COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
Understanding fundamental of computer
What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that can
perform a variety of operations in
accordance with set of instructions called
program.
A computer can be defined as an electronic
device which accepts input from the user,
process the input and produce the desired
output.
Basic Computer Components
Our present day life is so automatic that most of the tasks are
accomplished with a click of a button. In every sphere of life,
machines dominate human efforts. Let us take the case of cash
withdrawal from a bank ATM. The user is required to press only a
few buttons to authenticate his identity and the amount he
wishes to withdraw. Then within seconds the money pops out of
the ATM. During this process, the inside working of bank ATM is
beyond imagination of the user. Broadly speaking, the ATM
receives certain data from the user, processes it and gives the
output (money). This is exactly what a computer does. Formally, a
computer can be defined as follows:
“ An electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of performing a
sequence of operations in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural
instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of
information or signals.”
computer performs basically five major
functions irrespective of its size and make.
It accepts data or instructions by way of input
It stores data
It processes data as required by the user
It controls operations of a computer
It gives results in the form of output I-P-O Cycle
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
he basic layout of a computer. A computer
receives data and instructions through "Input
Devices" which get processed in Central
Processing Unit, "CPU" and the result is shown
through "Output Devices". The "Main / primary
Memory" and "Secondary / Auxiliary
Memory" are used to store data inside the
computer. These are the basic components that
each computer possess. Each of these
components exists in various types and
variety that differ in shape, size, usage and
performance. The user makes a choice according
to his specific requirement.
CPU
Stands for Central Processing Unit
Also known as the Brain of Computer.
It convert the Input into Output
CPU perform its operation with the help
of its 2 subunits :-
🞑 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit
🞑 CU : Control Unit
ALU
ALU Perform all the arithmetical and
logical operations.
Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
Logical operation like comparison or
decision making like: >, <, =, >=,
<=, <>
CU
Control and guides the interpretation of all
the data and information.
It coordinates the different units
attached to computer system.
It takes input from Input device and store it
in main memory, then it send the data to
ALU if any arithmetic operation is required
after this it transfer the output to output
devices.
Memory of Computer
Memory refers to the place where data is
stored temporarily or permanently.
Input must goes to Memory Unit then only
any action on it can be performed.
Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
🞑 Primary Memory
Primary or main memory stores information(data and
instruction)
🞑 Secondary Memory
Stores the data permanently for future retreival
Random Access Memory (RAM)
🞑 It is the working memory, right from the
booting of computer till the computer is
shutdown this memory is in use to store all the
operation done by the computer
🞑 is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions.
🞑 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory
🞑 Data is lost if Power Off
Read Only Memory (ROM)
🞑 ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to store the
instructions provided by the manufacturer,
which holds the instructions to check basic
hardware inter connecter and to load
operating system from appropriate storage
device
🞑 It is also known as FIRMWARE
🞑 Its data is stored permanently on it so it is
non-volatile device.
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Unit of Memory
The elementary unit of memory is a bit (binary digit) Zero(0) & One(1
GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA
BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
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1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
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Secondary Storage Devices
If we want to save data for future reference and
retrieval then it needs to be saved in memory
other than primary memory, which is called
secondary memory, or auxiliary memory.
Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so
there are many other secondary storage media
in use.
Example:
🞑 Hard Disk
🞑 CD/DVD
🞑 Pen Drive
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Secondary Storage Devices
🞑 Floppy, etc.
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Secondary Storage Devices
HARD DISK :
🞑 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or
disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving
digital information, primarily computer data.
🞑 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard")
rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as
platters), coated with magnetic material and with
magnetic heads arranged to write data to the
surfaces and read it from them.
🞑 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the
cabinet. It is also known as fixed disk
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Secondary Storage Devices
FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is
made up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic
material enclosed in a cover. Its capacity is
1.44 MB.
COMPACT DISK (CD) : Capacity of standard
120mm CD is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which
is commonly used to store audio and video
data. Transfer speed is mentioned as 600multiple
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Secondary Storage Devices
of 150 KB/s. 4x means .
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Secondary Storage Devices
DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single
side or on double side. Its capacity may range
from 4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which can
be plugged into a computer with USB Port.
They have capacity lesser than hard disk but
much larger than a floppy or CD. They are more
reliable also. They are also called pen drive.
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Input Devices
These are the devicesused to give input
to computer for processing.
Input may be in form of text, images, audio,
etc.
Input Devices example:
🞑 Keyboard
🞑 Mouse
🞑 Joystick
🞑 Scanner
🞑 Etc.
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KEYBOARD
Function Keys
Numeric Keys
Control
Key
Alt KeyEnter Key
This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically
corresponds to a single written symbol. However some symbols
require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in
sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or
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characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce
actions or computer commands.
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MOUSE
Wired Wireless
Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-
dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. The
mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor
on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User
Interface. A mouse primarily comprises of three parts: the
buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. Using left
button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging,
moving and pasting can be done. With the right button we
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can open a context menu for an item, if it is applicable.
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SCANNER
Scanner is a device that optically scans
images, printed text, handwriting, or an
object, and converts it to digital image.
JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that
pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction
to the device it is controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games
involving flight such as flight simulator.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and
usually have one or more push-buttons whose state
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can also be read by the computer
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TOUCH SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an
input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user
interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on
the screen.
You may see it at as KIOSKS installed in various public places
like ATM machines, Railway’s PNR Checking machine etc.
MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly
used
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for sound recording.
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OUTPUT DEVICE
Output device is used to display the output
to user either in soft copy or hard copy.
Soft copy output appears on monitor
whereas hard copy output appears on
paper by printer.
Various output devices are:
🞑 Monitor
🞑 Printer
🞑 Speaker
🞑 Projector etc.
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Monitor
Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
It is the primary output device where we
see the output. It looks like TV.
Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
CRT – Cathode ray tube
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LED – Light Emitting Diode
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Printe
r
Printer produces output on paper.
There are various types of printer
available in market like:
Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and
hammer technology. Its quality is not very
good. Output is printer by making object
using small dots.
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Printe
r
Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: is a type of computer
printer that creates a digital image by propelling
droplets of ink onto paper.
Laser Printer : These printers use laser technology
to produce printed documents. These are very fast
printers and are used for high quality prints.
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CMOS
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS is an onboard, battery powered
semiconductor chip inside computers that
stores information.
This information ranges from the system time and
date to system hardware settings for your
computer.
CMOS battery is generally used to give backup
support to BIOS program.
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BIOS
The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also
commonly known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is
boot firmware, a small program that controls
various electronic devices attached to the main
computer system.
It is designed to be the first set of instructions
run by a Computer when powered on. The initial
function of the BIOS is to initialize system devices
such as the RAM, hard disk, CD/DVD drive,
video display card, and other hardware.
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