11 33 11

( . CHAPTE~ ~ 3 ) ·

Time and Tense ·

We are all familiar with the concept of time. We know the flow of time
is continuous and unending. For our convenie~ce, we have divided it broadly
into three periods : the past, the present and the future. .
The Past is the period· of time that has gone by, the present is the
period of time that is with us now and the future is yet to come: In other
words, the period of time before now is the past, tlte p'r esent ·is the period
of time that is with .us 'now~ and the period of time after 'now' is the future . .
For the sake of clarity of the concept, we can represent them on a straight line
as follows:
Before now Now After now
< The Past
I
The Present The Future
We express · time in terms of year, month, day, hour etc. But· tense is
altogether a different concept which should not be .confused with the concept
of time. It is a verb form .specific to a language and is used ·to express a time.
English verbs have only two tenses - the present tense and the past tense. The
main ~erbs do, go, take, etc. are used independently in the forms of do· I does
and did, go I goes and went, take I takes and took, etc. to denote actions,
events or states of the present time and past time.
But there is no specific single word verb form to express the future tim~
actions, events or states. So it is said that there .is no future tense in English.
·Various. expres~iopS such as the following are used to denote future time actions
or states.
(i) We shall leave for Puri tomorrow.
(ii) · We will leave for Puri tomorrow.
 II 34 II
(iii) We are going to leave for Puri tomorrow.
(iv) We are leaving for Puri tomorrow. .
(v) We leave for Puri, stay· there for two days a.n d come. back next
Mqnday.
(vi) We are to start about for Puri.
(~i) We are to leave for Puri tomorrow.
(viii) We will be leaving for Puri .tomorrow..
Now Look at the following sentences·: .
L Tina will arrive here soon. ·
2. She is going. to have a swim in the river.
.

3. He has finished his work.

In sentence I, 'w:ilP is a modal auxiliary in present tense form and means
· 'Tina is likely to .. ;.. '. So the time of the verb 'will arrive' is Future time and
· the tense is Present.
· · In sentence 2, ethe time of the verb '~is going to have" is in Future time
and the tense is Present. And in sent~nce 3~ the time of the verb refers t.o Past
time .and the tense is Present.
(Activity 1 : )
Study the following sentences and underline the verb~: Mention the ·tense
and the time these verbs refer to: The first one has been done for you;
· (i) Mira didn't do her homework.
(Time-Past, Tense-Past)
(ii) We are going on a picnic tomorrow.
(iii) There will be a lot of fun.
(iv) Tomorrow is Sunday.
(v) Our teacher has .given us permission to go on a · ·
. · . p1cmc.
(vi) Sh~ is ·also coming with us. ·
(vii) . We · always obey our teachers.

