Syllabus-

Introduction to Computer Networks

Introduction to networks, Types of network: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN.
Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gateway Network Topologies: Star,
Bus, Tree, Mesh.
Introduction to Internet, URL, WWW, and its applications- Web, email, Chat, VoIP.
Website: Introduction, difference between a website and webpage, static vs dynamic web page, web
server and hosting of a website.
Web Browsers: Introduction, commonly used browsers, browser settings, add-ons and plug-ins,
cookies.

NOTES of the Ch-COMPUTER

NETWORKS
What is a COMPUTER NETWORK?

A Computer Network is a group of computers linked to each other

that enables the computer to communicate with
another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

List of Advantages of Computer Networking

1. It enhances communication and availability of information.

2. It allows for more convenient resource sharing.

3. It makes file sharing easier.

4. It is highly flexible.

5. It is an inexpensive system.

6. It increases cost efficiency.

7. It boosts storage capacity.

List of Disadvantages of Computer Networking:

1. It lacks independence.
2. It poses security difficulties.

3. It lacks robustness.

4. It allows for more presence of computer viruses and malware.

5. It requires an efficient handler.

6. It requires an expensive set-up.

EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING

ARPANET

➢ Stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

➢ ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the
Internet.
➢ It was the first network that came into existence in 1969,
which was designed and named by the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) and US Department of Defence (DoD).
➢ It was where a bunch of PCs were associated at various
colleges and US DoD for sharing of information and messages
and playing long separation diversions and associating with
individuals to share their perspectives.

NSFNET
➢ Stands for

National Science Foundation Network.

➢ In mid 80’s another federal agency, NSFNET created a new

network which was more capable than ARPANET.
➢ It became the first backbone infrastructure for the commercial
public Internet.
➢ Its main aim was to use network only for academic
research and not for any kind of private business
activity.

INTERNET
➢ Internet is a network of networks
➢ In early 90’s , many privately owned businesses with their
very own private systems joined with ARPANET and NSFNET
to make more capable and wide network, the Internet.
➢ ARPANET + NSFNET + PRIVATE N/Ws = INTERNET
INTERSPACE :

➢ Interspace is a software that allows multiple users in a client-

server environment to communicate with each other in order
to send and receive data of various types such as data files,
video, audio and textual data.

Switching

➢ Switching is the technique by which nodes control

or switch data to transmit it between specific points on a
network.

Types of Switching Techniques

There are basically three types of switching methods are made
available. Out of three methods, circuit switching and packet
switching are commonly used but the message switching has been
opposed out in the general communication procedure but is still used
in the networking application.
1) Circuit Switching
2) Message Switching
3) Packet Switching
Circuit Switching
▪ In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/path is established across the
sender and the receiver which is maintained for the entire duration
of conversation and then the data is transmitted from the source to
the destination computer.

Message Switching
In case of Message Switching it is not necessary to established a
dedicated path in between any two communication devices.

Message Switching Data Network

▪ Each intermediate device receives the message and stores it until
the next device is ready to receive it and then this message is
forwarded to the next device( For this reason a message switching
network is sometimes called as Store and Forward Switching) . This
process is continued until the message is delivered to the
destination computer.
▪ The storing and Forwarding introduces the concept of delay. For this
reasons this switching is not recommended for real time
applications like voice and video.

Packet Switching
Packet Switching works almost like message switching technique but
here messages are broken up into packets having a tight upper limit
on the packet size and each of the packet includes a header with
source, destination and intermediate node address information.
Individual Packets in packet switching technique take different routes
to reach their respective destination.
 Packet Switching Network
▪ The major advantage of Packet switching is that message switching
stores data packets in discs whereas packet switching stores data
packets in main memory which improves its performance.

Data Communication
Terminology
Data Channel
This is the medium that carries data from one point to
another point.

Bandwidth – The amount of data a communication

system can transfer per unit time is referred to as
Bandwidth of the system.
Bandwidth simply indicates the data transfer rate.
The more the data needed to be transmitted in the given
unit time the more should be the bandwidth.
Alternatively it can be said that more the bandwidth of
the communication system more will be the data transfer
rate.
Bandwidth is measured in bps or Baud. Generally a Baud
is identical to bits per second. A rate of 100 Baud is equal
to 100 bps.

