int a[] = {23, 12, 43, 97, 45};
int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << a[i] << ‘\t’;
#include<array>
array<int, 5> a = {23, 12, 43, 97, 45};
int n = [Link]();
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << [Link](i) << ‘\t’;
#include <iostream>
#include <array>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Declare and initialize a array
array<int, 5> arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
// Access elements using operator[]
cout << "Elements of the array: ";
for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); ++i) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
// Access elements using at() (with bounds checking) cout <<
"Element at index 2 (using at()): " << [Link](2) << endl;
// Access the first and last elements
cout << "First element (using front()): " << [Link]() << endl;
cout << "Last element (using back()): " << [Link]() << endl;
// Fill the array with a specific value
[Link](10);
cout << "Array after filling with 10: ";
for (const auto& elem : arr) {
cout << elem << " ";
}
cout << endl;
// Use iterators to access elements
cout << "Elements using iterators: ";
for (auto it = [Link](); it != [Link](); ++it) {
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
// Use reverse iterators
cout << "Elements in reverse order: ";
for (auto rit = [Link](); rit != [Link](); ++rit) {
cout << *rit << " ";
}
cout << endl;
// Check if the array is empty
cout << "Is the array empty? " << ([Link]() ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;
// Swap contents of two arrays
array<int, 5> anotherArr = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
[Link](anotherArr);
cout << "Array after swapping with another array: ";
for (const auto& elem : arr) {
cout << elem << " ";
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Define a structure to store student's record
struct Student {
string name;
int rollNumber;
float marks;
};
// Function to input student details
void inputStudentDetails(Student& student) {
cout << "Enter student's name: ";
getline(cin, [Link]);
cout << "Enter roll number: ";
cin >> [Link];
cout << "Enter marks: ";
cin >> [Link];
[Link](); // To consume the newline character left by cin }
// Function to display student details
void displayStudentDetails(const Student& student) {
cout << "Name: " << [Link] << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << [Link] << endl;
cout << "Marks: " << [Link] << endl;
}
int main() {
int numStudents;
cout << "Enter the number of students: ";
cin >> numStudents;
[Link](); // To consume the newline character left by cin
// Dynamically create an array of students
Student* students = new Student[numStudents];
// Input details for each student
for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; ++i) {
cout << "Enter details for student " << i + 1 << ":" << endl;
inputStudentDetails(students[i]);
}
// Display details for each student
cout << "\nStudent Records:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < numStudents; ++i) {
cout << "Details of student " << i + 1 << ":" << endl;
displayStudentDetails(students[i]);
cout << endl;
}
// Free the allocated memory
delete[] students;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Dynamically allocate memory for a single integer
int* ptr = new int;
*ptr = 20;
cout << "Single integer: " << *ptr << endl; // Output: Single integer: 20
// Dynamically allocate memory for an array
int* arr = new int[3];
arr[0] = 1;
arr[1] = 2;
arr[2] = 3;
cout << "Array values: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
cout << arr[i] << " "; // Output: Array values: 1 2 3
}
// Deallocate memory
delete ptr; // Deallocates memory for a single integer
delete[] arr; // Deallocates memory for the array
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
ofstream ofile;
[Link]("[Link]"); //Open file as output stream if
(!ofile) {
cerr << "Error opening the file." << endl;
return 1;
}
for(int i=1; i<=10; i++)
ofile << "Line number " << i << endl;
[Link]();
ifstream ifile;
[Link]("[Link]"); //Open file as input stream
if (!ifile) {
cerr << "Error opening the file." << endl;
return 1;
}
string line;
while(getline(ifile, line))
cout << line << endl;
[Link]();
}
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
fstream file;
[Link]("[Link]", ios::out); //Open file as output stream
if (!file) {
cerr << "Error opening the file." << endl;
return 1;
}
for(int i=1; i<=10; i++)
file << "Line number " << i << endl;
[Link]();
[Link]("[Link]",ios::in); //Open file as input stream
if (!file) {
cerr << "Error opening the file." << endl;
return 1;
}
string line;
while(getline(file, line))
cout << line << endl;
[Link]();
}
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
fstream file;
[Link]("[Link]", ios::out | ios::in); //Open file as both output and input stream if
(!file) {
cerr << "Error opening the file." << endl;
return 1;
}
for(int i=1; i<=10; i++)
file << "Line number " << i << endl;
string line;
[Link](0, ios::beg); //[Link](offset, direction);
while(getline(file, line))
cout << line << endl;
[Link]();
}
Implicit Type Conversion (Automatic Type Conversion)
• The order of promotion from smallest to largest is generally:
o bool → char → short int → int → unsigned int → long → unsigned long → long
long → float → double → long double
This promotion order helps in ensuring no data loss when smaller types are promoted to
larger types in mixed-type expressions.
Explicit Type Conversion (Type Casting)
• Converting by Assignment:
o (type)expression or type(expression)