·\
PS-9-29n/17
 11 35 11
We have already discussed that in English a main verb has got two tense
forms. It has also a third form used with a primary auxiliary to show that the
action of the verb is complete. So the three forms of an English verb are the
Present tense form, the Past tense form and the Past Participle form or simply
the third form. The Present Tense form of the verb is also its base form. Now,
we shall see the three forms of some verbs.
Column ..\ Column B Column C
go went gone
eat ate eaten
study studied studied
want wanted wanted
Column A shows the base form as well as the present tense form. The
column B shows the past tense fonn. The third form (-ed I -en) in the column-
C is necessary for the use of the present perfect or the pasi perfect. It is also
necessary to form the passives. For example-
- Who has eaten her lunch ?
- My friend had eaten her lunch much before I finished mine.
- All the food was eaten.
(Activity - 2 :)
Look up a dictionary and fill in the blanks in the following table of verbs.
1 2 3
begin began begun
go gone
come come
open opened
shut
take 'taken
give given
saw seen
sit sit
stand
 11 3& 11
read
read
write wrote
run
run
played
put
sell sold
buy
bring
done
fly
cut
smg sung
(Activity- 3 :) ,
Choose five other verbs and frame a similar blank-filling exercise for your
friends. Let there be a competitfon.
We have already discussed that English verbs have two tense forms.
Depending on whether the action of the verb is complete or continuing, we have
perfect or progressive aspects with both the tenses. We . have- also the perfect
progressive form made in combination of the perfective and progressive aspects.
Aspect
Neither perfect ~or progressive (simple)
Perfect
Present Progressive
Past Both perfect and progressive
(perfect progressive)·
All these eight combinations of a verb are possible. With the help of these
combinations we speak of actions in all the three phases oft• .
. nne : present tune,
past time and future time.
 II 37 11
(A) Expressions of Present ·T ime :
Actions in the present time are usually expressed by the use of Present
Simple and Present Progressive tense forms of verbs. For example,
I study in class IX. Now I am studying English Grammar.
(B) Expressions of Past Time :
Actions in the past time are usually expressed by the use of the present
perfect, present perfect progressive, past simple, past perfect, past progressive
and past perfect progressive tenses of verbs.
(C) Expressions of Future Time :
Future actions and events are expressed through the use of some modals,
be going to, present progressive, present simple, be about to, will be v-ing,
will have v-en. etc.
The Present Simple Tense :
·we usually use Present Simple tense when we talk about the Present time
or the Future time actions, events or states.
Use :
(a) Study the following sentences and mark the use of Present Simple Tense
form of the verb.
- I go to school every~~~,·
- My friend usually comes with me.
- We often reach the scho.91 before time.
- Sometimes we get ·:~liwr~Jate. ·
- But our teacher never· ~gets angry with us.
In the above sentences~ : [Link] use Present Simple tense of the verbs to talk
about the things that' we dn:: again and again as a habit. We use adverbs like
'always', 'often', 'usually', 'sometimes', 'never', etc. along with these verbs.
 II 38 II
(b)
Now look at the following sentences and mark the use of present tense .
- The sun rises in the east. .
- Tigers live in forests.
- Water boils at 10ooc.
- Light travels faster than sound.
- Spring comes after winter.
We use present simple tense of the verbs to talk about laws of nature,
general and scientific truths ..
( c) Study the following sentences :.
:-- I am hungry.
- I study at a school near my village.
- Bhubaneswar is the capital of Odisha.
- Tibbet is to the north of India.
- Neha comes from Paradeep.
- My father works in a bank.
We use present simple tense of the verbs to talk about the present or permanent .
state or fact.
( d) Mark the use of the Present Simple in the following sentences.
- Rakesh kicks the ball to Ramesh.
- Ramesh passes it to Suresh and Suresh kicks it hard and scores a goal.
In the above sentences, present tense form of the verbs has been used to
indicate actions taking place at the moment of giving commentaries. While giving
running commentaries, we use present siinple tense of the verb. Here the action
takes place at the same time as the running commentary.
(e) Look at the following sentences.
_ Our Prime Minister visits Pakistan tomorrow.
_ The Annual HSC Examination begins next week.
 II 39 II
- The Satabdi Express arrives at Cuttack railway station on time today.
We use present simple tense when we talk about a planned future action
or ·a future action that takes place as a part of the fixed programme or time
table.
(f) Mark the use of Present tense form of the verbs in the following
sentences:
- The collector declares the Flower Show of his district ·open.
- I propose that Mr Mohanty be selected Chairman of the village
committee.
- I beg your pardon.
- . I apologise for my mistake.
We use Present Simple tense of the verbs like the above ones. in formal
declarations.
(g) Study the following sentences and mark the use of Present Simple tense:
- If we pour oil on water, it floats.
- If we heat iron, it expands.
- If it rains, I shall not go to school today.
- If anybody wants to see me, tell him to come tomorrow.
We use present simple tense form of the verbs in - If cl~uses such as
the above ones.
(Activity - 4 : J
(A) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets:
He (get) up early everyday. He (brush) his teeth and
______ (have) his bath. He (take) a quick breakfast. He not
want to be punished at school. So he - - - (set) . out early to reach school
in time. He (sit) on the same bench in my classroom. He
(have) straight hair and a sharp nose. What (be) his name ?
 II 40 II
(B) The Present Progressive :
We use the Present Progressive form of a ~erb for an action or a situation
which is going on now. It is an incomplete action at present, which began at
some time before now, going on at the moment of speaking and will continue
till some point of time in future and then be completed.
Its duration can be represented on a straight line as shown below.
Now
<Past ' I
Future >
J,
Duration of the action
FORMS
TABLE - I
I am
studying English grammar.
He I She I Raj I The .girl is
We I You I They I The students are taking lunch.