In digital context, the level of bandwidth falls into three

category:
1. Narrowband – Speed of narrowband varies
between 45 to 300 Baud. Low speed devices use this
narrowband channels.
 2. Voice-band- Speed of voice-band channels ranges
up to 9600 Baud. They are generally used in the
ordinary telephone voice communication.
3. Broadband – The speed of broadband channels
ranges up to 1 million Baud or more. High speed
devices use broadband for large volume of data
transfer at high rate. Broadcast television,
microwave and satellite uses broadband channel.

Data Transfer Rates

The amount of data transferred per second by a
communication channel is known as data transfer rate. It
is measured in bits per second (bps)

Baud
Each communication channel has certain capacity and it
can carry information up to that extent only.
This capacity is measured in terms of Baud.

Bits per Second

The speed at which data is transferred between two
points is measured in terms of Bits per Second or bps.

bps – bits per second,

Bps – Bytes per second (Note capital B)
kbps – kilo bits per second
Kbps – kilo bytes per second (Note capital K)
mbps – mega bits per second
Mbps – Mega bytes per second (Note capital M)
Gbps – Giga bytes per second (Note capital G)
Tbps - Terra bytes per second (Note capital T)

Transmission Media

For any networking to be effective, raw stream of data is to be

transported from one device to other over some medium. Various
transmission media can be used for transfer of data These
transmission media may be of two types −
• Guided − In guided media, transmitted data travels through
cabling system that has a fixed path. For example, copper
wires, fibre optic wires, etc.
• Unguided − In unguided media, transmitted data travels
through free space in form of electromagnetic signal. For
example, radio waves, lasers, etc.
Each transmission media has its own advantages and disadvantages in
terms of bandwidth, speed, delay, cost per bit, ease of installation and
maintenance, etc. Let’s discuss some of the most commonly used media in
detail

Twisted Pair Cable

Copper wires are the most common wires used for transmitting
signals because of good performance at low costs. They are most
commonly used in telephone lines. However, if two or more wires
are lying together, they can interfere with each other’s signals. To
reduce this electromagnetic interference, pair of copper wires are
twisted together in helical shape like a DNA molecule. Such twisted
copper wires are called twisted pair. To reduce interference
between nearby twisted pairs, the twist rates are different for each
pair.
Up to 25 twisted pair are put together in a protective
covering to form twisted pair cables that are the backbone
of telephone systems and Ethernet networks.
Types of twisted pair cables :
1. Unsheilded twisted pair cable (UTP)
2. Sheilded twisted pair cable (STP)

Advantages of twisted pair cable

Twisted pair cable are the oldest and most popular cables
all over the world. This is due to the many advantages
that they offer −

• It is simple, easy to install and maintain

• It is physically flexible and has a low weight
• Least expensive for short distances
• Entire network does not go down if a part of network
is damaged
Disadvantages of twisted pair cable

With its many advantages, twisted pair cables offer some

disadvantages too −

• Signal cannot travel long distances without repeaters

• High error rate for distances greater than 100m
• Very thin and hence breaks easily
• Not suitable for broadband connections
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables are copper cables with
better shielding than twisted pair cables, so that
transmitted signals may travel longer distances at higher
speeds. A coaxial cable consists of these layers, starting
from the innermost −
• Stiff copper wire as core
• Insulating material surrounding the core
• Closely woven braided mesh of conducting material
surrounding the insulator
• Protective plastic sheath encasing the wire
Coaxial cables are widely used for cable TV connections
and LANs.
Types of Co-axial cables :
1. Thicknet
2. Thinnet

Advantages of Coaxial Cables

These are the advantages of coaxial cables −

• Excellent noise immunity
• Signals can travel longer distances at higher speeds, e.g. 1
to 2 Gbps for 1 Km cable
 • Can be used for both analog and digital signals
• Inexpensive as compared to fibre optic cables
• Easy to install and maintain

Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables

These are some of the disadvantages of coaxial cables −

• Expensive as compared to twisted pair cables

• Not compatible with twisted pair cables
Optical Fibre
Thin glass or plastic threads used to transmit data using light
waves are called optical fibre. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or
Laser Diodes (LDs) emit light waves at the source, which is read
by a detector at the other end. Optical fibre cable has a
bundle of such threads or fibres bundled together in a protective
covering. Each fibre is made up of these three layers, starting with
the innermost layer −
• Core made of high quality silica glass or plastic
• Cladding made of high quality silica glass or plastic, with
a lower refractive index than the core
• Protective outer covering called buffer
Note that both core and cladding are made of similar material.
However, as refractive index of the cladding is lower, any stray
light wave trying to escape the core is reflected back due to
total internal reflection.
Optical fibre is rapidly replacing copper wires in telephone lines,
internet communication and even cable TV connections because
transmitted data can travel very long distances without
weakening.
Types of fibre optics :
1. Single node
2. Multi node
Single node fibre optic cable can have maximum segment length
of 2 kms and bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps. Multi- node fibre
optic cable can have maximum segment length of 100 kms and
bandwidth up to 2 Gbps.

