricks, or in any case, that it is the smallest number possible.

5. That the size of the broken bricks is not less than half of the original size if possible.

6. That the link or connection between different elements or factories be the most consistent.
Sardinel Rigging

Rope tackle
SOGA TISON
 FEB

17

Rigging.
The term 'masonry' refers to the different ways of placing bricks, one on top of the other, so that they overlap.
sense horizontal o vertical to shape the factory of brick.

The masonry is differentiated by its thickness, by the placement of the joints and the position of the bricks.
American Rigging. It is the one that has a wall thickness greater than half a foot. A row of firewood is placed.
Every five rows of rope. The rows overlap by half a brick.

Flamenco or Gothic masonry. It is made up of alternate rows of rope and firewood. This masonry can be
simple, double, triple, etc., according to the number of pieces arranged in rows on ropes.

Dutch Rigging. It consists of an alternating row of sticks with another row formed by rope and stick.

Normal English Laying. It is made up of alternating layers of ropes and bricks. In normal laying, the joints
de las hileras Thea ropes are all found in a vertical line.
English Cross Rigging. It is formed by rows of rope and batten alternated horizontally. The joints to
sogas se sobreponen un cuarto de ladrillo y se corresponde alternativamente las yagas cuyo ejes den a
guilts.

Old English bond. It consists of two rows of alternating ropes at half brick or one row of header.
En este aparejo no aparecen las cruces características, que son rotas por una segunda hilada a soga.

Belgian rigging. It consists of horizontally alternating layers of rope and faggot. It is the same as the
English, but running half a brick every row in relation to the previous row.

Rope Rigging. It is made up of bricks arranged in flat rows, so that the longest dimension
from the brick continue the direction of the wall forming overlaps of half or quarter of a brick.
Tizón bond or Spanish bond. The bricks are laid resting on their larger face.
surface in such a way that the smallest face (the crown) can be seen

Panderete Frame. It is formed by bricks placed on edge in their longest direction and following
the address of the factory de brick united with mortar of cement
Palomero Rigging. It is like the rigging in panderete but leaving gaps between the horizontal pieces.
use in those temporary walls that must allow the room to ventilate and in the construction of the
earrings of the cover.

Sardinel masonry. formed by bricks arranged on edge, so that the ends are visible.
}
TeTheory on masonry
basic
Theory on basic masonry
Measurements in masonry
Masonry tools

Construction works
BRICK FACTORY.

This ceramic material has been used since ancient times and
despite the new construction materials that
constantly coming to market, has not been replaced,
but it constitutes one of the most important materials in
the buildings. Its use enables the resolution of
constructive problems with simplicity, economy, and effectiveness.

Among the many possibilities that ceramic material offers, there are
to unite the great variety that exists in the market.

USE OF BRICK.

Bricks, as construction pieces that they are, they

they group together to form the factories. By their shape
parallelepiped1rectangular and its equals and constants
proportions make it possible to easily carry out its rigging and
effectiveness.
 The ideal would be to use only whole pieces, but to achieve
satisfactory results, it is not possible to do without
fragmentary pieces2.

Due to its proper rigging, the fragmentation of

bricks must be made, following channels of uniformity
according to the established rules.

According to these rules, the fragmentation of the brick can be done

in longitudinal and transversal sense:

-Transversal fragmentation.- This fragmentation allows

different lengths of the rope, longest part of the brick.

Starting from the normal rope, it can be cut into ¼, ½, and ¾ of

soga. (Fig.1)

1.- [Link] shape composed of six parallelograms*, being equal and parallel to each other.
two opposites to each other.

Parallelogram. Geom. Quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel to each other.

2.-Fragment. To divide a unit into several parts or fragments.

-Longitudinal fragmentation.- This allows for two measurements of the

ember, ½ and ¾. This fragmentation along the length of the brick is
seldom used in the factory. (Fig.2)

TYPE OF LAYERS.
 To form the factory, the bricks are arranged by
juxtaposed strands1, which in turn, must be completely
horizontal and aligned. The juxtaposition and overlap2is carried out in
horizontal and vertical sense.

The bricks should be wet before placing them. The brick

White clay absorbs more water than red clay.

-The rope.-It is said when the pieces that form it present their
thicker and longer face in the factory wall and is
they are seated on one of the surfaces with the largest area. (Fig.3)

-A coal.- It is when the bricks that form the row

they present the width and thickness in the wall, and they are settled
also on one of its larger surface faces. (Fig.4)

-A sardine.-It is the one formed by the bricks placed in

chant, which can be: sardinel with rope or with charcoal, depending on the face
that the wall is presented. Yes, it presents the head of the brick
it will be the brand and yes on the contrary if it presents the length it will be

soga.(Fig.5)

-A panderete.-When it presents its larger face on the wall and

the rope is placed horizontally or vertically. (Fig.6)

1.-Juxtapose. To place one thing next to another or immediately beside it.