TABLE - II
I am not
He I She IS playing
The Boys I We I You are

TABLE - III
Is I she I he
Am I I working?
Are we I they I the People ~ you

TABLE - IV
Is I he I she I
Am I I not goin~ ?
Are we I they I the girls I you :' ) '
 11 41 11
In the Present Progressive tense of the verb there is an auxiliary 'be' verr
followed by the -ing fonn of the main verb. The form of the 'be' auxiliary
depends on the subject.
USE:

(i) Look at the following sentences in which the Present Progressive ~s used
to indicate the brief period of the action taking place around now.
- Look, Sabita is 'getting into the bus.
- My son is now entering the examination hall.
- The Chief Guest of the meeting is taking his seat on the dais.
We generally use Present Progressive for a present time action of a briej ·
diiration.
(ii) Look at the following sentences :
- It is raining now.
- Guduli is doing her homework.
- He is taking his lunch now.
In the above sentences, Present Progressive has been used to indicate
actions that started at some point of time before now, continuing at presen1
and will end at some point of time after now.
(iii) Study .the following sentences and mark the use of the Presen1
Progressive in them.
- He is getting up at six every morning for his examinations.
- My brother is teaching History in an English mediwn school this month.
- He walks to school everyday, but today he is going by bicycle.
we use the Present Progressive in sentences like the above ones when
we talk about a temporary action.
 11 42 11
(iv) . · . h th Present Progressive fonn
Look at the following sentences m wh1c e
of the verbs has b~en used :
- My father is writing a novel.
- Mr Das is constructing a building over there.
- Don't take this book away. My son is reading it.
- Excuse me, is anybody sitting here ?
In the above sentences, the Present Progressive has been used to show
actions that may not be happening at the time of speaking.
(v) Now study the following sentences showing the use of the Present
Progressive :
- Prices of commodities are going up every week.
- Summer has set in. It is getting hotter day by day.
- Life style of the people is changing very fast.

- Population of our country is rising. rapidly.

- The patient's condition is worsening d~y by day.

We use the Present Progressive such as the above ones when we talk
about a changing condition.

(vi) Now look at the following sentences . [Link] the use of the Present
Progressive :
- He is always losing his keys.
, 1·_

- My scooter is always giving me troubles.

- This cat is always gettmg into the kitch.~p.
- Guduli is always biting her nails.
- It seems the baby is crying for ever.
 II 43 II
We use the Present Progressive when we talk about something unpleasant
creating feeling of anger, irritation, vexation, etc. In such situations we use the
adverbs always, for ever, constantly, etc. in the sentences.
Non-Progressive Verbs:
There are some verbs that tell us about our feelings, emotions, opinions,
relations or about a permanent state. These verbs are called Stative Verbs or
Verbs of State. We usually do not use them in Present Progressive except in
some special cases. But we use· them in the Present Simple form.
Look at the following sentences :
- This book belongs in the third shelf.
- That man weighs 95 kgs.
- This LCD TV costs Rs.45,000.00
- The committee consists of ten members.
- My father owns a car.
- I love and respect my parents.
- He depends on me for evetything.
- The Himalays stand like a strong wall.
- I think he is honest.
- We weep at the death of our near and dear ones.
Mark some non-progressive verbs given in a box below and remember
them for their right use in sen!~nces.
verbs of possession have, own, possess, belong to, contain, consist

liking/disliking like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, admire, want

sense Perception see, hear, smell, taste, feel
'I I r
mental activity hope, forget, remember
thinking tlilhK~ ·believe, know, mind, understand

appearance appear, seem, _look (like), resemble

others depend, weigh, cost, measure, sound
 II 44 II
The Present Perfect :
Form : ·
Affirmative :
I I We I You I have
The students I people read the newspaper.
He I She I Ramesh, etc. has
Negative:
I I We I You I have not I
The students I people haven't read the newspaper.
He I She I Ramesh etc. has not I
hasn't
Interrogative :
Have I I We I You I
Haven't The students I people read the newspaper ?
Has not I He ;- She I Ramesh
Hasn't etc.
Use
· (a) Look at the following sentences :

- I have polished my shoes. (Present Result : The shoes are shining.)

- She has written a letter to her mother.

(Present Result : The letter is with her now.)