Advantages of Optical Fibre

Optical fibre is fast replacing copper wires because of these

advantages that it offers −
 • High bandwidth
• Immune to electromagnetic interference
• Suitable for industrial and noisy areas
• Signals carrying data can travel long distances without
weakening

Disadvantages of Optical Fibre :

Despite long segment lengths and high bandwidth, using optical

fibre may not be a viable option for every one due to these
disadvantages −

• Optical fibre cables are expensive

• Sophisticated technology required for manufacturing,
installing and maintaining optical fibre cables
• Light waves are unidirectional, so two frequencies are
required for full duplex transmission
Infrared :
Low frequency infrared waves are used for very short distance
communication like TV remote, wireless speakers, automatic
doors, hand held devices etc. Infrared signals can propagate
within a room but cannot penetrate walls. However, due to such
short range, it is considered to be one of the most secure
transmission modes.
Radio Wave :
Transmission of data using radio frequencies is called radio-
wave transmission. We all are familiar with radio channels that
broadcast entertainment programs. Radio stations transmit radio
waves using transmitters, which are received by the receiver
installed in our devices.
Both transmitters and receivers use antennas to radiate or capture
radio signals. These radio frequencies can also be used for direct
voice communication within the allocated range. This range is
usually 10 miles.
• Radiowaves are preferred when we need reasonably high
speed connectivity in areas where wired connectivity is not
feasible.

Advantages of Radio Wave :

These are some of the advantages of radio wave transmissions −

• Inexpensive mode of information exchange as compared to

satellite transmission.
• No land needs to be acquired for laying cables
• Installation and maintenance of devices is cheap

Disadvantages of Radio Wave :

These are some of the disadvantages of radio wave

transmissions −

• Insecure communication medium

• Prone to weather changes like rain, thunderstorms, etc.

Microwave
➢ This media uses microwave signals to transmit data without
the use of cables. They are used for long distance
 communication and consist of : a transmitter, a receiver
and atmosphere.
➢ Microwave transmission is line-of-sight transmission (i.e
signals travel in a straight line)

Advantages of Microwave :

• Inexpensive mode of information exchange as compared to

radio wave and satellite transmission.
• No land needs to be acquired for laying cables
• Installation and maintenance of devices is cheap

Disadvantages of Microwave :

• Insecure communication medium

• Prone to weather changes like rain, thunderstorms, etc.
• It is unidirectional and provides limited bandwidth.
• Its speed is less as compared to radiowave and satellite
transmission.

Satellite Communication :

• Satellite communication is a special case of microwave relay

system.
• In this communication, the earth station consists of a
satellite dish that functions as an antenna.
• Satellite communication is preferred in case of very large
geographical areas and for very high speed connectivity.
Advantages of Satellite transmission

• No land needs to be acquired for laying cables

• They are capable of covering very large geographical areas.
• They provide very high speed data transmission facility.
• The laying and maintenance of inter-continental cables is
difficult and expensive, this is where satellite proves to be the
best alternative.

Disadvantages of satellite transmission

• Maintaining and installing satellites is very expensive.

• Prone to weather changes like rain, thunderstorms, etc.

Types of networks
There are various types of computer networks ranging from network of handheld
devices (like mobile phones or tablets) connected through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth within
a single room to the millions of computers spread across the globe. Some are
connected wireless while others are connected through wires.
Based on the geographical area covered and data transfer rate, computer networks
are broadly categorised as:
• PAN ( Personal Area Network)
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
1 Personal Area Network (PAN)-
A personal Area Network refers to small network
communication-capable devices within a range of reach ability
of an individual person.
This range is typically up to 10 meters. Ex Connecting cell phones
through Bluetooth.
For example, a mobile phone connected to the laptop through USB
forms a wired PAN while two smartphones communicating with each
other through Bluetooth technology form a wireless PAN or WPAN.
2 Local Area Network (LAN)-

The geographical area covered by a LAN can range from a single room, a floor, an
office havingone or more buildings in the same premise, laboratory, a
school, college, or university campus. The connectivity is done by means of wires,
Ethernet cables, fibre optics, or Wi-Fi.