2.-Overlap. Part of one thing that is covered by another, like the tiles on a roof.
WIRING LAYOUT.
 When the factory is to be made, the rows must be seen.
they must be completely uniform. For these cases, they
make a template.

First, check the thickness of two or three bricks that you are going to use.
to use in making the wall, choosing the measurement of the thickest one,
more than 1 centimeter of the awning.

2. Take a wooden strip approximately one meter long.

and moderately straight.

3ºTake the ruler and the measuring tape, place the latter on top of the former and

Hook it at one end.

4ºSin mover el metro del inicio vamos sumando y punteando en la

table the measurement of the brick plus that of the lintel.

5th Make lines on the ribbon, with the help of the square,
coinciding with the points already marked.

6th Add the layer of courses (template) on the face of the sight
(rule) where it is desired to mark, which is the side where the
rope, matching the level line with one of the beam.

7º Transfer the lines of the truss to the sight or rule,

up to the first row.

8th Extend the strokes across the entire width of the face of the sight with
the help of the squad.
9° Number the rows of the sights, starting from the lowest one,
having to match the same number of rows at all times
in all sights.

NOTE.

1st The bricks must be collected in well-aligned rows and

stacked, forming a head at the ends of the rejal.

Every time you are about to do an exercise, you should count the
necessary material and increase by 5% for the waste that occurs
it causes when cutting the brick.

3ºColócalo de canto y separado del replanteo unos 50 ó 60

centimeters. width, space you need to work
comfortably.

4º Once the exercise is finished, we will collect all the material.

factory and soil waste throwing it into the pile or tub to
effect.

5º And finally, we will perfectly wash the tools and the

we will collect. This operation will be carried out every time it is finished
the work.

TOGETHER.
 They are the separations between the pieces that form a row and
at the same time the separation between these produced by the thickness
corresponding to the gripping material. The joints can be of
two types:

1st Wound.- It is called wound to the vertical joint that occurs

between the pieces of a row.

2nd Joint.- When the joint between the rows is horizontal and
it is called a tendel. When the thickness of the tendel is very
slender and the pieces that form the rows come together
they say they are bone.

-To take off.-It is the operation of removing the gripping material from
the joints of 1 to 2 centimeters with respect to the plane of
parapet, in order to better ensure the adherence of the mortar
of the coating.

TYPES OF JOINTS.

When the brick factory is not coated, that is, it is left

view, all the joints must be carefully covered with mortar
so that the wall remains uniform, which will become more or
less accused1depending on the form used.
Depending on how the mortar is positioned with respect to the plane of the wall, the
they can be together:

-Sunken junction.-When the mortar does not reach the plane of the
parament. Which are named according to their position:
1st sunk flat joint.

2nd round meeting.

3rd Beveled joint. Refilling the mortar along the top edge.
It can also be sent through the bottom edge, but
it is not correct, because it allows water to remain in the joints of the
tendal. This last type of joint is sometimes made when the
the parament is covered.

-Recessed or flat joint.-It is when the mortar is level with the

plane of the wall.

Outgoing board. When the mortar exceeds the plane of

parament

See the different joints. (Fig.8)

LAW OF THE WORK2.

When constructing a wall, one must be very aware of

ensure that this is perfectly joined, the rows completely
horizontal and the connection with the adjacent walls is correct.

1.-Accused. It is said of that whose condition stands out from the normal.

2.-To fasten. To join, unite one construction material or element to another.

 In the construction of a factory building1, the bricks
They can be placed in very diverse ways.

One must adopt the one that provides the factory with the maximum.
solidity and consistency, the result of stability, cohesion2and firmness
achieved among all the pieces that make up the set of the
construction work.

The solidity and firmness in the construction work is the result

optimal desirable that can only be achieved through a correct
disposition of its pieces.

This correct arrangement of the set of pieces that

they make up a works of construction, it is called equipment3.

The arrangement of the pieces is considered correct when it

take into account its links in length, height and
width. This triple bond is called a joint.4.

Therefore, for the law of latraba to be fulfilled5it is necessary

that the bricks overlap by at least ¼ of their length
same.

Sometimes due to the progress of the work, not all can be lifted.
las paredes a la vez, siendo necesario dejar entrantes y
projections in the walls in order to subsequently connect others
Walls. These projections are known as dehangars.6.