Here in these sentences, the action began in the past and continued for
a period of time until it was recently completed or continued up to now, the
result of which can be seen at present. By using have / has + -en fonn of
the verbs, we talk about a past action which has a present relevance. Here the
focus is laid on the present result, not on .the time of the completed action.
 11 45 II
Now compare the following two sentences:
I lost my pen. I no more look for it now. It's not with me now.
I have lost my pen.

*I h;:ive lost my pen · yesterday evening.

The star-marked sentence is unacceptable because an adverb of definite
past time and the present perfect tense do not go together.
(b) Consider the following sentences :
- We have lived in this house for five years.
·_ I have waited for the doctor since 4 p.m.
In the first sentence for have been used to express a period of time, the
beginning of the action is not necessarily mentiol\ed and in the second sentence
since is used to denote the point of time when the action began.
The first sentence . means we started living in the house five years back
and we are still living here. The work is incomplete and it is likely to go on in
future.
The second sentence means I waited for the doctor at a point of time in
the past and I am still waiting for him.
(c) Study the following sentences and mark the difference in meaning
between - has gone and has been
Abhishikta has gone to Puri.
(It means : She has left this place for Puri. She may be on the way to
Puri or in Puri and has not returned)
- Rakesh has been tor Kanyakumari.
(It means : He is no more in Kanyakumari. He went there and has already
returned.) , 1• . •
 11 46 11
- I have been in Cuttack since 1990.
(It means : I have stayed in Cuttack since 1990 and I am still here.)

Remember : been to = visited,

been in = stayed in
(d) Look at the following sentences :
- Soubhagya Mishra has written a number of poems in English.
- Sachi Routray wrote volumes of poems in Odia.
The above two sentences show that the present perfect is used for the
poets I writers who are alive and the past simple is used for poets I writers
who are dead.
(e) Study the following dialogue and mark the use of present .perfect
in it:
Master : . Where have you been so long, Gopi ?
Gopi (servant) I have been to the market.
(Now he has just returned)
Master What's the matter with the drawing room ?
Gopi . I have swept it clean already.
Here Gopi's action has just ended, in returning from the market and in
sweeping the room.

(t) Mark the use of present perfect in the following sentences :

- Thieves have looted the bank.
- Television has announced the occurrence of a c 1
ye one tomorrow.
- Twenty people h~ve died in a train acci<lent.
The above sentences show that the present per+- 1 · .
Jee is usually used m
newspaper head lines, in letters, in radio or television
reports.
 11 47 11
(g) Look at the following sentences :
- It is the first time that she has been to Delhi.
.- He is the only boy who has answered my question.
- He is the most intelligent boy I have ever come across.
These sentences show that present perfect is used for the expressions
like for the first time, for th.e second time, for the last time, etc. only, and for
adjectives in the superlative degree.
(h) Now study the following sentences :
- The taxi has just arrived.
!.. I have never told a lie.
- Has he ever ill-treated yoµ ?
- Dr. Das has left for Delhi recently.
- The bell has rung already.
- The postman hasn't come yet.
- Hasn't she returned from school yet ?
- He has often cheated me.
Adverbs like just, ever, never, lately, recently, already, yet, often, etc.
usually take the present perfect.
Remember we generally use already in Affirmative sentences and yet in
Negative, Interrogative and Negative - Interrogative sentences.
(i) Look at the following sentences :
- She has written three letters this morning.
- I have rung him up. four times this afternoon.
- He hasn't eaten anything today.
These sentences show that we generally use this morning, this afternoon,
this week, this month, this year, today, etc. to indicate that the period of time
of the action is not complete at the time of speaking such as this morning,
this afternoon, etc.
 II 48 II I
' I

(i)
NOTES TO REMEMBER
In a nutshell, we use the Present Perfect to tell about
a state continuing untii now,
I
Example : We have lived in this town since 2005.
(The state begins in the past and continues upto ,the moment of
speaking)
(ii) an event or events in a period continuing until now,
Examples : I have seen .that film before.
She has experienced ups and downs in her life.
•
(Here the events belong to the past and they ·happen, at least once
or often, in a period of time that continues until now. The exact time
when the event~ took place is not known.)
(iii) a habit in. a period . of tllne until now;
Example : I have always walked to school.
(iv) a past event with the present result.
Example : I have cut my finger.
(present r~sult : cut is now visible)
(Here we are not particular about to know exactly when the action
took place, but we are concerned about the result of the past action)