3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an extended form of LAN which covers a larger
geographical area like a city or a town. Data transfer rate in MAN also ranges in Mbps,
Explore and find out the minimum internet speed required to make a video call.
4 Wide Area Network (WAN)-
Wide Area Networks are the networks spread across countries.
It can be a group of LAN that are spread across several location
and connected together to look like one big LAN .
Computers connected by WAN are often connected through
public [Link] as telephone systems or leased lines or
satellites.
LAN WAN
The Distance Between Nodes Span entire Countries
are approx 10 KM and lower
1 meter
LAN normally operate at WAN normally operate
between 1 and 10 Mbps at less than 1 Mbps
Complete ownership by a Owned by a Multiple
single organization organization
Very Low error rate High error rate

NETWORK DEVICES

MODEM

A modem is a device that enables a computer to transmit

data over,for ex. telephone or cable lines. Computer
information is stored digitally,whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form
of analog waves.
 A modem converts between these two forms. A modem
(modulator–demodulator) modulates one or more wave
signals to encode digital information for transmission and
demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.
The modem at the sender’s end acts as a modulator that
converts the digital data into analog signals. The modem at
the receiver’s end acts as a demodulator that converts the
analog signals into digital data for the destination node to
understand.

Types of modem

[Link] modem-

[Link] Modem

An internal modem is a device installed inside a desktop or laptop computer, allowing

the computer to communicate over a network with other connected computers.

*. There are two types of internal modems: dial-up and WiFi® (wireless). The former
operates over a telephone line and requires a network access phone number and logon
credentials to make a connection.

An external modem is a standalone device, separate from a computer,

that enables communication between the computer and a network.
 RJ45 CONNECTOR

 RJ45 is a type of cable connector which is mainly used in

computer networks. RJ45 is mainly used for ethernet
networking which is used to connect different types of
devices like a switch,hub,PC, router, firewall to each other.
RJ45 is the most known and popular connector type in the
IT world.

 RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45 physical connector for

network [Link] Ethernet cables feature small plastic
plugs on each end that are inserted into the RJ45 jacks of
ethernet devices.
ETHERNET CARD

 Ethernet card is a LAN architechture developed by Xerox

Corp. in association with DEC and Intel. Ethernet uses bus or
star topologies and can support data transfer rates upto 10
Mbps.
 It serves one basic function to transmit data from the
network to your computer. Ethernet cards are physical
expension cards that insert into a PCI expansion slot on a
computer.
 Hub
Hub an Ethernet hub (Figure 10.11) is a network device used to connect
different devices through wires. Data arriving on any of the lines are sent
out on all the others. The limitation of Hub is that if data from two
devices come at the same time, they will collide. Generally it is used to
connect all computers or devices of a room , building etc.

[Link] Hub:-- Amplifies the signal as it moves

from one connected device to a other.
[Link] Hub :-Pass the signal without any change
Example- One person wants to call another person

SWITCH

 A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into

different subnetworks called subnets or LAN segments.
  A switch is responsible for filtering i.e. transforming data in
a specific way and for forwarding packets between LAN
[Link] can support any packet protocol.
 Thus, it sends signals to only selected devices instead of sending to all. It
can forward multiple packets at the same time.

 Ethernet switches are common in homes/offices to connect multiple

devices thus creating LANs or to access the Internet.

ROUTER

A router is a network device that forwards data from

one network to another. A router works like a bridge but can
handle different protocols. For ex. A router can link Ethernet with
any other type of network.
If the destination is unknown to a router it sends the
traffic to another router which knows the destination.
A router (Figure 10.13) is a network device that can
receive the data, analyse it and transmit it to other networks. A
router connects a local area network to the internet. Compared to
a hub or a switch, a router has advanced capabilities as it can
analyse the data being carried over a network, decide/alter how
it is packaged, and send it to another network of a different type.
 A router can be wired or wireless. A wireless router can
provide Wi-Fi access to smartphones and other devices.
GATEWAY

 A gateway is a network device that connects dissimilar

[Link] establishes an intelligent connection between a
local network and external networks with completely with
completely different sturctures.