The stepped walls are also usually left,

called as kings the escarpment. (Fig.9)
7

1.-Factory. Any construction or part of it made with stone or brick and mortar.

2.- Cohesion. Action and effect of gathering or adhering things to one another.

3.-Masonry. Name given to the different ways of placing stones or bricks in

the construction of walls.
4.-Connection. Link between two or more elements that form a structure.

5.- To fasten. To join, unite one construction material or element to another.

6.-Inserts. Tooth or notch to join or assemble two elements.

7.-Adaraja. Stone or protruding brick that is left stepped in a wall while raising it, to
link it later with another.
 PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES.

The placement techniques or systems for carrying out the

different types of factory works1vary according to the class of
This. The correct use of these systems helps to achieve more
volume of work with less effort and in less time.
 Let's look at some of these techniques:

-Restregón.- This placement technique consists of settling the

brick once the mortar is spread over the wall, making a
light pressure while aligning, giving it a movement of
rocking until it's back in its place.

-Tabicado.- Technique by which mortar or paste is applied

plaster the brick on two of its edges, in this order, head and
soga. At the same time that it is aligned, a slight pressure is applied to it.
and is positioned, if it is not enough it will be finished settling
giving it a few knocks with the edge or blade of the reed.

-Slap.- In this technique, the mortar is applied to the face more

wide of the brick that the worker holds in his hand and by means of
a twist of the arm (as if to hit) positions him in place,
hitting it gently with the paddle until achieving the position
Correct. It has application in the construction of lintels and
arches, as long as the bricks are going to be placed on
sardine.

FACTORY THICKNESSES.

The thicknesses of the factory are determined by the

dimensions of the materials used and by the function
that these factories perform.

1.-Factory. Any construction or part of it made with stone or brick and mortar.
 El espesor de un muro de ladrillo estará en función del ancho
and long of this, when the thickness is greater than the length of the
Brick will have to take into account the intermediate joint.

Generally, when discussing wall thicknesses, it is referred to

this, half a foot, or half a foot and also in centimeters
according to the places.

-Partition.- They are the walls of minimum thickness, 4 or 5.5

centimeters formed by the bricks placed as a wall. No
they support load and serve to complete the interior distribution
of the buildings.

-Tabicón.- thick partition made of double hollow bricks

placed on a partition wall and of the thickness of the brick itself.

-Half a foot.-These are walls made with bricks placed at

So, its thickness is equal to the width of the brick. It is also referred to
call it a half-mast flag or wall.

-Wall at foot.- Of a thickness equal to the length of the brick,

it is also called whole pole; then coming the
denominations of half-foot walls, two feet, etc.
the last thickness is rarely used.

As a general rule, it should be kept in mind that they should never

matching two vertical joints in adjacent rows. These go
alternates, that is, the third coincides with the first and the
fourth with the second and so on. They should not either
to meet at the walls.

DISASSEMBLY OF THE BRICK.

 Whenever possible, fragmentation should be avoided.
brick, as the smaller pieces of ¼ can harm the
trap, causing loss of time, material waste, and reduced
the good effect in exposed brick works. The pieces that
they are generally used as

we advanced at the beginning in factory works1they are ¼, ½, and ¾.

Its measurements cannot be determined because they depend on the length.
of the brick.

The distribution of the joints is always necessary, but on

everything when the wall is to remain visible, for which there will be
what to mark on the sights, which will have been previously placed,
the thickness of the brick plus that of the bonding material. This usually
it can be one centimeter but it also depends on the thickness of the brick
and dimensions of the wall.

In exposed brick, a thickness of one is quite common.

centimeter on the tendel, the vertical joint depends on the length
from the wall to be built. It is determined by the dry replanning.
from the first row opening or closing the bricks according to
it should be, and whenever possible it should be like the
horizontal.

1.-Factory. Any construction or part of it made with stone or brick and mortar.

DIMENSIONS OF THE BRICKS.

In general, the length of the brick is twice the width of

same, plus the thickness expected for the mortar joint
intermediate which in this case is one centimeter thick
variable.
 The UNE standards (Spanish Standard Units) propose the dimensions 24
x 11'5 x h. in which height plus one centimeter corresponds to
The tendel or horizontal layer of mortar must be a divider.
of the metro. In this way, there will be a number in a linear meter
exact of bricks in any of its three dimensions.

Commonly, the most used are the following

we detail. (Fig.10)

BRICK MEASUREMENT TABLE.

Massif 23 x 11 x 5'2 cm.

Massif 23 x 11 x 4 cm.

Perforated 24 x 11'5 x 5 cm.

Catalan tocho 29 x 14 x 4'5 cm.

Catalan boar 29 x 14 x 9'5 cm.