(Activity 5 : )
Make sentences in the Present Perfec~ using'. the words given. If required,
you may use some more words to complete thei sentence. The first one has
been done for you as an example. '
1. ever I you I been I to Kashmir ?
Ans. Have you ever been to Kashmir ?
2. Never I I I see I a ghost ./ in my life
Ans. !. ........................................... .. ... .. ... ·:.:. .:.::.:.:_~·· ........ : ..
 11 49 II
3. My younger brother I not finish I his homework I yet.
Ans . .MY younger brother............................................ . ··············
4. It I tmt time I I I take ;. a public examination.
Ans. It. .......................................................................... .
5. He I the best boy I I I come across
Ans. He
, ·············································································
6. Who I you I ever I visit I the Taj Mahal ?
Ans. Who ............................................. '. .............................. .
7. He I only player I that I got I a chance I to · play I international cricket
match.
Ans. He .................................. ,.................................................................... .
(Activity 6 : )
Use Since or For as required in the following dialogue :
A. when have you waited ,for the doctor ?
B. I have waited for the doctor 6 pm.
A. Would you wait for him two hours more ?
B. No. I have already .waited long. I understand my friend has waited for
me at home ___ 9 a.m. I would like· to see him at once. ·
The Present Perfect Progressive :
Form:
Affirmative :
I I We I You/ have been
They I People waiting for the bus.
He I She I
Smita, etc. has been
Negative :
I I We I You .1 haven't been
They I People waiting for the bus.
He I She I
Smita, etc. hasn't been ·
.
Interrogative ·
11 so II

I
I
I
Have I I I We I You I
Haven't They I People been waiting/ror the bus ?
Has I He I She I I
Hasn't Smita, etc.
Use:
(a) Look at the following sentences
- It has been raining hard for three hours.
- He has been waiting for the train since · 4 pm.
These sentences in the present perfect progressive show that the activity
started in the specified past, continued till the present and is likely to extend
into the future.
(b) Mark the use of the Present Perfect Progressive in the following
sentences :
- His hands are dirty. · He has been working in the garden.
- There are pools of water in the field. It has been raining for three hours
now.
We have used the Present Perfect Progressive in the above sentences to
show that an activity or an action was happening until this moment or a very
short time ago. The result of the action· has been shown in the first sentence
. .
in each example.
(Activity 7 :)
I .

Complete the senterices using the words given in brackets: Use the Present
Perfect or the Present Perfect Progressive as required. The first one has been
done for you.
(i) Anita - You look very tired, Amit.
Amit - I have been working hard all day.
 II 51 //
(ii) How long has it been raining ?
Ans. It - - - - - - - - - - - - - - for three days.
(iii) What have you been doing all morning ?
Ans. I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (work out sums).
(iv) How long have you stayed here ?
Ans. I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (for a week).
(v) How long have you swum in the river?
Ans. I in the river for two
hours.
(vi) Sabita is ill. She is still under treatment..
Ans. The d o c t o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (treat, Sabita) ·
(vii) We are at the station for the last two hours. Our parents haven't come
yet.
Ans. We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____;__ _ _ _ (wait, at the station,
for our prents, the last two hours.)
(viii) The lion attacked its keeper. He is dead [Link].
Ans. The lion - - - - - - - - - - - - - (kill, its keeper)
(Activity - 8 : J
Make sentences using the present perfect progressive form of the verbs
given in brackets.
"!. Mrs Das is very tired. (work hard)
2. Mr Das looks pale. (not feel well I all day)
3. Their son Ashok has got a headache. (watch TV I all evening)
4. Their daughter Bini has got no money left. (buy dresses)
5. They are sitting idle and .can't .do anything. (rain I since the evening)
(Activity - 9 : )
One sentence in each ·of the following pairs is unacceptable. Strike it off.
1. I can go home now. I have finished my class work.
I have been finishing my class work.
 II 52 II
2. You look tired. Have you worked in the garden ? .
Have you been working in the garden ?
. d ?
3. Speak the truth. Have you broken the wm ow ·
Have you been breaking the window ?
4. Your eyes are red. You have cried.
You have been crying.
5. Now you can live in that house. We have repaired the roof.
We have been repairing the roof.

