Medieval

Indian History
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SHU M Y
BHAM G E
UPTA ACAD
01) Origin of Islam 02

02) Muslim Invasions of India 04

03) Ghaznavid Invasions of India 09

04) Ghurid Invasions of India 14

05) Delhi Sultanate : Introduction 20

06) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 28

07) Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320) 41

08) Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) 58

09) Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451) 74

10) Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) 76

11) Architecture of Delhi Sultanate 80

12) Administration of Delhi Sultanate 84

13) Sufi Movement 88

14) Bhakti Movement 93

15) Bahmani Sultanate : 1347 to 1527 CE 110

16) Vijayanagar or Karnataka Empire (1336-1672) 115

17) Independent Provincial State 127

18) Mughal Empire (1526-1857) 132

19) Suri Dynasty (1540-1555) 143

20) Akbar (1542-1605) 147

21) Mirza Nur-ud-din Jahangir (1605-1627) 165

22) Shahabuddin Beg Muhammad Khan Khurram (1628-1658) 171

23) Mohammad Aurangzeb or Alamgir I (1658-1707) 178

24) Later Mughal Rulers (1707-1857) 186

25) Mughal Administration & Other Aspects 195

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01) Origin of Islam

General Acquisition of From Mecca to

Information Knowledge Medina

Five
Important Facts Fundamental
Beliefs

In the sixth century, Prophet Muhammad was born in Arabia

Hijra : From Mecca to

General Information Knowledge Acquisition
Medina

o Birth - 570 AD, Mecca, Saudi Arabia o 610 AD - Cave of Hira o 622 AD
o Father - Abdullah o Gabriel (Angel of Allah)
o Mother - Amina o Quran o From Mecca to Medina
o Wife - Khadija o Muhammad
o Daughter - Fatima • Arabic: Nabi / Rasul o Hijri Era (Starting
o Son-in-law - Ali • Persian : Paigambar point of the Islamic
o Death - 632 AD, Medina o The Rise and Propagation of Islam calendar) : 622 AD

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"Kaaba": A cube-shaped edifice situated at

the center of Masjid al-Haram (the holiest
mosque) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Other Important Facts

1) Ibn Ishaq : Wrote the biography 1) Abu Bakr

of Prophet Muhammad (632)

2) Umar (634)
2) Eid ul-Milad un-Nabi is
3) Uthman (644)
celebrated on Prophet
4) Ali (656)
Muhammad's birthday.
1) Sunni : Follow
3) The successors of Prophet
Prophet
Muhammad were called Caliphs.
Muhammad
4) Muhammad was the final Prophet 2) Shia : Follow
5) After Prophet Muhammad's Ali, the

death, Islam split into two parts Prophet's son-

in-law

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02) Muslim Invasions of India

Other Principal Facts Muslim Invasions of India

01
Muhammad bin Qasim:
07 02 Background
Sources of Information

Invasion of Sindh
06 03

Effects of Arab Invasions

05 04 Significant Events

2.1) Muslim Invasions of India

Arab Invasions Turkish Invasions

Muhammad bin Qasim -712 AD Mahmud of Ghazni : 1000

First successful Muslim (Arab) Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori : 1175 AD

invasion of India
Delhi Sultanate

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2.2) Muhammad bin Qasim: Background

610 AD Rise of Islam

630 AD First arrival of Muslims in India (Kerala) for trade)

► Abu Bakr
► Umar
The emergence of ► Rashidun Caliphate (632-661)
► Uthman
Caliphate empires ► Umayyad Dynasty (661 to 750)
► Ali
following the demise
► Abbasid Dynasty (750 to 1248)
of Prophet ► Caliph Al-Walid
► Ottoman
Muhammad in 632 AD ► Governor of Iraq: Al-Hajjaj
► Muhammad bin Qasim

2.3) Invasion of Sindh

1) Full name :- Imad-ud-Din Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakafi

2) Under the orders of Al-Hajjaj, Governor of Iraq Invasion of Sindh (against Raja
Dahir, ruler of the Chach Dynasty)

Reasons ☆ Capital - Alor or Aror

☆ Plundering wealth and riches ☆ Port - Debal
☆ Propagation and dissemination of Islam ☆ Dahir's son - Jaisingh
☆ Maritime pirates plundered Al-Hajjaj's ☆ Wives - Rani Bai (performed Jauhar) and Rani
(ruler of Iraq) ship at Debal in Sindh Ladi (daughters: Surya and Parmal)

712AD - The first successful Muslim invasion of India (Sindh, Debal)

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2.4) Important Events

1) 712 AD Qasim attacked the port of Debal located on the Makran coast
※ Naphtha - Fire ball projectile
※ Manjanik - Stone-throwing weapon

► Battle of Rawar
1) 20 Saptembar 712 AD ► Qasim defeated Dahir
► Queen Ranibai's resistance and Jauhar (First evidence
of Jauhar)

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► Defeated Dahir's son Jaisingh in Brahmanabad

3) 712 AD
► Captured Dahir's daughters : Surya and Parmal Devi

Qasim received death sentence from the Caliph upon

complaint

► Attack on Multan
3) 713 AD
► Multan was called "Swarnagari" (Golden City

4) Appointment of Hindus in the army

5) Support given to Qasim by Jats and Buddhists

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2.5) Effects of Arab Invasions

1) The emergence of Islam in India

2) Camel rearing and date cultivation
Arab
3) Exchange of Indo-Arab culture, commerce, knowledge, and science Abelard Europe

o India-Arab exchange of culture & knowledge)

Al-Khwarizmi o The term
4) Dirham coin in Sindh
Monsoon
5) Jizya: a tax levied on non-Muslims Decimal system
o Art of

6) Knowledge INDIA Arab Cartograph

y
7) City called 'Mahfuza' on the banks of the Indus
8) The word 'Hindu' was first used by Persians.

"Arab science was truly international": Satish Chandra

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2.6) Sources of Information

1) Chachnama
o Most authentic source on Arab invasion of Sindh
o Written in Arabic by an unknown soldier of
Qasim
o Abu Bakr Kufi translated Chachnama into Persian
during Nasiruddin Qubacha's time
o English translation : U.M. Daudpota

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2) Baladhuri: 'Kitab Futuh al-Buldan' (Book of 6) In the Quran, the word Caliph
Conquests of Lands) appears as a representative, Here
3) Mir Muhammad Masum (in Akbar's court): Tarikh- the Caliph is considered God's
e-Sindh (History of Sindh) representative on Earth
4) Lane-Poole
o The Arab invasion of Sindh was an event in
Indian history and a resultless victory in Islamic
history
5) Wolseley Haig
o Arab conquest of Sindh as merely an accidental
episode in Indian history

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2.7) Other Key Facts

1) Iranian astronomer Abu Masar studied astronomy in Banaras for ten years.
2) Azfazari translated Brahma Siddhanta and Khandan Khaya into Arabic
3) Literature Translate to Arabic

o Aryabhata's Surya Siddhanta

o Charaka Samhita
o Sushruta Samhita
o Panchatantra (Kalila wa Dimna)

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03) Ghaznavid Invasions of India

Introduction

Reasons for Invasions

Major invasions

Ghaznavid : Contemporary Literati

Mahmud of Ghazni: Other Significant Facts

Effects of Ghaznavid Invasions

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3.1) Introduction

❑ 932 AD :- Establishment of the Ottoman Empire called the Ghazni Empire

Capital :- Ghazni (Afghanistan) o Rule of the

Hindu Shahi
Dynasty in
❑ 977 AD - Subuktagin attacked Jaipal, the ruler of the Hindu royal dynasty
Punjab
o Capita l:
Udabhandapur
❑ 1st Turkish Muslim to attack India a (Waihind)

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❑ 998 AD - Submuktin's son Ghaznabi became ruler

Titles ► Yamin-ud-Daula (Right Hand

of the Empire)
Caliph Al-Adil Billah of Baghdad ► Amin-ul-Millat (Protector of
Muslims)
► Sultan (First Muslim ruler to
assume the title of Sultan)
1) Ghazi (Warrior for Islam)
Other
2) Butshikan (Idol Breaker)

Ghazni crossed the Khyber Pass to

invade India.

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3.2) Reasons for Ghaznavi's invasion

Historian Henry Elliot: Ghazni conducted 17 invasions of India

Reasons for Ghaznavi's invasion

1) To gain wealth
o To expand empire in Central Asia
2) Protecting the state from the Indian states
3) To promote Islam
4) Empire establishment was never intended

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3.3) Major invasions of Ghaznavi

First - 1000 Peshawar and other 1014 Thanesar (Haryana) Chandra Swamini Temple (of Krishna)
areas on the frontier
1018 First Muslim in the Gangetic Valley (Kannauj to Mathura)
region
Gurjara-Pratihara King Rajyapala
Second - 1001 Hindu Shahi King Jayapala
1019 -20 Kalinjar Campaign Chandela Ruler Vidyadhara

Capital - Waihind/Udabhandapura (Peshawar) 16th - 1025 Attack on Somnath Shiva Temple

King Jayapala - Lost

➢ Ruler: Bhima I of the Chalukya Dynasty
➢ Plundered by Jats on the Indus River
Committed suicide
17th - 1027 Against the Khokhars near Multan

Son : Anandapala became ruler (Battle

of Chach) 1030 - Death

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Fact

1) Somnath Temple 4) Alaf Khan, Ahmad Shah, Shams Khan,

2) The Somnath Temple is situated on the Muzaffar Khan II, Tatar Khan (1520), and
Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat state. Aurangzeb (1669) destroyed the Somnath
3) One of the 12 Jyotirlinga deity temples Temple.
4) Mahmud of Ghazni attacked the Somnath 5) Ahilya Bai Holkar reconstructed the
Temple in 1025-26 CE Somnath Temple in 1765 CE, and Sardar
 Chalukya Ruler Bhimadeva I (1022-63) Vallabhbhai Patel in 1950 CE
 Bhimadeva I reconstructed the 6) On May 11, 1951, India's first President Dr.
Somnath Temple Rajendra Prasad performed the
 This temple was mentioned by Al- consecration ceremony at the present
Biruni in his travelogue. temple premises.

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3.4) Ghaznavi - Contemporary Literati

1) Firdausi
⇒ Shahnamah (Great Persian epic)
⇒ Homer of the East
⇒ Called Kashmir the paradise of Earth
2) Utbi
⇒ Court historian
⇒ Tarikh-e-Yamini (in Arabic)
3) Baihaqi
⇒ Tarikh-e-Subuktgin
⇒ Pepys of the East

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4) Al-Biruni (Abu Rehan Muhammad): Spent 10 years in India

⇒ Kitab-ul-Hind written in Arabic language
⇒ Mirror of 11th century India : Covering Indian
geography, science, mathematics, history, astronomy,
and philosophy
⇒ First Muslim to study the Puranas
⇒ Al-Biruni in the Khwarizm expedition
⇒ Hindi translation : Rajnikant Sharma
⇒ English translation : Edward Sachau
⇒ Al-Biruni was not a secular writer.
⇒ Below the four-varna system were 8 untouchables
(antyaja)
⇒ Siddhamatrika : The most popular script, prevalent in
Kashmir, Varanasi, and Kannauj.