Triple hollow 23 x 11 x 11 cm.

Double hollow 23 x 11 x 7 cm.

Gafa 23 x 11 x 5'5 cm.

Simple hollow 23 x 11 x 4 cm.

Rasilla 25 x 12 x 2'8 cm.

Refractories 22 x 11 x 3 cm.

Refractories 22 x 11 x 5'5 cm.

INTERSECTIONS.
 Since buildings are usually divided by walls
transverse or longitudinal, which are sometimes load-bearing walls,
There can be three cases of intersections:

-Corner.-When the two walls meet at their intersection.

-Meeting wall.- When only one of the two continues.

walls.

-Crossing.-When two walls extend beyond their

intersection.

To solve the hassle1in these cases, it should be considered as

if the rows belonged alternately to one wall and the other.
In general, the pieces to be used depend on the thickness of the wall.
and the deplorable2that
is chosen. The use of plywood is very common
at these intersections. (Fig.11)
 RIGGING.

All brickwork must be carried out in accordance with the

rules of good rigging2, a way to arrange and place the
bricks for overlapping3among themselves form the factory,
ensuring the link of the pieces in length, height and
width.

The ways of assembling the bricks at the same time provides

the resistance and stability of the wall as a constructive unit
they are conferred by their variety the different artistic qualities
what we appreciate in the walls.

When we talk about a rigging, the thickness is indifferent to us.

from the wall, we are exclusively referring to the game obtained by
the joints, in the way of placing the bricks.

1.-To join. To bring together, to unite one construction material or element with another.

1.-Connection. Link between two or more elements that form a structure.

2.-Masonry. The name used to refer to the different ways of laying stones or bricks in
the construction of walls.

Overlap. Part of one thing that is covered by another, like the tiles of a roof.

-Of rope.-It is the one that forms the half-foot wall, at half mast
the citara, mainly used for construction of
cladding of buildings and generally low-load walls.

All the threads are tied. The wounds can move.

longitudinally to the wall to achieve overlaps of ½ or ¼ of
So, the right thing would be to finish with full numbers and halves.
alternatively. (Fig.12)

-From the embers or in the Spanish way.-It is the wall that works best in
transverse direction and the most appropriate for curved walls.
Being useful only for one-foot walls. It has little application,
since heavy load walls are built using the bonds in
cross (Belgians) or English. All the rows are upside down with
quarter overlap (Fig.13)

-A sardine.- It does not constitute a true tackle because it does not.

there is no vertical overlap between the bricks. It is used as
decorative element at the start and crown of walls, window sill
of windows, door thresholds, steps of stairs, etc.
Always in those parts of the work that are not subject to
efforts of consideration or that work only on compression, like
in the case of the door thresholds. (fig.5)

-Of the pandelete.- it is especially applied indoors, for

partitions. The rows in ordinary bricks, tiles, glasses or
double gaps, can be on vertical wall (especially in
curves) or to horizontal wall (Fig.14)
 -In diagonal or sawtooth.-It is when they overlap the
bricks so that the embers and part of the rope appear at
the time and obliquely on the wall. It has special application
on decorative walls such as cornices and fences. The rows are in
diagonal with which the framing is staggered and its overlap is
of half a brick. (Fig.7)
 -Standing cowl.-It refers to the walls formed by two
parallel partitions, the separation of which is equal to the length of the
brick, laying bricks alternately with the
end of joining one partition with another and providing greater consistency to
wall. The purpose of these walls is to achieve insulation
thermal-acoustic and on many occasions the savings of
bricks.(fig.15)

Half-foot capuchin. Like the previous one, it also has two.

parallel partitions, but the space between them is the width
of the brick, the bond is made with a course of rope every
three or four rows. (Fig.16)
 -Flamenco Gothic.-In which each row is constituted by
sogas and embers alternately, it is the most used factory, right
not only in labor view where it has great acceptance but also in
walls to plaster, as the brick can be alternated with the bond
hollow and the stick in perforated or solid, as long as they are from the
same thickness. The beginning of the factory is at a torch, and the second
the thread starts with a cross-laminated material which means the char always remains
in the center of the rope with respect to the previous row and
posterior (Fig. 17)

Normal English. - Composed of alternating rows, one to

soga and the next one to ember, corresponding, respectively,
the vertical joints of the ropes and the vertical joints of the
tizones. The effect is very similar to flamenco because it also remains
the ember in the center of the ropes. (Fig.18)

Old English. Formed by a line of light followed by

to the rope. Due to its good rigging, it is considered as the one
better to work with compression due to its low continuity in the sores,
following the Belgian. (fig.19)
 -Belga.-(Also in cross) Formed also like normal English,
by alternating rows of rope and torch, but differing from
that one in which this

The rope stitches correspond every two, that is, leaving one.
intermediate thread to rope whose joints come to the center of the
immediate upper and lower supports that are the ones that
correspond.