WiFi CARD

 A wifi card is also known as local area network [Link] is

basically a type of adapter [Link] are also known as
wireless internet card that add capabilities to personal
[Link] wifi hotspots has made wireless internet cards
even more desirable.

Repeater
distance (usually about 100 m). Signals lose their strength beyond
this limit and become weak. In such conditions, original signals need
to be regenerated.

Repeaters required if distance 100m or more than 100m

Networking Topologies-
The Pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called
the Topology.

The Selection of Topology depend on the following factor

[Link] – Cost of networking should be minimum.
[Link]: Topology should not be affected by the
reconfiguration of office furniture.
[Link]:Topology Chosen for the network should help to
detect the node(In which error occurs) and provide some
means to isolate them.
 Star Topology

⮚ Used Central device (HUB, SWITCH, Bridge)

⮚ In case of using switch information will go to a particular
device for which the message is designed.
⮚ In case of using HUB information will go to all devices in
the network instead of a particular one.
⮚ Ex if A wants to send a message to D through switch S .then
after receiving after receiving a message from A . Switch will
forward it to D only but HUB will forward it to E,D,C,B.
⮚ Good for 50 to 100 Computers.
⮚ During adding new device ,network will not slow down
⮚ Most efficient use in LAN topology.

Easy to Troubleshoot

Advantage :-
1. Detection of failure of node:-Failure node can be detected
easily and can be separated easily from the network. So Entire
network can escape.
[Link] Control :-Problem diagnose easily
Disadvantage :-
1. Long cable length :Because each node directly connected to
server
2. Difficult to expand
[Link] on Central Node
Bus Topology
This topology consists of a single length of transmission
medium(Coaxial cable)on to which various nodes are attached.
 No dedicated line for each device.
⮚ No use for hub and switch.
⮚ Not secure, Good for small networks.
⮚ Good for LAN.
⮚ Require less cable.
⮚ All nodes got information.
⮚ Breaking cable damages the entire Network.

The bus has a terminator at either end which absorbs the

signals, removing it from the bus.
In Bus Topology Data is transmitted in small Packets .

Advantage :-
[Link] cable length :Because there is a common path.
[Link] installation cost
[Link] Architecture :-From hardware and software point of view
[Link] to expand :-New nodes can be added at any point in the bus.
Disadvantage :-
[Link] diagnosis is difficult :No central control
[Link] isolation is difficult.
[Link] configuration.
[Link] computers are less in the network .

HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Mix of different type of topology
⮚ To add two existing topology like Ring and Star using Bus
topology
⮚ To add old network without changed so use
⮚ Tree Topology
 ⮚ Combination of only Bus and Star topology not any other
⮚ Used in Big Network
⮚ Nodes can be easily added.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1. It is most suitable for large networks where ring and star

topologies are not efficient.
2. Since it divides the network in sub-parts, so it becomes
more manageable
3. There is no hassle in either expanding or removing the
nodes.
4. For individual segments there is dedicated line wiring to the
local hub.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

1. The network is vulnerable as it is wholly dependent on the

central hub.
If the network becomes extremely large it becomes.

Mesh Topology
In this topology , each node is connected to more than one node
to provide an alternative route in this case the host is either
down or two busy. It is an extension to P-P Network. It is
 excellent for long distance use in
case of Router implementation
⮚ Each device connected with
every other device with
dedicated lines.
⮚ Wire consumption is more,
Cost is high.
⮚ Good for small network, not
for big one
⮚ Not used for connecting
computer, only for router
configuration
⮚ Secure connection between devices, because of dedicate
line,
⮚ High level redundancy(Network will slow down)

Types-
1. Partial mesh topology-03 devices are dedicated connected
and other are not dedicated connected. (Used in WAN)
[Link] mesh topology

Disadvantage

mesh networks are expensive to install because they use a lot of

cabling. Often, a mesh topology will be used in conjunction with
other topologies (such as Star, Ring and Bus) to form a hybrid
topology.