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3.5) Mahmud Ghazni's - Other important facts

1) Tilak, a Hindu general in the army 4) Mahmud incorporated Punjab, including

2) Silver coins (dirhams) with Sanskrit and Arabic Lahore and Multan, into the Ghazni
inscriptions Empire.
3) During Mahmud's Invasions 5) In 1008, Mahmud defeated Punjab's ruler
o Chandela ruler Vidyadhara : Mahmud invaded Anandapal in the Battle of Chach on the
in 1019-20 CE but could not defeat him. plains of Waihind. In this battle, Pratihara
o Multan : Daoud of the Qarmatian Shia sect ruler Rajyapal and Chandela ruler Ganda
o Kashmir : Queen Didda sent armies to assist Anandapal.
o Kannauj : Pratihara ruler Rajyapal 6) Utbi wrote about Mathura's splendor that
o Bengal : Pala ruler Mahipala Mahmud saw a city whose magnificence
o Chola rulers : Rajaraja I and Rajendra I was like heaven.

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3.6) Effects of Ghaznavid Invasions

1) The Khyber Pass went into the hands of the

foreigners forever.
2) The internal divisions and military weakness
of the Indians became apparent.
3) A huge looting of wealth and massacre.
4) As a result of Ghaznavi's attacks, the city of
Lahore became the centre of Persian culture.
5) Punjab came under the control of the Turks.
6) The Turks used a special type of bow which is
called Navak in Persian.

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04) Ghurid Invasions of India

Prominent Ancient Universities Introduction

Bakhtiyar Khilji
Major invasions of Ghori

Other Facts

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❑ 1175 AD :- First invasion of India, Multan

4.1) Introduction
from Gomal Pass
❑ 1155 AD :- Alauddin Husain captures Ghazni ❑ Causes of Ghauri's invasions of India :-
o Jahan-Soz: Incinerator of the World ※ Empire establishment
❑ 1163 AD :- In 1163 CE, Alauddin Husain's ※ Propagation of Islam
cousin Ghiyasuddin became the ruler of ※ Wealth acquisition
Ghaur. ※ Agreement with elder brother
❑ 1173 AD :- Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghuri Ghiyasuddin that he would expand
(Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam) became empire eastward.
the ruler of Ghazni

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4.2) Major invasions of Ghori

I. First invasion of Multan

1175 AD
II. Capture Multan by defeating Karmati

I. Gujarat (Patan) Invasion

II. Chalukya king Moolraj II patronage mother

1178 AD
III. Ghuri's defeat at Kayadara, near Mount Abu (his first defeat in India)

IV. In 1178 itself, Bhima II, brother of Mularaja II, succeeded Mularaja II.

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1191 AD 1192 AD 1194 AD

First Battle of Tarain Second Battle of Tarain Battle of Chandavar

Victory of Prithviraj III Defeat of Prithviraj III Defeat of Jaichand

(Commander: Skanda)

o Principal cause of the First Battle of Tarain: Ghuri's Bhatinda Adopted the Lakshmi
campaign in 1188 CE and conquest of the fort of Tabarhinda and Nagari script on
o Before the Second Battle of Tarain, Ghuri sent an emissary coins
named Qiwam-ul-Mulk to Prithviraj Chauhan.

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I. Aibak - Kalinjar Campaign

1203 AD
II. Defeated Chandela ruler Paramardideva

15 March 1206 :- Gauri killed by Khokhar Sardar

Delhi Sultanate in India

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2) Coins in the name of Prithviraj and Gauri

4.3) Other Facts
3) Ikta system in north India
1) Dehliwal coins o Muhammad Ghuri granted the first Iqta
o Kalima on one side and images of to Qutbuddin Aibak
Lakshmi and Nandi on the other side 4) 4 main slaves :-
o Muhammad bin Sam in Devnagari o Qutbuddin Aibak : Lahore and Delhi
o Aibak paid laborers in Dehliwal coins for o Yaldoz : Ghazni
constructing the Quwwat-ul-Islam o Qubacha : Kachchh and Sindh
Mosque o Bakhtiyar Khilji : Bengal and Bihar

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4.4) Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji

1) Bengal Bihar invasion

2) Rular : - Laxmansen
1200 – 1204
3) Devastated Nalanda and Vikramashila

4) Made Lakhnauti the capital

5) Mistake: Attack on the Maha kingdom of Assam

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4.5) Major Ancient Universities

Kashi Takshshila

Odantapuri Nalanda

Vallabhi Vikramshila

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A) Takshshila

1) India's oldest university

2) Location :- In Indus Chenab Doab in Rawalpindi
district of Punjab province of present Pakistan
3) Capital of Gandhara country in ancient times
4) Capital of Uttarapath in Maurya period
5) Discovered in present :- By Alexander Cunningham in
1863
6) The curriculum here included more than 60 subjects
7) According to Buddhist texts, Takshila was most famous
for the education of archery and medical science
8) According to Ashwaghosh, eye treatment was done
here

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8) Scholars educated here :-

ɸ Jīvaka - Bimbisara's court physician, pediatrician
ɸ Charaka - Kanishka's court physician, Charak
Samhita (Ayurveda book)
ɸ Pāṇini - Great Sanskrit grammarian, author of
'Ashtadhyayi'
ɸ Patanjali - Author of Mahabhashya and compiler
of Yoga Sutras
ɸ Vararuchi Kātyāyana - Commentator of
Ashtadhyayi book
ɸ Kosala King Prasenjit
ɸ Kautilya/Chanakya
ɸ Chandragupta Maurya
ɸ Vasubandhu Buddhacharya (Buddhist Buddha) -
Book named 'Abhidharmakosh'
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B) Nalanda

1) The world's first residential university 9) Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hsuan Tsang),
(Mahavihara) who came to India in the seventh century,
2) Establishment :- By Gupta ruler Kumar Gupta resided here for 18 months studying the
(Asanga and Vasubandhu) Mahayana sect and Yoga philosophy
3) Center :- Buddhist Mahayana sect o The foreign traveler who referred to
4) Language :- Pali Kumaragupta I as 'Shakraditya': Xuanzang
5) Location :- Rajgir, Nalanda district, Bihar 10) Eminent scholars here :- Dharmapala,
6) Oxford of the Mahayana sect Shilabhadra, Chandrapala, Gunamati,
7) Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked Nalanda and set the Sthiramati, Prabhāmitra, Jinamitra,
library ablaze. Jñānachandra, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu,
8) Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the new campus Asanga, Dharmakirti, Chandrakirti, Viradeva,
of the university on June 19, 2024 Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava, Rahulmitra

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C) Vikramshila

1) Vikramshila :- Residential Mahavihara

2) Belonging to the Vajrayaan branch of
Buddhism
3) Located :- Bhagalpur, Bihar
4) Establishment :- By Dharmapala, the Pala
dynasty ruler of Bengal in the 8th-9th century
5) Other Names - Shilasangam
6) Subject :- Grammar, Logic, Philosophy, Justice,
Arts, Ayurveda, Tantrashastra, Vedas,
Upanishads
7) Destroyed by Muslim invaders led by
Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1203

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D) Vallabhi/Vallabhipur E) Odantapuri

1) Vallabhipur :- Centre of Hinayana Buddhism education 1) Ancient name of the present Bihar
2) Location :- Bhavnagar, Gujarat 2) Location :- Bihar
3) Establishment :- Bhattarka (Founder of the Maitraka 3) Establishment :- In the 8th century by
dynasty in the 5th century) Pal ruler Dharmapala (In many books
4) Subject :- Administration, Philosophy, Science, Arts, Gopala I)
Marine Science 4) Major topics :- Buddhist Education
5) Leading scholar :- Center
ɸ Haribhadra Suri - Eminent Jain philosopher and 5) Leading scholar :-
scholar ɸ Dipankara - Establishment of Lama
ɸ Sridharacharya - Famous mathematician society in Tibet
ɸ Bharavi - famous Sanskrit poet ('Kiratarjuniyam') ɸ Ratnarakshita - Leading student of
6) Description by Chinese travelers Hiun-Tsang and I-tsing Sarvastivadi sect

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05) Delhi Sultanate : Introduction

Sources of Major Administrati

Art Others
Information Dynasties on

 Mamluk  General
 Khilji  Economic
 Tughlaq  Military
 Sayyid  Judicial
 Lodi

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5.1) (Delhi Sultanate)

5 Dynasties
Official language : Persian

Slave Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tughlaq Dynasty Sayyid Lodi

1206 - 1290 1290 – 1320 1320 - 1414 Dynasty Dynasty
Qutbuddin Jalaluddin Khilji Ghiyasuddin 1414 - 1451 1451 - 1526
Aibak (Shortest Tughlaq Khizr Khan Bahlol Lodi
duration (Longest duration
dynasty) dynasty)

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5.2) Establishment of Delhi Sultanate

1192 1196 1200 1206

Ghori conquered Delhi Conquered Byana and Conquered Badaun, Ghori was
assassinated by
Gwalior Kanauj, Sirohi, and Khokhar chieftain
Malwa

Defeated Jaichand Bakhtiyar Khilji

Gahadwal in the Battle Conquered Chalukya conquered Bengal and
of Chandwar capital Anhilwada Bihar

1194 1197 1202

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Ghazni:
Tajuddin
Yaldauz Lahore and
Delhi:
Qutbuddin
Aibak

Ghor: Bengal and

Ghiyasuddin Bihar:
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji
(nephew) Multan:
Nasiruddin
Qubacha

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5.3) Sources of Information

Autobiographies Travel Accounts Literary Works

Futuhaat-e-Firoz Shahi Rehla  Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi (Barani)

Author : Firoz Tughlaq Author : Ibn Battuta  Taj-ul-Masir (Hasan Nizami)
 Tughlaq Nama (Khusro)

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1) Siyasat Nama 3) Taj-ul-Masir

o Author : Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi o Author: Hasan Nizami (first historian)
o Information of the Ikta system o First royal history of Delhi Sultanate
2) Tabaqat-e-Nasiri • Describes events from 1191-1217 CE
o Author: Minhaj-us-Siraj o Language : Persian
o Language : Persian 4) Tarikh-e-Mubarakshahi
o Information: Muhammad Ghori's conquest of o Author : Yahiya bin Ahmad Sarhinidi
India o Information : Details about Sayyid
o Dedicated to Nasiruddin Mahmud of the Slave dynasty ruler Mubarak Shah
Dynasty
o First systematic history of Delhi Sultanate
o About Razia's downfall, Minhaj writes: "What use
were all her qualities since she was a woman"

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5) Kitab-ul-Rehla ▪ Mentions postal systems called

o Author : Ibn Battuta (African traveler from Tangier,
Uluq and Dawa
Morocco)
• Dawa : Foot postal system
• Came to India in 1333 and stayed for 14 years
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq made Ibn Battuta the Qazi • Uluq : Horse postal system
of Delhi in 1334
• Tughlaq sent him as an envoy to China
o Language : Arabic
o English Translation : Lee and Gibbs
o Information
▪ Muhammad bin Tughlaq: personality and character,
contemporary society, economy, military system,
capital change by Tughlaq, judicial system, postal
system