-Dutch.-A rig that carries a row of rope and coal, like

the Flemish Gothic, and on the next row all the bricks
placed in the ember, repeating this in the successive rows.
(Fig.21)
 -Special walls.- Sometimes the walls present cases
specials such as curves in
corners, niches ,balconies , porches viewpoints , etc.. In the case
1 2 3 4

of a curved wall where the length of the wall is always

greater on the outer face than on its inner face, and the
the difference is greater the thicker the wall and smaller
on its curvature radius, the rope strands do not fit well to the
curve, hence the recommendation for the Spanish rig.
(charred threads.)

When raising the wall, the curvature is traced with a string line.5fixed
in the center of the curve. (Fig. 22)
 -Special cases.- They are motivated by the need to
solve the ends of the walls, the jams6my pants7,
the encounters

1.-Niche. Hollow space in the thickness of a wall, to place a statue, a vase, or another object in it.
2.- Balcony. An opening to the outside from the floor of the room, usually with a railing.
outgoing.

3.- Porch. Entry or gallery attached to a building, covered and with an arcade.

4.-Viewpoint. Corridor, gallery, pavilion or terrace to broaden the view. ║2Closed balcony of
windows or blinds and covered with a small roof.

5.-[Link]. String, fine wire, ribbon, or ruler that is fixed at one end in the center of a
curve, arch or vault, indicates in the different directions given to it, the obliquity of the rows of the
factory.

6.-Jamba. Each of the two vertical elements, whether made of carved stone, brick, or
wood, which supports the lintel of a door or window.

7.-[Link]. Frame of a door or window opening.

[Link]. Part of the thickness of a door or window opening, closer to the exterior wall of the
wall and that it is at a right angle.

of walls and the attached pillars where it is necessary to alter

slightly the normal continuity of the rigging used, with
objective of getting the factory to have the
better connection possible.
1

In the attached pillars, the solution is sought to ensure that at

outstanding parament arrive whole brick embers.

Laspilastras2attached to the walls provides a greater

resistance and stability. (Fig. 23)
 The corners of the walls are always resolved with bricks.
three-quarters or three fourths (equivalent to three fourths of the length of a)
brick, for example: a brick measuring 22 centimeters long would be: 22 x 3÷4 = 16.5 cm.

and integers alternately.

The walls of thicker sizes like a foot and a half or two feet also
they can be done with any of the previously mentioned tackle
described, such as the one and a half feet and two feet English gauge,
(fig. 24 and 25), and the two feet of Flemish Gothic masonry.
26)

Retaining walls.
 They are built in order to limit land occupancy
for the slopes both in embankment and in excavation. They are
designed to contain the thrust of the earth.

-Step Walls.-When the retaining walls have to

to be vertical, it is preferable instead of giving a uniform thickness,
build the wall in steps, giving it thickness in the center
necessary and bringing all the factory that can to the base
remove from the top.

1.-Connection. Link between two or more elements that form a structure.

1.-To bond. To join or unite a construction material or element with another.

2.-Pillar. A pillar or column that protrudes from a wall and serves a reinforcing purpose.
first bar of a flight of stairs.

-Buttressed walls.-These are the ones that have reinforcements.

exteriors or interiors perpendicular to the wall.

Buttress1Constructive element whose mission is to

reinforce a structure subjected to thrusts with component
horizontal.

PERPENDICULAR.

Perpendicular2it is a thin rope or wire that is placed in

vertical position on a wall or pillar that serves as a guide for us,
(tying the horizontal line rope to it) to make a cittern,
partition or wall etc. especially in interior separations
of the buildings. Replaces the sights that would need to be placed in
the ends of a wall that has already been built.

Indispensable for getting the vertical of balconies3,

edges, cantilevers4etc. when it comes to multi-story buildings
tall plants, and of course when the structure is already in place
finished and what we have to do is the completion.

CINTREL.

String, fine wire, ribbon or ruler that is fixed at one end

in the center of a curve, arch or vault, indicates in the different
directions given to him, the obliquity of the layers of the
factory.

1.- [Link] or protruding arch in the wall surface, to strengthen it.

2.-Perpendicular. Plumb line.║ Pendulum.║ 3. Height of a triangle.

3.-Balcony. An opening to the outside from the floor of the room, usually with a railing.
outgoing.

4.-Cantilever. Projecting part of a building, usually an auxiliary element, that exceeds the level of the
façade, advancing outward.