THE PAST SIMPLE

Form:
Affirmative
I I We I You I
He I She I They I went '
to work in time.
People, etc.
Negative
I I We I You I
He I She I They I did not I go to work.
People, etc. didn't in time.
Interrogative
I I we I you I
Did I He I she I they l go to work in time ?
Didn't people etc.

Use:
(a) - India became free in 194 7.
The British ruled India for many years.
We use the past simple tense to talk about an action that [Link] ended
in the past. The action might have happened in a moment or over a period of
time.
 II 53 II
We have already learnt that the present perfect tense tells us about a past
action that has present relevance. But the past simple may not have any present
relevance.
"Shail I give you a cup of tea ?" "No, tha~ you. I have just had a
cup'.'. If my reply becomes "I had a cup of tea'', the host will definitely say,
"Then you can have another."
(b) I played football when I was at school.
We bathed twice during the hot summer days.
Everyday he walked two kilometres in the morning.
We usually spent the summer in our village.
Note that we use past simple when we talk about an action that took
place in the past again and again as a matter of habit. We can also ~e used
to for both past actions and states in place of the past simple. But would
can be used for past actions, not for past states.
Now mark the use of used to and would in the following sentences.
Used to Would
1. He used to visit us He would visit us
every Sunday. every Sunday.
2. Manju used to be ill with Use of would is not possible
Asthma during winter. . here, as it refers to a state.
3. He used to smoke a lot when Use of would is unacceptable m
he was young, but now he doesn't. this case of discontinued habit.
(c) Remember we 4o not use used to when we say how often a thing
happened in the past. Here use of pas~ . simple is acceptable.
- He helped me many times in the past.
But no~ :· He used to help me .ImlilY tin,[Link] in the past.
.- It rained all days. this :week. ·
But not : It used to rain all days this week.
 II 54 II
(Activity - 10 :)
Complete the following conversation, using either the past [Link] or the
present perfect form of the verb given in brackets.
Ashok What are these people doing here? What (happen)?
Bini There (be) an accident.
Ashok An accident? What (happen) exactly?
Bini A cat (run) across the road in front of a car. The driver (try) to
apply the brake and (hit) the tree on the side of the road.
Ashok When (it happen)?
Bini About ten minutes ago.
Ashok (anyone call) for an ambulance?
Bini No, not yet. But the police (arrive). They will take care of that.
Ashok This is the second accident we (have) here this week.
Bini We should have a hump here.
(Activity - 11 :)
Fill in the blanks with the past simple or present perfect forms of the
verbs given in brackets :
Bakul (you I see) Jagu last night ?
Pikul: No, but I (just come) from his house. He's in bed. He
____ (be) very ill for the last three days.
Bakul : I'm sorry to hear that. So that's why he - - - - (not come) to
the party last night.
Pikul: The doctor (see) him twice by now. He's coming again
tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu (send) your book.
Past Progressive:
(a) - Mr Das was teaching us Ge9graphy.
- I was taking my breakfast at 8 am yesterday.

We use past progressive forms of verbs (was/were + v-ing) to talk about

an action that was in progress in the past. .In the second sentence, the action
 II 55 II
began some time before which was in progress and then continued some time
more after 8 am to be complete.
(b) - My sister was watching TV while I was reading a book.
When I was reading the book, somebody knocked at the door.
When I opened the door. I saw our" teacher standing at the door.
I invited him into our house.
When two actions were in the past, the use of the past simple or the
past progressive will depend on the meaning you want .to expres·s.
(Activity - 12 : )
Fill in the blanks using the past simple or the past progressive forms
of the verbs given in brackets.
Once when I - - - - (read) in my room, I ·- - - - (hear) a lot of noise
outside. I (c~me) out and ' (see) that many people
____ (run) in a particular direction. They ____ (shout) at the top of
their voice. They all (have) buckets and water pots in their hands. I
____ (ask) them what the matter was: Somebody (point) at a
house at the end of our village. I (see) that the house _ _ __
(burn). People ____ (throw) water at the house in order to put out the
fire. Very ·soon the fire · (come) [Link] control.