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6) Ziauddin Barani ▪ Barani started where Minhaj ended his

o Birth - 1285 (Bulandshahr, India) history
o Greatest historian of the Sultanate period ▪ Written while in Bhatner prison
o Disciple of Auliya ▪ English Translation: Elliott and Dowson
o Faced social boycott in later years ▪ Describes Alauddin's market system
o Muhammad bin Tughlaq gave Barani the ▪ Completed by Shams Siraj Afif
title of "Zindadil Sathi" or Nadim (lively • Fatwa-e-Jahandari - Description of Muslim
companion) governance system and qualities of ideal
o Major Works Muslim rulers
• Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi : • Hasratnama - Mentions Muslim laws
▪ Covers period from 1266 (Balban's o Key Information :
coronation) to 1357 CE (sixth year ▪ Called history "the queen of sciences"
of Firoz's reign) ▪ About Muhammad Tughlaq :
"compassionate and bloodthirsty"

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※ Badayuni : "The best place for a woman is behind the

veil or in the grave"
※ Barani : "Delhi Sultanate was an urban governance
system, supported by the exploitation of a vast
agricultural society"
※ Afif wrote Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi during the time of the
last Tughlaq ruler Nasiruddin Mahmud when Timur's
invasion occurred.
※ Afif mentions the Iranian tradition: "Women and
serpents are terrible creatures; they should be killed"

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7) Futuh-us-Salatin : 8) Amir Khusro ('Tota-e-Hind' and Turkullah) :

o Author: Khwaja Abu-Bakr-Isami o Full Name: Abul Hasan Yamin-uddin Khusro
o Dedicated to Bahmani ruler o Birth : 1253 (Patiyali, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh)
Alauddin Hasan Bahmanshah • First major historian of Delhi Sultanate born in
o "A woman is good only when she India
keeps spinning the wheel, as • Guru: Nizamuddin Auliya
high position diverts her from • Death: 1325 (buried next to Auliya's tomb)
her purposes" o Witnessed eight sultans : Balban, Kaiqubad,
o "A woman cannot perform well Kyumars, Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji, Mubarak
as a ruler because she Khilji, Khusrav Shah, and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
fundamentally lacks intelligence" o Title "Turkullah" given by Nizamuddin Auliya
o First given the position of court poet by Alauddin
Khilji

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o First to write in Zaban-e-Hindavi (Urdu/Rekhta) • "In the field of knowledge, Delhi was
o Pioneering role in development of Khari Boli equivalent to Bukhara; Indian Brahmins
o Indianization of Persian poetry : created new were as talented as Aristotle"
Persian style called Sabk-e-Hindi (Hindustani • "If I praise India, don't consider me
style) biased"
o Quotes : • "Indian language changes every
• Hindavi is the contact language of the country hundred kos"
and Sanskrit is the classical language’ • Women should stay within the four
• "A traditionalist loves religion, but a perfume walls of the house and spin the wheel
seller loves rose petal pollen"
• "Every pearl in the royal crown is a crystallized
drop of blood from the tearful eyes of poor
farmers"

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Major Works of Amir Khusrau)

1) Kiran-us-Sadain : Written on Kaiqubad's orders 4) Ashika (Devalrani Khizr Khan)

2) Miftah-ul-Futuh : Suppression of Malik Chajju's o Love story between Devaldev (daughter of
rebellion and Jalaluddin Khilji's military Gujarat's King Karan) and Khizr Khan
campaigns (Alauddin Khilji's son)
3) Khazain-ul-Futuh : o Description of Alauddin's Gujarat campaign
o Describes Malik Kafur's southern campaigns
and southern markets
o Calls Alauddin "Sultan of the world," "Sultan
of earth's rulers," "conqueror of the age," and
"shepherd of the people"
o No description of Mongol invasions or
suppression of nobles

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5) Nuh Sipihr :- o Malfuzat-e-Timuri - Timur Lang's

※ Description of Mubarak Shah Khilji autobiography written in Turkish
※ Description of India's climate, nature, animals language
and birds o Zafar Nama - Biography of Timur Lang
※ Due to praise of Hindustan in this work, Amir written thirty years after his death
Khusro is called "Tutie Hind" (Parrot of India) under his grandson's patronage by
※ Calls India "heaven on earth" in Nuh Sipihr Sharajuddin Ali Yazdi
6) Tughluq Nama :-
※ Amir Khusro's last work
※ Description of Khusro Khan and Ghiyasuddin
Tughlaq
※ Khazain-ul-Futuh is in prose; all other five
works are in verse.

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Persian Writers Works

1) Amir Khusro Khazain-ul-Futuh, Tughlaq Nama, Tarikh-e-Alai,
Miftah-ul-Futuh, Kiran-us-Sadain, Devalrani Ashika
2) Firoz Tughlaq Futuhaat-e-Firoz Shahi (autobiography)
3) Hasan Nizami Taj-ul-Masir
4) Ziauddin Barani Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi and Fatwa-e-Jahandari
5) Minhaj-us-Siraj Tabaqat-e-Nasiri
6) Malik Isami Futuh-us-Salatin
7) Shams-e-Siraj Afif Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi

8) Ziya Nakhshavi Tutinama

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9) Firoz Tughlaq Futuhat-e-Firoz Shahi (Soul Story)

10) Yahiya bin Ahmad Sarhindi Tarikh-e-Mubarak Shahi

11) Ain-ul-Mulk Insha-e-Mahru

12) Fakhr-e-Mudavvir Adab-ul-Harb

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5.4) Hindi Literature

Book Author
1) Prithviraj Raso (First epic of Hindi - 'Pingal Kavi Chandbardai
style')
2) Hammira Raso Sarangdhar

3) Khuman Raso Dalpat Vijay

4) Bisaldeva Raso Narpati

5) Alha Khand Jagnik

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06) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290

Qutbi Dynasty Shamsi Dynasty Balwani Dynasty

(1206-1210) (1210-1266) (1266-1290)

Turkish Race

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
Qutbuddi Aram Ruknudd Bahrams Masudsh Kaiyuma
Iltutmish Razia Mahmud Balban Kaiqubad
n Aibak Shah in Firoz hah ah rs

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6.1) Naming

Slave Dynasty Mamluk Dynasty Ilbari Turks Original Turks

Founders of Offspring born Iltutmish and Founder of

three dynasties to free parents Balban belonged Turkish power in
were slaves, to the Ilbari India
though freed Turkish race
from bondage

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6.2) Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210)

► Founder of Delhi Sultanate (1206) Founder of Turkish rule in India

► Master of the Moon
1) Aibak
► Turkish race
► Purchased from the slave market of Nishapur, Iran by Qazi Fakhruddin

Later purchased in Ghazni by Muhammad Ghori

In 1208, Ghori's nephew Ghiyasuddin Mahmud

granted the manumission letter

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► Amir-e-Akhur (Head of Stables) appointed by Ghori

► First Iqta of Indian territories granted by Ghori in 1192
2) Titles and Positions ► Quran Khwa - Known for melodious recitation of the Quran
► Lakhbakhsh and Hatim II - Donor of millions
► Pilbakhsh - Donor of elephants
3) Founded Delhi Sultanate
► June 25, 1206
► Never took the title of Sultan
► Ruled as "Malik" and "Sipahsalar"
► Did not issue coins or have Khutba read in his name
► Capital : Lahore
► Death : 1210, Lahore (while playing polo)

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4) Military Achievements :-
► Second Battle of Tarain (1192)
► Chandawar (1194)
※ As a Slave :
► Ranthambhor (1195)
► Kalinjar and Jejakabhukti (1208)

► War against Yaldoz of Ghazni

► War against Qubacha of
※ As a Ruler
Multan
► Defeated Khilji chiefs in
Bengal, made Alimardan the
Iqtadar

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Islamic Architecture in India

India dome construction and arch construction art

Rome : Byzantine Empire

arab

India

֍ Use of Quranic verses, lotus, swastika, etc.

֍ No use of human and animal figures

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5) Cultural Achievements

Qutub Minar (Delhi) -

Adhai Din Ka
Quwwat-ul-Islam Named after Sufi saint
Literary Figures Jhopra Mosque
(Delhi) Khwaja Qutbuddin
(Ajmer)
Bakhtiyar Kaki

€ Muhammad Ibn India's first Qutub Minar € Completed by:

Mubarakshah : mosque (Delhi) - Named Iltutmish
o Shajar-e-Ansab after Sufi saint € Fifth floor added by
o Adab-ul-Muluk Khwaja Qutbuddin : Firoz Shah
€ Hasan Nizami: Taj-ul- Bakhtiyar Kaki Tughlaq
Masir (1192-1228)
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Qutub Minar : Delhi

➢ 1505 : Damaged by earthquake
▪ 1369 : Damaged by lightning
➢ Sikandar Lodi : Carried out restoration
▪ Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Rejuvenation,
➢ 1803 : Robert Smith carried out
▪ added the fifth floor
restoration and added a cupola (called
Smith's Folly)
The other three storeys were
Qutubuddin Aibak (other)
constructed by Iltutmish
1. Name
Sufi saint Qutubuddin Khwaja
Bakhtiar Kaki

2. Red and yellow sandstone and marble

Aibak : Started the construction of
Qutub Minar 3. UNESCO World Heritage Site : 1993
4. Built on the ruins of Lal Kot

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2) Establishment of Rule :-
6.3) Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236)
※ Defeated Aram Shah (the
last ruler of the Qutbi
The True Founder of the Delhi Sultanate dynasty), Aibak's

1) General Introduction :- successor, in the Battle of

※ Ilbari Turk (from Turkestan) Jud (1211)

※ Became Sultan in 1211
※ Slave and son-in-law of Aibak
o The true founder
Purchased by Aibak for 1 lakh Jitals o Received the title of
Iltutmish : A slave of slaves Sultan (Khillat from

1205 : Liberation from slavery the Caliph)

※ Capital : Delhi
1206 : Administrator of Badaun
※ Death : April 1236

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3) Initial Challenges

Yaldauz Kubacha Mongols Internal Conspiracy of the

Noble Class
Defeated in the Suppression of o Genghis Khan's arrival at o Bengal - Alimardan's
Third Battle of Kubacha in 1228 the north-western rebellion, Iltutmish's Formation of
Tarain (1215-16) (committed suicide frontier son Nasiruddin Turkhan-i-
in Sindhu) o Did not provide Mahmud died (1229), Chahalgami (Group of
Delhi became assistance to Jalaluddin o Governor Malik Jani Forty)
independent from Mangbarni, son of o Ganga-Yamuna
Ghazni's influence Khwarizm ruler of Iran Doab: Pirthu Group of 40 Turkish
o Mongol invasion of India rebellion in Awadh slaves
☺ India's First Tomb: Sultan
was averted o Conflicts with
Garhi (Delhi) Rajputs Suppression of the
☺ Built by Iltutmish in 1231 nobles

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-: Mongols :-
1) Barbaric tribal race of the Gobi Desert
2) Nomadic lifestyle
3) Extremely uncivilized
4) Birth of Temuchin (Genghis Khan) in 1163
5) Genghis Khan : Invaded Transoxiana
during his conquest of Khwarezm in 1219
6) Genghis Khan - the Great and the
Cursed (1206 – 1227)