NETWORK PROTOCOL

 TCP/IP:-It is a collection of protocols that includes

transmission control protocol and internet [Link]
ensures reliable communication and uses ports to deliver
[Link] fragments and reassembles messages,using a
sequencing function to ensure that packets are reassembled
in the correct order.
  IP:- It is a connectionless protocol responsible for providing
addresses of each computer and performing routing.
FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

FTP is a standard for the exchange of files across [Link]

offers advantages as

 It is very useful to transfer files from one network in an

organization to another.
 It is an effective way to get a geographically dispersed group
to cooperate on a project.
 It is a potent and popular way to share information over the
internet.
PPP:- Point-to-Point protocol is a data link layer communications
protocol between two routers directly without any host or any
other networking in between. It can provide connection
authentication, transmission, encryption and compression.

 HTTP:- The hyper text transfer protocol consists of two

distinct items: the set of requests from browser to servers
and the set of responses going back to the other [Link] is a
generic,stateless,object oriented protocol which can be used
for many task.
 SMTP:- It is simple mail transfer protocol used for sending
emails across the [Link] default,SMTP protocol works
on Port25 (the default,SMTP non encrypted port unsecure)
and Port465 (encrypted port secure communication)
 POP3:-is post office protocol version3 that defines the rules
about receiving emails from a remote server to a local email
[Link] default, POP3 deletes emails on the server after
downloading them to your local email [Link] makes
possible for the users to download their received email
 messages onto their local computer,so that they can read
them even when they are not connected to the internet.
REMOTE LOGIN (TELNET)

 Remote login facility permits a user to work on a program on

a distant computer based on valid login [Link] is a
network application that permits a user sitting at a different
location to work on a specific program on another computer.
Internet

It is a global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities,consisting of
interconnected networks using standardized communication
[Link] is a world wide system of computer networks
i.e. a network of networks in which users at any one
computer can get informaion from any other computer.
Advantage [Link] communication links
of Internet [Link] documents on the internet

3.A valuable resources or companies to advertise and

conduct business

[Link] documents on the internet saves paper.

Disadvant ⮚ Cyber fraud.

age of ⮚ Computer viruses can be downloaded.
Internet- ⮚ Messages sent across the internet can easily be
intercepted.
⮚ Lack of face to face interaction.
⮚ Risk of hackers and viruses.

World Wide ⮚ WWW is a set of programs,standards and protocols

Web(WWW) that allows multimedia and hypertext files to be
-1990 created,displayed and linked to the internet.
⮚ Before www internet was made only for textual
information.
⮚ It is a part of the Internet but not the internet.
 ⮚ It is made of websites.
⮚ It is a collection of documents,special links.

Wireless/Mobile Communication Protocol

 GSM:- It stands for global system for mobile communication

which is a digital mobile network that is widely used by
mobile phone users in europe and other parts of the world.
GSM dizitizes and compresses data,then sends it down a
channel with two other streams of user data,each in its own
time slot.
 GPRS:- It stands for general packet radio [Link] is a
technology for radio transmission of small packets of data
esp. between mobile devices and [Link] using GPRS we
can access internet,send emails,watch movies and real time
news.
 WLL:- WLL stands for Wireless in local loop. In WLL
services,the telephone provided is expected to be as good as
wired [Link] voice quality must be [Link] is a system
that substitute for other connecting media.
PROTOCOLS FOR CHAT AND VIDEO CONFERENCING

 CHATTING:- Online textual talk, in real time,is called

[Link] is just like a text phone.
 VIDEO CONFERENCING:- A two-way videophone
conversation among multiple participants is called video
[Link] ex. for internet communication video phone
can be [Link] used for chatting and video
conferencing are IRC(Internet relay chat) and ( H.323 and
SIP session initiation protocol used for video conferencing)
 VoIP:- It is a technology that enables voice communications
over the internet through the compression of voice into data
packets that can be efficiently transmitted over data
networks and then converted back into voice at the other
end.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

 WiFi:- WiFi refers to wireless fidelity,which lets you connect

to internet without a direct line from your pc to the ISP. For
WiFi to work user needs
 (a) A broadband internet connection.
 (b) A wireless router, which relays your internet connection
from the “wall” to the PC.
  (c) A laptop or desktop with a wireless internet card or
external wireless adapter.
 WiMax:- It is a wireless digital communication
[Link] can providebroadband wireless access(BWA)
upto 30 miles(50 km) for fixed stations and 3 to 10 miles(5-
15 km) for mobile [Link] requires a tower called
WiMax base station similar to a cell phone tower which is
connected to the internet using a standard wired high speed
connection.
WEB ⮚ Web server is a Computer that stores a website and
SERVER delivers it by the request of Client.
⮚ Ex-Apache,IIS,ngins,GWS,Netsite.