(Activity - i3 : J
Rewrite the paragraph using the past progressive or the past simple
forms of the verbs given in the brackets.
I (walk) along the [Link] one day when I (see) something strange. I (notice)
aperson of the same heigbt as me and (haye) the same hair style. He (wear)
clothes of the same colour and (carry) a school bag just as mine. He Gust I
cross) the road ahead of me but he (not/avoid) me at all. I (be) sure of that.
As he (go across) the road, I (follow) him. '
 11 56 II
Past Perfect :
The past perfect form of the verb is had + verb in the third form (had
+v -ed I -en).
When we reached the station, the train had left. So, we took a bus.
The thief had gone when the police arrived.
When two actions take place in the past, the earlier action is expressed
by the past perfect tense of the verb. The other action is expressed by the past
simple tense form.
When she saw the dark shadow coming towards her, she screamed.
If both the actions happen at the same time, the past simple forms of
both the verbs are used. Here both the actions (coming of the dark shadow
and screaming) happened at th~ same time in the past: We usually use simple
past .tense in both the parts.
(Activity ·-14: J
Combine the follow,ing sentences into single ones using the ·past perfect
or the past simple forms of the verbs.
1. The alarm clock rang. I woke up = .As soon as - - - - - - - . - - -
2. I cleaned my teeth. I took my bath = After I - - - - - - - - -
3. I looked at ~y watch. I realized I was late = When - - - - - - -
4. I arrive~ at the .school. I remembered it was Sunday~= whe~
-----
5. Siya wrote the letter. She posted it = After Siya
(Activity - 15 : )
~ ____
............................,..:...

Work in pairs A and B. Without showing·your sentences to your partner,

· A writes 5· sentences using the past
- , perfect tense of verbs ·. He/She puts be1ore
&.
·,
the sentences an expression like as soon as I when / bu the ti rft
. . ,, me 1 a er. 1n
the mean'.time, B writes 5 sentences' using the past [Link] te f b ft
. . . . . . nse o ver s. A er
writing th~ s~ntenc~s~. yoq .show ~@.cl) othe..r the
-----senten
-·-·· ·· -ces
- .and
. try to com· b'me
 II ·57 II
them. Check your answer with the help of your teacher. (All the sentences may
not combine.)
Past Perfect Progressive :
The past perfect progressive has the structure had + been + v-ing.
- They had been driving for .two hours when the car broke down.
When. a past action was in progress and another event took place, we
use the past perfect progressive form of th~ verb for the action that was in
progress and past simple for the other [Link].
(Activity - 16 : )
Complete the following dialogue ·using the past perfect or the past
perfect progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Federer : My best moment iri the match was when I realised that the game
(finish) and I (become). the champion. I (win) at last. At that
moment I (become) the best Tennis player of the world.
Reporter And when you· won, how long you (play) Tennis?
Federer I started just before I finisped school. That means, I (play) for
about six years when I won Wimbledon.
.Reporter You (beat) some good players before you won that tournainent.
Federer Yes, ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I (win) games
regularly, until my injury.
Modals for future time :
Modals like shall, should, will, wou14 maY,, might, can, could, need,
anq must express the future in some situations. Particularly shall and will speak
of the future in most cases.

I I we shail I will go there.

You will go there.
He I she I it I they . will go there.
'
Harl I Lata I The student( s) will go there.
, ' l .
• I I > '.
'
 II ss II
If we use shall for you, he, she, etc., the meaning will be compulsion
or threat. For example,
You shall do as I say.
Shall and will are generally used for a future action which is unplanned
and the decision for it is taken at the moment of speaking.
For example,
Wait a minute. I'll come with you.
The phone is ringing. I' /l answer it.
(a) Be + going + to + v
We use this expression for future actions when we talk about the future
fulfilment of a present cause or indication. That is .to say, that something will
happen because the cause is seen or felt at the moment of speaking.
There are dark clouds in the sky. It is going to rain.
Now look at this sentence.
- We are going to leave for Puri tomorr~w morning.
The sentence means a future plan on the basis of the present intention
or decision. We want to go there and we have the power to change the
programme.
(b) The Present Progressive for Future Action:
We may sometimes use is/am/are + v-ing for a future action when we
talk about a plan, arrangement, or programme.
We are leaving for Puri tomorrow mo~g.