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4) Judicial Reforms
A) Administrative Reforms
※ Bell of justice hung around the neck of a marble
1) Adopted Persian tradition:- lion in Delhi
※ Hereditary monarchy ※ Appointment of Qazi and Amir-i-Dad in cities
※ Made Raziya the Sultan 5) Iqta System :-
2) Formation of central army (Hams-i- ※ Arabic language term
Kulb) ※ Meaning : Land allotted for revenue collection
3) Currency Reforms :- ※ Implemented in India by Ghori - gave Iqta to Aibak
※ Introduction of pure Arabic coins ※ Systematically implemented by Iltutmish in India
※ Tanka : 175 grains of silver ※ System Components : Land allocation
※ Jital : copper coin o Revenue collection
※ Mint name inscribed on coins o Military maintenance
o Law and order

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❖ Iqta Chief : Iqtadar/Wali/Muqta/Wajadar 9) Changes :-

※ Balban : Khwaja-i-Diwan as
o Appointed by the Sultan investigating officer
o Transferable position ※ Alauddin Khilji : Abolished small Iqtas
o Not hereditary ※ Muhammad bin Tughluq :
o Surplus revenue after expenses o Created the position of Wali,
(Fawazil) went to the Sultan taking administrative and revenue
o Auditor : Diwan-i-Ala rights from Iqtadar;
❖ Types of Iqta :- o now all revenue first went to the
Sultan
► Iqta-i-Tamlik (General)
※ Firoz Tughluq : Hereditary rights
► Iqta-i-Istiqlal (for intellectual class)
※ This system was abolished by Akbar

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4) Adab-i-Harb (Persian treatise on the art of

B) Other Facts
war) by Fakhr-i-Mudabbir
1) Religious Orthodoxy (though not in administration) :- 5) Notable Quotes :-
※ Plundered the Mahakal temple of Ujjain ※ "Usurper of Delhi's throne" - R.P.
※ "India is not Arabia; converting it to Darul Islam is Tripathi
not practically possible." ※ "True founder of the Slave Dynasty" -
2) Respect for Sufi Saints :- Ishwari Prasad
※ Sheikh Naqshvi 'Sugra' - addressed as father ※ "Aibak created the blueprint, Iltutmish
Kalhak gave it concrete form" - Nizami
3) Architecture :- ※ "Iltutmish was the first Sultan of the
※ Sultangarhi Tomb (Delhi) : for son Nasiruddin Delhi Sultanate whose boundaries and
※ Nagaur (Rajasthan) : Atarkin's Gate framework were established by Aibak" -
※ Delhi : Hauz-i-Shamsi and Madrasa-i-Muizzi Habibullah

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6.4) Razia Sultan (1236-1240)

The first and last female

3 years 6 months Jalal ud-Din Raziya
Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate

1) Background :- 2) Razia :- Wearing red garments, demanded justice from the people
※ Iltutmish declared her as
o Sultan supported by the people
successor during the Gwalior
o Her name in the Khutba (Friday
campaign
sermon)
※ The nobles and Iltutmish's wife
o Coins named Raziyat
Shah Turkan made Razia's
o Title - Udmat ul-Niswa
brother Ruknuddin Firoz the
o Ruled wearing Quba (coat) and
Sultan
Kulah (cap)

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3) Nobles' conspiracy due to her being a woman :- 6) Statements :-

※ Non-Turk (Abyssinian, Ethiopian) Yakut: ※ Siraj : She possessed all qualities of a ruler,
Amir-i-Akhur (Master of Royal Stables) but being a woman overshadowed all her
※ Aitgin : Iqtadar of Badaun (chief opponent) virtues
※ Altunia : Iqtadar of Bhatinda (Razia's ※ Nizami : The best among Iltutmish's
husband) successors
4) 1238 :- ※ Isami : A woman should spin the wheel
※ Malik Hasan, governor of Khwarizm, rather than sit on the throne
sought help against the Mongols ※ Ishwar Topa : The Razia-Yakut relationship
※ Razia provided only revenue assistance was the cause of her downfall
5) October 13, 1240 :- Murder of Razia and Altunia ※ Habibullah : Razia's downfall was the
by bandits near Kaithal (Haryana) victory of Turkish nobles (aristocratic class)

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6.5) Bahram Shah (1240-1242)

► First – Aitgin ► Sultan

1) New post called "Naib-i-Mamlakat"
► Three centers of power ► Wazir
2) Mongol invasion (Tayar Bahadur) in Lahore in 1241 ► Naib
3) May 10, 1242 :- Defeated by nobles
※ Turkish slave Kiril Khan declared himself Sultan
※ Nobles made Ruknuddin Firoz's son Alauddin Mahmudshah the Sultan
※ Alauddin Masud Inscription of Baghdad's Abbasid Caliph Al-Billah on coins
4) Balban killed Alauddin Mahmud Shah in 1246
5) Nasiruddin Mahmud Sultan

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6.6) Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1265)

1) Grandson of Iltutmish and last ruler of the Shamsi dynasty

2) Became Sultan with Balban's support
3) Historian Minhaj Siraj Tabaqat-i-Nasiri

o Dedicated to Nasiruddin Mahmud

o Siraj called Mahmud the ideal Sultan of Delhi
Reasons

o Earned livelihood by copying the Quran and sewing caps

o Only one wife Balban's daughter Huzaida
o Famous statement We are trustees of the state, not owners
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4) Major events :-
► Title of Ulugh Khan (for defeating the Mongols)
※ Balban's rise ► Position of Naib-i-Mamlakat
► Complete control over administration
※ 1253 - Made Indian Muslim Imaduddin Rehan the Naib but
later reinstated Balban
※ 1260 - Treaty with Mongol leader Hulagu Khan
※ 1265 - Death
► New Sultan (1265-1287)
Balban's
► Establishment of Balbani dynasty

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6.7) Ghiyasuddin Balban or Bahauddin (1265-87)

Introduction Policies Administration

ग़यासुद्दीन बलबन या बहाउद्दीन

o Theory of kingship o Military
o Policy of blood and administration
iron o Intelligence
o Mongol policy administration
o Suppression of o Judicial
Chalisa group administration

75

A) General introduction

1) Real name Bahauddin (Ilbari Turk tribe)

2) Slave of Iltutmish After victory of Gwalior in 1233
3) Sultan of Delhi in 1265
4) Various positions :-
※ Khashdar (Sultan's personal servant) - Iltutmish
※ Amir-i-Shikar Razia
※ Amir-i-Akhur Bahramshah
※ Amir-i-Hajib Alauddin Masudshah
※ Naib-i-Mamlakat Nasiruddin Muhammad

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B) Balban's theory of kingship)

Theory of kingship :-
※ Reason - Degradation of the dignity of Sultanate
► Power received from God
※ Policy Divine kingship ► Niyamat-i-Khudai (Representative of God)
► Zill-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God on earth)
Extreme despotism
Balban: The heart of the king prohibits the glory of God

o Turkish racism (like Iltutmish) - When I see a person from a lowly family, every
nerve in my body becomes excited with anger
o Harsh penal system

77

※ Policy ► Connected himself to Afrasiab dynasty

► Nauroze or Navroze : Iranian New Year
o Adopted Persian traditions
► Sijda : Bowing head in salutation

Iltutmish was the first ► Paibos : Touching feet

ruler to adopt Persian
traditions ► Laughing
► Prohibitions ► Dance and music
o Strict court discipline ► Drinking alcohol

► Bodyguards with naked swords walked around him

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C) Policy of blood and iron

1) Policy :- Harsh violent policy to eliminate internal rebellions, crimes and unrest
2) Major rebellions :-
※ Suppression of Mewatis: Engaged in banditry
※ Suppression of Rohilkhand (Katehr) rebellion
※ Rebellion of slave Tughril Khan in Bengal (Balban's first campaign outside Delhi): Balban made
his son Bughra Khan the Iqtadar of Bengal

Told Bughra Khan: The position of Sultan is a living symbol of despotism

※ Badaun Iqtadar: Malik Bakbak was beaten to death with whips
※ Awadh Iqtadar Haibat Khan: Punishment of 500 lashes
※ Killed Awadh Iqtadar Ameen Khan and hung his body at the gates of Awadh

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D) Mongol policy E) Administrative reforms

1) Defensive policy towards Mongols 1) New military department Diwan-i-Arz

※ Repair of old forts Head
※ Construction of fortifications
Ariz-i-Mamalik
※ Afghan general named Sher Khan
o Extremely capable
o Murdered by Balban First: Imad-ul-Mulk
o Barani calls Balban a secret killer
and a mass murderer 2) Military training
2) Death of Balban's son Prince Muhammad 3) Strong intelligence system: 'Barid-i-
Mamalik' (Head of intelligence department)

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F) Balban's successors

1) Kaiqubad (1287-1290)
※ Son of Bughra Khan
※ Extremely incompetent
※ Naib - Malik Nizamuddin
2) Last ruler Shamsuddin Qyumars

Murder by Firoz Khilji and

establishment of Khilji
dynasty

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07) Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

Shortest Reign

Jalaluddin Alauddin Shahabuddin Mubarak Shah Nasiruddin

Khilji Khilji Umar Khilji Khusrau Shah
(1290-96) (1296-1316) (1316) (1316-1320) (1320)

Founder Most Distinguished

Ruler
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7.1) General Introduction

1) Khiljis Lower-class Turks Migration/Origin

Afghanistan (Khalj region)

Soldiers of Sultanate on northwestern frontier Khiljis

► Coronation of Firoz Khilji in Kilokhri (built by Kaiqubad) in June 1290

2) Khilji Revolution:
► Radical transformation in administrative systems

RP Tripathi
o Priority given to merit over racial considerations
o Separation of religion and politics
o End of Turkish noble class monopoly in administration
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7.2) Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji (1290-96)

1) Founder of the Khilji dynasty Kind Sultan

2) 13th June 1296 Kilokhri (Delhi) Ascended the throne at the age of 70

Built by Kaiqubad The oldest Sultan

3) Remained in Kilakhori for one year
4) Did not sit on Balban's throne
5) Before becoming Sultan Wazir of Qaymars

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6) Liberal Policies :- Formation of Diwan-e-Waquf

※ High positions to Turkish nobles (Expenditure Department)
※ High positions to family members
※ Lenient treatment towards rebels (Kada Iqtadar Malik Chhaju), thugs and thieves
※ Abandonment of policy of cruelty
※ Said to Amir-e-Hajib, Malik Chap - "Cannot shed the blood of Muslims"
7) Exception to Liberal Policy Murder of Iranian Sufi saint Sidi Maula

☼ Reason - Excessive popularity

☼ Had him trampled by elephants
☼ Teacher - Baba Farid
☼ Barani - Extremely unjust act

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8) Important Events :- o Nephew Alauddin Khilji (Kada Manikpur)

※ Surrender of 4000 Mongols under Mongol o Devagiri ruler - Yadava dynasty's
leader Algu Khan (neo-Muslims) Ramchandra and his son Singhdev
o Defeated by Jalal's son Arkali Khan o Acquisition of enormous wealth
(Rustam of east) o First campaign of the Sultanate period in
o Settled them in Mangolpuri (Delhi) South India
※ Ranthambore campaign (1291)
o Martyrdom of Hamir Dev Chauhan's
general Gurdas Saini
o Jalal Khilji - "I do not value even ten such
forts equal to a single hair of a Muslim“
※ Devagiri campaign (Maharashtra, 1296) :
Against Jalal's orders

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9) 1296 :- Alauddin Khilji murdered Jalal at Kada Manikpur

(Prayag)
o This incident was severely criticized by Barani
10) Statements :-
※ K.S. Lal - "No person who wore the royal crown was
as incompetent as Jalaluddin was"
※ S.B. Pandey - "For the first time in the Sultanate, a
policy of liberal despotism was adopted"
※ Barani - "Kingship was a deception for him and
- Barani –
grandeur temporary" “Blood was still dripping from the
※ Habibullah - "The Sultan's heart was like that of severed head of the martyred Sultan
Ashoka" when the royal canopy was placed over
※ S. Ray - "Came as an unworthy sultan and worked as a Alauddin's head and he was declared

gentleman" Sultan"

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7.3) Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)

1) Introduction 2) Initial Problems 3) Empire Expansion 4) Reforms

Lane pool - € Kingship

Samudragupta of the € Market Control
Sultanate System
€ Military
€ Revenue

While Balban strengthened the Sultanate, the imperialist era

of the Sultanate began during Alauddin's time

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-: Barani :-
A) General Introduction
"Blood was still dripping from the
1) Original Name Ali Gurshasp severed head of the martyred
2) Nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji Sultan when the royal canopy was

※ Iqtadar Kada Manikpur & Amir-i-Tuzuk placed over Alauddin's head and

3) Titles :- he was declared Sultan."