URLS Each website has a unique address called a URL.

The URL of Google website is
[Link]

Https uses internet address in a special format called

the URL like type://address/path

where type specifies the type of the server in which

the file is located,Address is the address of the
server and path tells the location of file on the the
server

Example
[Link]

here http specify the type of server,no 2 jhansi

[Link] is the address of the
server,home,php is the path of the file.
Difference between Domain Name and URL :
S.
No Domain Name Uniform Resource Locator
.

The main motive of the

domain name is to make
If you want to find a particular
it easier to access a
website URL is best for it because
1. website. They are more
a URL is a complete web address
used as a brand and are
to find a particular website.
usually referred to as a
brand name.

A domain name is a URL is a string that represents the

2. human-friendly text form complete web address of any web
of the IP address. page.

It is the part of the URL It is the string that represents a

3. that is more human complete web address that
friendly. contains the domain name.

It contains three parts It also contains the following

Top Level Domain, parts’ method, protocol,
4.
Intermediate Level, and hostname, port, and path of the
the Low Level. file.

Example: Example:
5.
[Link] [Link]
Elements of A file internet address for URL is determine buy the
URL following
1. the type of server or protocol
[Link] number the name and address of the server on
the internet
3. the location of the file on the server .
Domain Naming scheme by which servers are identified is
name known as domain name
Ex .com,.edu,.gov,.mil,.net,.org,.co,.tv
Ex [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Website ⮚ Group of related web pages hosted on a web server
and are linked together.
⮚ Example- [Link], www..[Link]
⮚ HTML(Hypertext markup language),Python,PHP.
⮚ Hosted on the web server.
Component of website
⮚ Webhost- Hosted on the web server.
⮚ Address- Address of the website.
⮚ Homepage- It is the first webpage that appears
when viewers go to websites.
⮚ Design- Overall look of the website.
⮚ Content- Content of web pages make up the content
of a website.

Web Pages It is a digital document that is linked to the www and

can be seen by everyone using a web [Link]
contains the textual
information,graphics,audio,video.
⮚ Cookies-Cookies are small text files stored on a user’s computer and
created and used by a website to remember basic information or to
record the user’s browsing activity.
⮚ COOKIES- They are messages that a web server transmits to a web
browser so that the web server can keep track of the user’s activity on a
specific web site.
 ⮚ There are two main types of cookies:
⮚ Session cookies: these are temporary cookies that expire at the end of a
browser session; that is, when you leave the site.
⮚ Session cookies allow the website to recognize you as you navigate
between pages during a single browser session and allow you to use the
website most efficiently. For example,
⮚
⮚ session cookies enable a website to remember that a user has placed
items in an online shopping basket.
⮚ Persistent cookies: in contrast to session cookies, persistent cookies are
stored on your equipment between browsing sessions until expiry or
deletion. They therefore enable the website to "recognize" you on your
return remember your preferences and tailor services to you.

A plug-in is software components that adds a specific feature to an existing

web browser.
It enhances the functionality of web browsers.

NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS

Computer Virus: It is a malicious program that requires a host

and is designed to make a system sick, just like a real virus. It
replicates very fast. It moves from file to file and computer to
computer by attaching themselves to files or boot records of disk
and diskettes. They can also come from Internet and e-mail
attachments. Three types of viruses

1. File infectors 2. Boot sector viruses 3. Macro viruses

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the basis of network

data communication. This is how the Internet works when it
provides web pages. It is a TCP / IP based protocol that allows
you to transfer text, audio, video, images and more.

HTTP works in the request and response cycle of the client

requesting a web page. Suppose, if you browsing to [Link],
then you are requesting a web page from the server and the
server will respond to you.

The HTTPS protocol (HyperText protocol secure) is a web

communication protocol designed to secure communications over
computer networks by encrypting it through SSL/TLS.

The client now requests data from the server and looks up the
SSL certificate used to verify the identity of the site with the
certificate. If everything is ok, a handshake will occur, setting the
encryption method on SSL.

The purpose of HTTPS is to ensure the protection,

integrity, and privacy of the data exchanged between a
server and a client (usually a browser). It also authenticates
websites and confirms its trustworthiness.