We c~'t change this plan b~cause it is not in our power to do so.

(c) The Present Simple Tense for Future Action:
We may sometimes use the present simple tense for a future a~tion when
we talk about an unchangeable
· plan. That is to say that the future is
· seen as a
fact. For example.
Tomorrow is Sunday. .,. ·· The train leaves at 9 a.m.
. '
Our examination starts next week. The match begins at 4 . p.m.
30
 II 59 II
(d) Other ways of speaking about future.
Don't call me at 9 o'clock. I'// be having my dinner then.
You can ring me up at half past nine; I'// have finished my dinner by that time.
The teacher is about to leave the class. You can request him to explain the
point once again.
(e) Be + to + infinitive.
This expression is used to say about.
(i) an arrangement i.e., what is arr~nged to happen :
Examples : They are to be married next month;
- There is to be an investigation.
(ii) Command or what must I should be done.
Examples : You are to be back by 5 p.m.
- We are to report this to the police at once.
- What is to be done about .this problem?
(iii) A contingent (dependent) future.
Examples : If he is to succeed, he must work harder.
- If he ·is to recover soon, he must take the doctor's advice.
(iv) What happened later
Examples : He was to regret that decision for the rest of his life.
(Activity-17 :)
Two friends Sanu and Siya are leaving school together Their parents have
gone to their village. Some of the lines of their conversation are correct and
some have a mistake. Put a tick against the correct sentence. If a sentence has
an error in it write the corrected form.
'
Sanu - Where will you eat tonight ?
Siya - At home. I've got a cookery book, so I'll make a curry.
.Sanu - Why not come to my place ? I'm going to cook for us both
something.
 II &o II
Siya - Won't you go to meet your Grandpa ?
Sanu - ·
No, he's left for the village. · t o meet him for a month
I'm not going
or so.
Siya - · to come round ·at g and
0 .K . I,m going . I'll bring some ice-cream.
Sanu - Fine. I'll see you then.
(Activity - 18 :)
Use will/shall, be going to, or present progressive forms of the verbs
given in brackets and complete the sentences.
Mina Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend ?
Mitina I'd like to, but I'm afraid (I I not I have) time.
Mina Why ?. (what I do) ?
Mitina Well, (my I father I arrive) back from Pelhi. He's been there for
six months and (we I have) a big party to celebrate.
Mina (he I not I be) too tired for a p~ after his long train journey ?
Mitina Yes and no doubt (he I have) no proper food during the journey.
So, on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, (all the family
I come) on a picnic. (I I prepare) things all day on Saturday.
Mina What a lot of work for you.
Mitina I don't mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are
well organized. In fact, (I I see) someone about hiring a cook this
afternoon. So, I must go now or (I I not I get) to their shop before
(they I close).
Mina I hope (everything I go) well for you.
Mitina I'm sure (it I be) a great day provided (the weather/ remain) fine.
(Activity 19 : )
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct fonn of the verbs given
in brackets. Read the following passage. It's about Raju's daily routine.
Raju (get) up early everyday. He (brush) his teeth and (have) his bath.
He (take) a quick breakfast. He usually (prefer) fruits for his breakfast. Soon
 11 61 11
after, he (sit) down to do his homework. He (not want) to be punished at
school. So, he (set out) early to reach the school in time.
(Activity 20 : )
Suppose you are .the monitor of your class and very well up in English.
You ask your friends to look out through the windows and write three correct
sentences each about the things they see. You then go round the class to see
if all of them have written correctly. Correct the wrong sentences wherever you
find them.
(Activity 21 : )
Use either the present simple or the present progressive in the following
sentences to complete the dialogue.
Seema Hellow, Lopa, what (you I do) these days ?
Lop a Nothing special. I (learn) dancing in a dancing school. What about
you?
Seema Me? I am (work) at a training school. The school (offer) lessons
on cooking.
Lo pa (you I like) the job ?
Seema Yes, of course. I (prefer) this job because I (also learn) a l?t about
cooking while working here.
Lo pa What (they I teach) now?
Seema Right now, they (give) lessons on Chinese food. You know,
Chinese dishes (taste) so good!
Lop a Can I join the classes some day ?
Seema Sure. They (want) more and more students to join their school. You
are welcome.
Lopa Thank you.

•·