※ Sikander-e-Sani (Second Alexander)

※ Zille Ilahi (Shadow of God)
※ Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nasiri-Amir-ul-Momin

► First - July 1296 - Kada (Prayagraj) 5) First Sultan who separated

4) Coronation
► Second - October 1296 - Lal Mahal religion and state
(built by Balban in Delhi) 6) Death :- 5th January 1316

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Alauddin Khilji's Unfulfilled Dreams

o Dream of World Conquest Like o Attempt to Establish a New

Alexander Religion
o Sikandar-e-Sani: The Second o On the advice of Kotwal
Alexander Alaul-Mulk, he abandoned this
idea.

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B) Theory of Kingship

Despotism Extremely harsh Capability as the Merit over Separation of

judicial system source of power racism religion and
instead of God politics

Extreme despotism No permission from Giving Hindus  Respect for Islam

(more than Balban) the Caliph, though positions in but not a blind
called himself the administration follower
o Balban's reign was to establish the
Caliph's deputy  Circumstances
prestige of the crown Ziauddin Barani: When
over Sharia law
o Alauddin's reign was to fulfill the he attained kingship, he
objective of empire expansion or was completely free
imperialism. from the rules of Sharia.

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“I and my ancestors have been

Muslims, but I will do what is in the

interest of the state, even if it is

against the Shariat. I don't know how

Allah will treat me on the Day of

Judgment”
Statements of
Alauddin Khilji

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C) Initial Problems

► Arkali Khan, Malik-e-Jahan

1) Jalal's descendants in Multan
► Murdered by Zafar Khan and Ulugh Khan

2) Revolt of neo-Muslims (Mongols) After removing Gujarat ruler Karnadeva

3) Haji Maula's revolt in Delhi
4) 4 Orders to prevent conspiracies of nobles :-
※ Confiscation - State-granted endowments (milk/wazifa/waqf) and nobles' properties were
seized A series of orders were issued to weaken the power of the feudal lords.
※ Espionage system (Barid) - "Nobles remained so terrified that they spoke in coded language"
※ Prohibition of alcohol
※ Written permission required for nobles' matrimonial relations ~ After nobles, their sons
would be like slaves to the Sultan.

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D) Alauddin's Mongol Policy

Maximum Mongol invasion: Policy of bloodshed as opposed to the protectionism of Balban

Mongol Invasions Year Mongol Sultan

First Invasion 1297-98 Qadir Khan Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan

Second Invasion 1299 Saldi Zafar Khan

Third Invasion 1299 Qutlugh o Battle of Kili (Zafar Khan)

Khwaja o Arrival of Mongols in
Delhi

Fourth Invasion 1303 Targhi Alauddin Khilji O, have you seen

Zafar? You who do
Fifth Invasion 1305 Ali Beg Battle of Amroha
not drink water"
Sixth Invasion 1306 Kabak Khan Malik Kafur

95

E) Alauddin's Campaigns

North India South India

1. Gujarat (1299) 1) Warangal (1303-1310)

2. Ranthambhor (1301) 2) Devagiri (1308)
3. Chittorgarh (1303) 3) Dwarasamudra or Hoysala
4. Malwa (1305) (1310)
5. Jalore (1311) 4) Pandya or Maabar (1311)

Lane-Poole: The Samudragupta of the Sultanate period Policy of indirect control

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Chauhan King Kanhaddev:

Jalore (1311)

King Ratan Singh: King Hammir Dev:

Chittorgarh Campaign Ranthambhor (1301)
(1303)

Paramara King Mahalkdev:

King Karnadeva: Gujrat Malwa (1305)
(1299)

Alauddin Khilji's North Indian Campaigns

97

Alauddin Khilji's South Indian Campaigns

Yadava King
Ramachandra Dev:
Kakatiya King
Devagiri (1308)
Prataparudradeva:
Warangal (1302-1310)
Veera Ballala III:
Dwarasamudra Jatavarman Veera
(1310) Pandya: Madurai
(1311)

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E) North Indian Campaigns

Campaigns Ruler Alauddin Other Fact

1) Gujarat Karnadeva Ulugh Khan and o Martyrdom of Bhati Mulraj in Jaisalmer

(1299) Nusrat Khan o Looting of Somnath Temple
o Nusrat Khan bought Malik Kafur for 1000 dinars
o Karnadeva took refuge in Devagiri
o Alauddin married Karnadeva's queen Kamladevi
(Malik-e-Jahan)
o Governor : Alp Khan

99

2) Hammir Dev o Alp o Cause : Hammir Dev's support to revolting new

Ranthambhor (Generals: Khan, Muslims
(1299-1301) Dharma Singh o Ulugh o Padma Talab : Jauhar (self-immolation) of Queen
and Bheem Khan, Rangdevi and daughter Deval
Singh) o Nusrat o Hammir Dev cut off his own head and offered it
Khan, to Shiva
o Alauddin o Administrator : Ulugh Khan
o Betrayal by : Ratipal and Ranmal

3) Chittorgarh Ruler: King Alauddin o Jauhar of King Ratan Singh's wife Padmini and
(1303) Ratan Singh Khilji 1600 women
(Rawal branch) o Malik Muhammad Jayasi: Padmavat
o Massacre of over 30,000 people
o Ruler : Khizr Khan
o Ashtadhatu (eight-metal) gate

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4) Malwa (1305) Paramara King o Ain-ul-Mulk Multani

Mahalkdev and
General
Harnand (Koka)

5) Jalore (1311) Kanhaddev o Ain-ul-Mulk Multani, o Jauhar of Queen Naital

o Shams Khan, o Ruler - Kamaluddin Gurg
o Kamaluddin Gurg

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F) South Indian Campaigns

Chief General: Malik Kafur (Office: Devagiri)

Malik Naib and Wazir

Warangal Kakatiya o Malik Juna and o Raja

(1303-1310) ruler Chajju (1303), Prataparudradeva

Prataparu o Malik Kafur won the first

campaign
dradeva (1310)
o Malik Kafur
obtained the
Kohinoor diamond

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Devagiri (1308) Yadava King o Malik Kafur o Cause : Non-payment of taxes +

giving refuge to Karna Dev and
Ramachandra o Alp Khan
Deval Devi
Dev
o Marriage of Deval Devi with
Khizr Khan (AK's son) : Ashika
(Khusro)
o Ramachandra given title "Ray
Rayan" and Navasari (Gujarat)

Dwarasamudra Veera Ballala o Malik Kafur o Veera Ballala paid Jizya

o Veera Ballala's generals Harihar
or Hoysala (1310) III (Ramachandra Dev:
(Hakka) and Bukka Ray
Assistant)

Pandya (1311) Veera Pandya o Malik Kafur o Veera Pandya survived

o Malik obtained wealth

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G) Alauddin Khilji's Market Control System

Price Regulation Scheme Information

1. Tarikh-e-Firozshahi (by
Barni)
2. Khazain-ul-Futuh (by
Amir Khusro)
3. Futuh-us-Salatin (by
Isami)
4. Rehla (by Ibn Battuta)

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1) Plan :- Price fixation of commodities by the state + standardisation of weights and measures
2) Objective :- To keep the vast army organized for imperial purposes satisfied while paying them
low wages
3) Area of Implementation :- Delhi and adjacent territories
► Mandi
► Three types of markets ► Sarai-e-Adl
► Horse + Slave Market

► Strict penalties - Double punishment for meat

► Sadr-e-Riyasat
4) Key Features
► Three-tier reporting to Sultan ► Shahna
► Barid

► Rationing system - First Sultan

105

Sultan First : Malik

Yakub
Diwan-e-Riyasat : Sadr-e-Riyasat

Three Markets
► Registration
3 Shahna (Market Superintendents)
► Preventing black marketing

Support services

Barid (Chief Nazir (Weights and Parwana Nawis Muhtasib (Moral

Intelligence Officer) Measures Officer) (Permit Officer) Conduct /Censor)

֍ Lane-Poole : Due to this system, the Sultan was a great political economist.
Munhiyan ֍ Barni : The price of a camel had fallen to one deg, but no one even had that one deg.
(Secret Police) ֍ Nizami : This legislation represents the finest achievement of the Sultanate period.

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H) Land Revenue Reforms

Revenue Minister : Sharf Kiyani (Iranian) Imperial and Economic Growth

1) All land grants were withdrawn Khalsa land

o Milk (state-granted Maximum in Sultanate

property) period
o Waqf (religious grants)
o Inam (rewards)
o Idarat (pension grants)

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2) Elimination of small landlords (Khut/Muqaddam/Chaudhary)

Rural revenue collection

New department : Diwan-e-Mustakhraj Officers

Investigation of revenue officers o Muhsil Aalim

Maasurement
o Gumashta
unit : Bisva
► Masahat System
3) Land Measurement
► Land measurement followed by land revenue determination
Jabita

Rate: 50% of produce Cash

► Ghari (housing tax)
4) New Taxes
► Chari tax (dairy cattle tax)
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I) Military Reforms

1) Standing Army and Cash Salaries

※ First Sultan to form a local army (Hasham-e-Murratab)
※ Murratab: Soldiers appointed after inspection
※ Cash salary : Low salary but adequate due to price control system

1 soldier + 1 horse = 234 Tankas/year

Huliya system
Dag system
2) Military recruitment department Ariz-e-Mumalik
3) Khums (Loot Money) Sultan's share increased from 1/4 to 3/4 (80%)

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J) Alauddin : Architecture

1) Jamait Khana 4) Hazar Khamba

2) Alai Darwaza: 3) Siri Fort: Delhi
Mosque: Delhi Palace: Siri Fort, Delhi

Gem of Islamic
architecture

Southern entrance
of Quwwat-ul-Islam
Mosque, Delhi

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K) Death

► January 5, 1316 (Malik Kafur's conspiracy)

Death
► Final period : Very bad times

Farrishta : The o Killed son Khizr Khan

Sultan became o Killed Alp Khan
mad, he started o Made Shahabuddin
eating his own Umar Sultan (4
flesh months)

111

֍ Hammir Hath (Chandra ֍ Kanhaddev Prabandh

Shekhar) - Padmanabh
֍ Hammir Rasau (Jodhraj) ֍ Tarikh-e-Farishta -
֍ Hammir Mahakavya Farishta
(Nayanchandra Suri) ֍ Jalore Prashasti -
֍ Shringar Har (Hammir himself) Kanhaddev's
֍ Rush Pariksha (Vidyapati) achievements "The
֍ Hammir Bandhan (Amrit Prayag Prashasti of
Kailash) Rajasthan"
֍ Hammirayayana (Vyas Bhand)

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7.4) Prominent Successors

Final: Nasiruddin
Shahabuddin Umar Mubarak Shah (1316-
Alauddin Khilji Khusro Shah (Prophet's
(1316) 1320)
general)

Umar and Malik € First Sultan to declare himself Caliph € Original name: Hasan Khan
Kafur killed by € Appeared in court naked and in € Baradu Muslim : Enemy of
Mubarak Shah women's dress Islam
€ Company of naked women and men € Death : Killed by Ghazi
€ Appointed Baradu (converted Malik (Ghiyasuddin
Muslims of Gujarat) in army Tughlaq)

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Analysis of the Baradu Revolution

※ Barani characterized Khusrau Shah's ascension as a manifestation of 'Hindu-
Muslim conflict' and as a 'Hindu Revolution,' stating that "Khusrau's
accession inaugurated an era of indescribable tribulations for true believers.
※ Five or six days after the accession, idol worship commenced in the palace.
※ The mihrabs of mosques were utilized as pedestals for placing idols."
※ Ibn Battuta writes that 'he prohibited cow slaughter and ordered Muslims to
plaster their house walls with cow dung, which is a Hindu custom."
※ Khusrau Khan's adversaries raised slogans against him proclaiming 'Islam is
in peril' and branded him as 'the enemy of Islam'

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08) Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)

Longest Reign Period

Origin Major Rulers Timur's Invasion

Ghiyasuddin Muhammad bin Firoz Shah

Others
Tughlaq (1320-1325) Tughlaq (1325-1351) Tughlaq (1351-1388)

€ Ghiyasuddin Shah II
€ Abu Bakr Shah
€ Nasir Muhammad
€ Alauddin Sikandar Shah
Last Tughlaq Turkish Sultan € Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq

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8.1) Tughlaq : Origin

1) Tughlaq (Title) Turk (Qarauna branch)

Mixed lineage

Turkish father Non-Turkish mother

2) Last Turkish dynasty of Delhi Sultanate

3) Longest reign period 1320-1414 (94 Year)

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8.2) Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325)

1) Founder of Tughlaq dynasty September 8, 1320

► Father : Malik Qutlugh (slave of Balban)

2) Parents
► Mother : Hindu woman (Jat)

3) Title Malik-e-Ghazi (defeated Mongols 29 times))

4) Timeline :-
※ Jalaluddin Khilji Bodyguard ► Amir-ul-Khayl (Horse Department)
► Iqtadari of Dipalpur
※ Alauddin Khilji
► Border guardian
► Ghazi (First Sultan)
"I was a humble person, whom Sultan Jalaluddin
and Alauddin elevated to their close circle"

117

5) Ascension to Throne :-
※ 1320 Killed Khusro Khan (Khusro Shah)
※ Initially refused to become Sultan "My bow and arrow are my crown and throne“

► September 8, 1320
※ Became Sultan upon nobles' request ► Sitoon Mahal (Siri)
► Declared nobles as Saddas (Khwaja-tash)
6) Reforms :-
※ Moderate policy for governance Rasm-e-Miyana
※ First Sultan to focus on agricultural and handicraft development
o Canal construction (First)
o Abolished Alauddin Khilji's measurement system
o Land revenue reduction based on Naksh system - 1/3 or 1/5

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o Bud wa Nabud - 8) Extremely strict judicial system

Compensation and records 9) Communication & Infrastructure :-
for crop damage ※ Reconstruction of roads
※ Restored rights of ※ Organized postal system
Khut/Muqaddam/Chaudhary 10) Established Tughlaqabad or Chhappan Kot (Roman style)
※ Returned nobles' lands near Delhi
7) Military Reforms :-
※ Implemented branding (Dagh) ֍ Khusro : "Ghiyasuddin keeps the wisdom of
and descriptive roll (Huliya) hundred scholars under his crown"

system more strictly ֍ Barani : "Ghiyasuddin was an ideal Sultan, such

※ Stopped the corrupt practice of a Sultan neither existed before nor will exist in

salary deduction by Muqtas future"

֍ Barani : "Due to Ghiyasuddin's justice system,
o Salary register : Wasilat-e-
even a wolf could not look towards a sheep"
Hasm

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11) Major Rebellions :-

Rebellion Ruler Sultanate

1) Warangal (1321-23) Pratap Rudradeva o Ulugh Khan ('Juna Khan' or Muhammad bin
Tughlaq)

2) Orissa/Jajnagar (1324) Bhanudev II o Ulugh Khan ('Juna Khan' or Muhammad bin

Tughlaq)

3) Mongol Invasion (1324) Sher Mughal o Malik Wazir

4) Bengal (1322) Son of Bughra Khan - o Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq - Final Campaign

Ghiyasuddin Bahadur o Nizamuddin Auliya's prophecy: 'Hunuz Dilli Durust'

11) Death 1325, Afghanpuri (Delhi)

Death due to collapse of wooden

palace built by Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Juna
Khan or Ulugh Khan)
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Analysis by historians

Accidental incident Planned by Muhammad

theory bin Tughlaq

☼ Barani - Pavilion collapsed due to ☼ Ibn Battuta

lightning strike ☼ Fazal
☼ Yahya Sarhindi - Divine wrath ☼ Badayuni
☼ Farishta ☼ Nizamuddin Ahmad
☼ Mehdi Husain ☼ Wulzeg Heg
☼ Nizami ☼ Isami
☼ Arif Kandhari

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8.3) Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351)

General Theory of Agricultural

5 Schemes Other Facts
Introduction Kingship Reforms

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A) General Introduction

1) Second Sultan of the Tughluq Dynasty Most educated Sultan

2) Original Name Malik Fakhruddin Jauna Khan of the Sultanate

► Ulugh Khan (given by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq)

► Muhammad bin Tughluq Shah
3) Titles
► Abul Mujahid Sultan
► Al Sultan Jilli

4) Accession to Throne March 1325, Tughluqabad

Statement - "In my affectionate view, every Entered Delhi (Red Palace)

elderly man in my empire is like my father, and after 40 days of royal
every young man is like my brother Bahram
mourning
Khan."
123

B) Theory of Kingship

1) Divine theory "Zille Ilahi" (Shadow of God) on coins

o Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller
2) Kept ulema and noble amirs away from state policies o A barber (Firooz Hajjam)

3) Included low-born amirs in administration o A cook (Manka Tabbakh)

o Two gardeners (Ladha and
► Merit Peera)
4) Basis of appointment in administration
► Criticized by Barani
► No khillat (robe of honor) initially
5) Relations with Caliph ► Descendant of Egyptian Caliph
► Called Ghiyasuddin Mahmud to Delhi
o Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi - Barani
o Kitab-ul-Rehla -- Ibn Battuta (Arabic)
o Mamalik-u-Amsar -- Absar (Arabic)
o Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi - Yahiya Sarhindi

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C) Agricultural Reforms

1) Agriculture Department Diwan-i-Kohi

o Converting barren land into fertile land

o Crop rotation
o Making 60-100 square km area fertile in 3 years

2) Taccavi loans (Sondhar) Interest-free loans to farmers

3) Famine code

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D) 5 Schemes

1) Capital transfer 5) Tax increase in

3) Khurasan
from Delhi to Doab region
expedition
Daulatabad (1327) (1335-36)

2) Introduction of 4) Karachil
token currency expedition
(1329-30) (1332-34)

MBT : Foolishly wise Sultan, Blood-thirsty, Mad and dreamy

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1) Capital Transfer Delhi to Daulatabad

o Original name – Devagiri

D.1) Capital Transfer o Under Mubarakshah – Qutbabad
o Under MBT - Daulatabad (Quwwat-ul-Islam)

► Distance - 700 miles (40 days)

► Rest house every 2 miles
► Implementation – ► Tree plantation
► Sufi saints
► order -: MBT's mother Makhdut Kha Ulema General public

127

Capital Transfer

Reasons Effects

☼ Barani : Daulatabad was at the center of the ☼ Mixture of North and South
empire, enabling effective control over South Indian cultures
India ☼ Sufi Islam in South India
☼ Ibn Battuta : Delhi's people wrote letters with ☼ Military losses due to plague
abusive language to the Sultan ☼ People turned against him
☼ Isami : The Sultan was angry with Delhi's people
☼ Garden Brown : Protection from Mongol attacks

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D.2) Token Currency

1) Token Currency Face value > Intrinsic value

2) World's first token currency Chaochan Mongol Kublai Khan in China (1260)
3) Plan Bronze/copper coins of equal value replacing silver tankas

► Barani - Empty treasury

4) Reasons ► Ishwar Topa - Global silver shortage
► Edward Thomas - MBT - Prince of Moneyors

► Complete failure
5) Effects ► Barani - Every Hindu house became a mint
► Barani - Piles of fake coins accumulated outside Tughluqabad

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D.3) Military Campaigns

Khurasan (1332-34) Karachil (1332-34)

☼ Eastern part of Iran and Afghanistan ☼ Kumaon (Uttarakhand)

☼ Formation of 3.7 lakh army ☼ Against Hindushahi dynasty of
☼ Political centralization in Central Himalayas and China
Asia ☼ Leader - Khusro Malik
☼ Failed ☼ Only 3 out of 10,000 soldiers
☼ 2.7 lakh soldiers were withdrawn returned

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D.4) Tax Increase in Doab Balban Diwan-i-Arz (Military)

Jalaluddin Diwan-i-Bakuf
1) Tax increase in Doab in 1335-36 Khilji (Expenditure
Department)
o Based on standard yield Alauddin Diwan-i-Riyasat
o Strictly implemented Khilji (Economic) + Diwan-

2) Complete failure :- i-Mustakhraj (Tax)

※ Farmers abandoned agriculture Muhammad Diwan-i-Kohi

bin Tughlaq
※ Food crisis emerged in the empire
※ Prices of essential goods increased drastically, 7-year famine occurred
※ Farmer revolts throughout the state, suppression caused massive
economic and military losses

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Policy of Honoring Sufi Saints

1) Muhammad bin Tughluq Disciple of Sheikh Alauddin

2) First ruler of the Sultanate
o Dargah of Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer
o Went to the tomb of Salar Masud Ghazi in Bahraich
3) Muhammad bin Tughluq: Built tombs over saints' graves
o Badaun Miran Mulhim
o Delhi Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya
o Multan Sheikh Ruknuddin
o Ajudhan Sheikh Multan
Begumpur Masjid – New Delhi

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3) Zia Nakshbi Tuti Nama

E) Other Facts
o Translation of Sanskrit stories into
1) African (Moroccan) traveler Ibn Battuta Persian
came to India around 1333 CE 4) Maximum internal rebellions
o Qazi of Delhi o 1336 : Vijayanagar state by Harihar
o Sent to China as ambassador and Bukka
o Book : Rehla o 1347 : Bahmani state by Alauddin
o Indian postal system of two types : Bahman Shah
I. Ulak: Horse postal system 5) Death 20 March, 1351
II. Dawa: Foot postal system (Thatta, Sindh)
o Description of sati scenes o Badayuni: "Finally people got relief
3) Honor to Jain monk named Jin Prabhu Suri from him and he from people"

133

8.4) Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

General Introduction
01

Reforms of Firoz Shah Tughlaq

02

Firoz Tughlaq : Art and Literature

03

04 Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Religious Policy

05 Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Death

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A) General Introduction

► Father – Rajjab
1) Original Name Kamaluddin Firoz
► Mother - Bibi Naila (Kodhum),
2) Cousin brother of Mohammad bin Tughlaq daughter of Ranmal Bhati of
Abohar (Punjab)

► First - 20 March 1351 (Thatta, Sindh)

► Second - August 1351 (Delhi)
3) Accession to Throne
► Title - Qasim Amir al-Momineen (by the Caliph)
► Agroha Name Change Fatehabad (Haryana)

► Minister (Original name: Kunnu: Brahmin)

4) Malik Maqbul ► Afik - On his death, entire Delhi was immersed in grief
► MBT - The great glorious and true Sultan of Delhi

135

B) Reforms of Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Administrative Reforms Revenue Reforms Public Welfare Reforms

B.1) Administrative Reforms

1) Taqavi loan (Sondhar) waiver : Destroyed debt registers in

the court
2) Prohibition of bloodshed and inhuman punishments
※ Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi (FST's autobiography) - Much
Muslim blood has been shed in the past This will not
happen in the future

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B.2) Revenue Reforms

1) Only 4 taxes instead of 24 oppressive taxes (according to Hanafi interpretation of Shariat)

※ Kharaj (Land Revenue)
※ Khums (Wealth looted in war)
※ Jizya First Sultan to impose Jizya on Brahmins
※ Zakat Tax collected from Muslims
2) Irrigation Tax Haq-e-Sharb (1/10th part)
3) Tax assessment based on production
※ Hisamuddin Awaz fixed 6 crores 75 lakh tankas after inspection
※ Moreland : First Muslim Sultan to assess tax in monetary terms

137

4) Itlaq System or Wajahdar System

※ Order for soldiers to receive salaries
※ Wajahdar - Soldiers were considered Wajahdars rather than landlords, who had no
revenue and administrative powers. However, they were given 50% of the revenue
※ Itlaq Nama : This order/appointment letter given to Wajahdar soldiers
※ Failed - Soldiers used to hand over Itlaq Nama to brokers for 30% cash
5) Hereditary Rights (Permanent Land Settlement) Made all military and civilian
posts hereditary
Nizami - These two systems caused the decline of the Sultanate

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1) Abwab : All temporary and circumstantial taxes imposed by the government besides
regular taxes
Jizya
※ Firoz Shah Tughlaq abolished them. o Tax collected from
non-Muslims
(Dhimmis)
► Tax collected from Muslims o 712 AD Sindh -
2) Zakat (Charity) First introduced in
► To fulfill the needs of poor Muslims India by
Muhammad bin
► Ushr: Land revenue tax collected from Muslims Qasim
o Exempt - Women,
► Land revenue collected from farmers minors, monks,
3) Kharaj ascetics and
► Non/New Muslims - Ushr + Kharaj Brahmins
o FST imposed Jizya
► Looted by soldiers in war on Brahmins for
4) Khums the first time
► Shariat: State (20%) and soldiers (80%) o Kashmir ruler
Zainul Abidin -
► Alauddin and MBT: State 80% and soldiers 20% Stopped Jizya
(1450)

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7) Establishment of
B.3) Public Welfare Reforms
new workshops
1) Diwan-i-Istihaq Pension Department 8) Establishment of
2) Diwan-i-Khairat Help for poor and helpless people 1200 gardens
around Delhi
► Slave Welfare Department
3) Diwan-i-Bandagan
o Income of 1
► Highest number of slaves in the Sultanate (1.80 lakh)
lakh 80
4) Dar-ul-Shifa (Hospital) Government hospital
thousand
► Registration of unemployed youth
5) Employment Office tankas to
► Head - Malik Nek
the Sultan
► Head (Diwan-i-Imarat): Malik Ghazi
6) Shohrat-i-Am
(Public Works Department) ► Greatest architectural development in the Sultanate (builder ruler)
► Bridge-builder: Like Roman ruler Augustus

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o Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan
Telangani, Delhi

o Compared to the Mosque

of Umar built in Jerusalem

o Delhi's first octagonal

tomb

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8) Construction of canals, dams and reservoirs

※ Construction of network of canals
► From Ghaggar to Firozabad
► From Yamuna to Firozabad
※ 5 Main Canals ► From Sirmore to Firozabad
► Rajwahi Canal
► Ulughkhani Canal (Longest: Yamuna - Hisar - Firozabad)

※ Increase in income of 2 lakh tankas Establishment of 300 cities

9) Unsuccessful attempt to connect Sirsauti and Saliya rivers 1) Fatehabad (Haryana)
10) Relocation of Ashoka's Pillars 2) Firozabad (Delhi, Firoz
※ From Topra to Delhi Golden Pillar Shah Kotla Fort)
सीरत-ए-
※ From Meerut to Delhi Small Pillar फ़िरोज़शाही
3) Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh)
4) Firozpur (Punjab)

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C) Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Art and Literature

1) Education :- Established madrasas on a large ※ Dalayat-i-Firoz Shahi : Philosophy and
scale, whose expenses were borne by the royal astronomy
treasury ※ Translation of 1300 Sanskrit books brought
2) Firoz Shah Tughlaq (interested in astronomy) :- from Jwalamukhi temple during Nagarkot
Jai Singh of the Sultanate expedition (1361)
※ Copper clock/Water clock - 24 minutes time o Azizuddin Kirmani (Khalid Khani)
※ Astrolabe - To determine height from 4) Persian Literature
ground level ※ Fikr-i-Firoz Shahi : Collection of Islamic laws
※ Dalye Ahni - Instrument used in hunting ※ Insha-i-Mahru : Ain-ul-Mulk (compilation of
3) Translation Department : Sanskrit literature into 133 letters)
Persian language ※ Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi : Autobiography of Firoz
※ Ragdarpan : Book on music Shah Tughlaq

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D) Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Religious Policy

1) A orthodox Sunni ruler : 2) Orthodox religious policy towards

※ Hajj pilgrimage at royal expense - for the first Hindus :
time ※ Imposing Jizya tax on Brahmins
※ Announced giving money for religious ※ Butshikan (Iconoclast) :
conversion. Destroyed temples
※ Banned women from visiting dargahs o Jagannath Puri temple
※ Change in Khutba tradition: Names of old sultans o Jwalamukhi temple
along with contemporary ones, although Aibak's o Malwa
name was not included ※ Exception : Sun temple in Gaya
※ Exception: Music and wine
※ Barani: This period was the golden age of Ulemas

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E) Firoz Shah Tughlaq : Death

1) Death of Firoz Shah Tughlaq : September 1388 3) Important Statements :

2) Other Facts : o Elphinstone - Akbar of the
o Firoz Shah Tughlaq increased the power of nobles Sultanate period
o Military power weakened o Ishwari Prasad - Firoz Shah
o Corruption at its peak Tughlaq was not even a quarter
• Afif : "Once the Sultan himself gave a gold of Akbar.
tanka as bribe to get his horse passed” o Wolseley Haig - He was better
o Improvements in Currency System :- among Muslim rulers before
• Mint Officer : Qazarshah Akbar.
• Coins made from silver and copper alloy : o Barani - "He was the ideal
Adda and Bikh Sultan of Delhi Sultanate."

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8.5) Nasiruddin Muhammad II (1394-1412)

1) Last Tughlaq ruler

Timur's Invasion (1398-1399)
2) Independent Provincial Powers
o He was a Chagatai Turk of the Gurgin branch of Barlas
o Jaunpur - Malik Sarwar
tribe.
established Sharqi dynasty.
o Capital : Samarkand
o Firozabad - Saadat Khan (Barbak)
o Autobiography - Malfuzat-i-Timuri (Turkish)
o Khizr Khan - U.P. border
o Khyber Pass : Timur invaded India in 1398 after his
3) Timur invasion occurred in 1398-99.
grandson Pir Muhammad's expedition.
4) Nobles accepted Ariz Daulat Khan as ruler
o On 18 Dec 1398, Mallu Iqbal and royal army were
5) Khizr Khan established Sayyid dynasty in
defeated. The Sultan fled to Gujarat.
1414.
o Returned to Samarkand in May 1399

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09) Sayyid dynasty

(1414-1451)

Introduction Main rulers

☼ Khizr Khan
☼ Mubarak Shah
☼ Muhammad Shah
☼ Alauddin Alamshah

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9.1) Introduction

1) The only Shia dynasty of the Sultanate

2) Sayyid "Kulah-daran“ (Descendant of Prophet)
3) Information Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi

Dedicated to Mubarak Shah by Yahya bin Sirhindi

4) Timur Lang :- "Khizr Khan is a Sayyid and

has the right to rule over Muslims,
therefore I declare him 'Rayat-i-Ala'."

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9.2) Khizr Khan (1414-1421)

1) Founder of Sayyid dynasty Khizr Khan

※ Rayat-i-Ala : Did not assume the title of Sultan
2) Khizr Khan was Timur's general.
3) While returning from India, Timur appointed Khizr Khan as ruler
of Multan, Lahore and Dipalpur.
4) Khizr Khan regularly sent tribute to Timur's son Shah Rukh.
5) Death 20 May, 1421 AD.
6) Ferishta Popular ruler, people wore black
clothes and mourned on his death
7) Did not conquer any new territory

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9.3) Mubarak Shah (1421-34)

1) Independent ruler
※ Title of Shah
※ Khutba in his own name
※ Coins Naib-i-Amir-ul-Momineen
2) Attack by Sheikh Ali of Kabul
3) Established a city on banks of Yamuna Mubarakabad
4) Assassinated by Minister Sarwar-ul-Mulk and Singhpal
5) Yahya bin Sirhindi was under Mubarak Shah's patronage.
'Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi' was written during this time

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9.4) Other Rulers

► Attack by Mahmud Khilji of Malwa

► Defense by Bahlul Lodi
1) Muhammad Shah (1434-45)
► Son
► Bahlul Lodi ► Khan-i-Jahan
► Iqta of Lahore
2) Last Ruler Alauddin Alam Shah

151

10) Lodhi Dynasty

(1451-1526)

General
Bahlul Lodi Sikandar Lodi Ibrahim Lodi
Introduction

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10.1) General Introduction

1) First Afghan dynasty of the Sultanate :-

Ghilzai (Afghanistan)
2) Joined the Sultanate army during
Ghaznavid period :- Pathans
3) Maximum Afghans in army during Sultan
Nasiruddin Mahmud's reign of Slave
dynasty

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10.2) Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489)

Sultan who ruled for the

39 years of reign Bahlul Shah Ghazi
longest period in Sultanate era

1) Bloodless revolution (1451) Removed the last Sultan of Sayyid dynasty, Alauddin
Alam Shah
► Equality
2) Afghan Kingship ► High-level respect for chieftains (Maqsad-i-Ali)
► Maintaining tribal system in administration

3) Defeated Muhammad Shah Sharqi, the Sharqi ruler of Jaunpur

4) Rebellion of Tatar Khan on the northwest frontier
5) Gwalior expedition against Man Singh Tomar
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6) The Sultan used to have his meals and horse riding at some noble's house every day –
Ferishta
► Rai Karan Singh
7) Not orthodox towards Hindus Hindu chieftains ► Rai Pratap Singh
► Rai Nar Singh
8) Bahloli Silver coin

o Fawaid ul Fawaid is a famous Sufi literature work, which is

considered to be a compilation of the sermons and talks
(malfuzat) of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
o This book was compiled by his disciple Khwaja Amir Hasan Sijzi.

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10.3) Sikandar Lodi or Nizam Khan (1489-1517)

1) Original Name Nizam Khan

2) Mother Jaibund (goldsmith)
3) Initial Problem Rebellion of nobles
4) Main Works :-
※ Establishment of Agra in 1504 Capital in 1506
※ Agra (Age Rah) Capital from 1506 to 1526
※ Great Kabir Contemporary of Sikandar Lodi
※ Poems under the name 'Gulrukhi'
※ Lazzat-i-Sikandari Persian translation of music treatises (Nazim Ahmad)

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► 30 inches
※ Gaj-i-Sikandari
► Till Akbar's time (Gaj-i-Ilahi)

※ Rule according to Shariat : Religious orthodoxy: Jizya on Hindus

5) Theory of Kingship (Mixture of Afghan and ※ Banned Muslims from taking out
Turk) : Tazias and Muslim women from
※ Started sitting on the royal throne. visiting tombs of Pirs.
※ Forced chieftains to bow down. ※ Sikandar Lodi died on 21 November,
※ Made nobles feel their inferior position 1517 AD due to throat disease.
6) Other Facts :- ※ The Moth Mosque of Delhi was built
※ Broke the idol of Jwalamukhi temple of in 1505 by Sikandar Lodi's Prime
Nagarkot and gave its pieces to butchers Minister (Wazir) Miyan Bhoiya.
for weighing meat
Use of double dome technology

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10.4) Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526)

1) Eldest son of Sikandar Lodi

2) Sikandar Lodi Abolition of Zakat tax
3) Major Wars :-
※ Rebellion of brother Jalal Khan
► Maharana Sanga (✓)
※ 1517 Battle of Khatoli (Bundi)
► Ibrahim Lodi (X)
► Maharana Sanga (✓)
※ 1578 Battle of Badi (Dholpur)
► Ibrahim Lodi (X)

4) First Battle of Panipat (21 April 1526)

※ Ibrahim Lodi vs Babur

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※ Babur's victory Establishment of Mughal Empire o Babur gave Dilawar the title
※ End of Afghan dynasty by Mughals of 'Khankhana'.
※ Only Sultan who died on the battlefield
o Tomb - Panipat (Haryana)

5) Decline :-
※ Ibrahim Lodi completely abandoned Afghan kingship
and adopted Turkish kingship in its place
o The invitation to Babur for invasion of India was
given by Daulat Khan Lodi, ruler of Punjab, and
Alam Khan, uncle of Ibrahim Lodi.
o Daulat Khan Lodi (Lahore) sent his son Dilawar
Khan to Babur for India invasion.

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11) Architecture of Delhi Sultanate

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1) Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque Delhi o Qutbuddin Aibak

o Remnants of Jain and Vishnu
Temples
o After the Victory of Tarain
2) Qutub Minar Delhi o Qutbuddin Aibak and Iltutmish
o 72.5 meters (237 feet) o Red sandstone and marble
o 5 stories and 379 steps
3) Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra Mosque Ajmer o Qutbuddin Aibak
o Sanskrit play "Harikeli" by
Vigraharaja
4) Tomb of Sultanghari Delhi o By - Iltutmish
o India's First Tomb o Son - Nasiruddin Muhammad

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Cheraman Juma Mosque

o The Cheraman Juma Masjid was built in the year AD

629 by Malik Ibn Dinar.

o Considered to be the first mosque in India and the

second in the world

o Kodungallur, Thrissur, Kerala

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5) Tomb of Iltutmish Qutub Complex, o Iltutmish

Delhi

6) Atarkin Darwaza Nagaur (RJ) o Iltutmish

7) Hauz-e-Shamsi Delhi o Iltutmish

8) Jama Masjid Shamsi Badaun (UP) o Iltutmish

9) Tomb of Balban Mehrauli, Delhi o Balban

o First tomb in India built in
pure Islamic architectural style

10) Red Palace and Royal Delhi o Ghiyasuddin Balban

Cemetery

11) Hauz Khas (Hauz Rani) Delhi o Alauddin Khilji

o Purpose : Water supply for the residents of Siri
o Tomb of Firoz Shah Tughlaq

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11) Fort of Siri Delhi o Built by Alauddin Khilji in 1303 to protect the city
from Mongol invasions
o Subdivisions - Alai Fort, Hazar Sutun Palace
(Thousand Pillars)
12) Alai Darwaza Qutub Complex o Alauddin Khilji (1311)
o Southern entrance gate of Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque
Delhi
o Red sandstone and marble: A beautiful gem of
Islamic architecture
13) Jamiat Khana Mosque Delhi o Built by Alauddin Khilji's son Khizr Khan between
1315-1325
o In the Nizamuddin Dargah complex of Delhi
14) Alai Minar Delhi o Alauddin Khilji: Incomplete rival to Qutub Minar

15) Ukha Mosque Bayana, Rajasthan o Iltutmish and Mubarak Shah Khilji

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16) Tomb of Alauddin Qutub Minar o Mubarak Shah

Complex
17) Tughlaqabad Third Delhi o Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
18) Jahanpanah Fourth Delhi o Muhammad bin Tughlaq
19) Tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya Delhi o In 1325 by MBT (marble)
o Golden plate by Firoz Shah
Tughlaq
20) Begumpuri Mosque Delhi o Muhammad bin Tughlaq
21) Bara Khamba Monument Delhi o Muhammad bin Tughlaq
22) Firozabad Firozabad o Firoz Shah Tughlaq
23) Tomb of Firoz Shah Tughlaq Delhi o Firoz Shah Tughlaq
24) Tomb of Sheikh Kabiruddin Delhi o Nasiruddin Muhammad Tughlaq

165

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25) Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Delhi o Son of FST's minister Malik Maqbul Tilangani,
Telangani Juna Shah
o India's first octagonal tomb

26) Khirki Mosque Delhi o Prime Minister of FST, Junain Shah (Juna
Shah)

27) Kali Mosque Delhi o Prime Minister of FST, Junain Shah (Juna
Shah)

28) Tomb of Mubarak Shah Sayyid Delhi o Large dome : Octagonal

29) Tomb of Sikandar Lodi Lodi Gardens Delhi o Built by Sikandar Lodi's son Ibrahim Lodi
o First garden tomb of the Indian subcontinent
o First use of double dome

30) Moth Mosque Delhi o Built by Sikandar Lodi's minister Miyan Bhua
(1505)
o Red, grey and white stone

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12) Administration of Delhi Sultanate

1) Central
01 02 2) Major
Administration Departments

3) Principal
4) Other Facts Officers

03

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1) Central Administration

1) Indian + Arabic + Iranian + Turkish + Mongol + Afghan

Sultanate Sultan
Influences
2) Supreme Sultan Wilayat/Iqta (Province)- Iqta/Wali

Shiq (District) Shiqdar

Majlis-e-Khalwat (Council of Ministers)

Pargana Amil
3) Bar-e-Khas Sultan + Courtiers + Nobles + Chiefs
4) Bar-e-Azam Completion of Royal Affairs Village Group Amir-e-Sada

o Amir-e-Sada during the Sultanate period in Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign Village Khut/Muqaddam
o Turkish Nobles

169

o Khazanchi - Treasurer
2) Major Departments
o Diwan-e-Waquf - Established by
Jalaluddin Khilji. Its function was to
Diwan-e-Wizarat Wazir (Chief Minister)
manage expenditure documents.
※ Most Extensive Department o Diwan-e-Mustakhraj - Established by
※ Inspiration: Abbasid Caliph Alauddin Khilji. Its function was to
※ Ghaznavid Wazir: Abbas Fazl bin Ahmad prepare accounts of outstanding
※ Functions Finance and Revenue
land revenue from Doab officials
※ Tughluq Period Golden Age of Vizierate
and collect them.
(Firoz Shah Tughluq) o Diwan-e-Kohi - This was the
※ Subordinate Departments
Agriculture Department formed by
o Mushrif-e-Mumalik - Auditor General ('Diwan-e-
Muhammad bin Tughluq (MBT). Its
Ashraf’) purpose was to increase the area of
o Majmudar - For issuing loans
cultivable land.

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Department Head Specialty

1. Diwan-e-Wizarat Wazir o Revenue and General

Administration

2. Diwan-e-Arz Ariz-e-Mumalik o Military Department

o Established by Balban

3. Diwan-e-Insha Dabir-e-Mumalik o Correspondence Department

4. Diwan-e-Rasail Sadr-us-Sudur o Foreign

Department/Religious Affairs

5. Justice Qazi-ul-Quzat o Justice

6. Intelligence Barid-e-Mumalik

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Department Founder Sultan

Diwan-e-Mustakhraj (Finance Alauddin Khilji
Department)
Diwan-e-Kohi (Agriculture Muhammad bin Tughluq
Department)
Diwan-e-Arz (Military Department) Balban
Diwan-e-Bandagan Firoz Shah Tughluq
Diwan-e-Khairat Firoz Shah Tughluq
Diwan-e-Istihaq Firoz Shah Tughluq

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Ministerial Department Sultanate

1) Wazir (Prime Minister) o Head of Revenue Department
2) Mushrif-e-Mumalik (Auditor o Accounting of income and expenditure received from
General) provinces and other departments
3) Majmuadar o Maintaining accounts of loaned money
4) Khazin o Treasurer
5) Ariz-e-Mumalik o Head of Diwan-e-Arz or Military Department
6) Sadr-us-Sudur o Head of Religious Department and Charity
Department
7) Qazi-ul-Quzat o Supreme Justice Officer after the Sultan
8) Barid-e-Mumalik o Chief Officer of Intelligence Department

173

9) Wakil-e-Dar o Care of Sultan's personal services

10) Diwan-e-Khairat o Charity Department

11) Diwan-e-Bandagan o Slave Department

12) Diwan-e-Istihaq o Pension Department

13) Wakil-e-Dar o Care of Royal Palace and Sultan's personal services

14) Amir-e-Hajib or Barbak o Court Etiquette: Investigation and screening of those

meeting the Sultan

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3) Other Facts Place Famous For

1) The Sultan's permanent army was called Khaskhel.

Sarsuti For good quality rice
2) The decimal system of classification of the Mongol army was made
the basis of the Sultanate period military system.
3) During the Sultanate period, good breed horses were imported from Anhilvada As a pilgrimage site
Turkey, Arabia, and Russia. for merchants
4) Elephants were mainly imported from Bengal.
Satgaon For silk quilts
5) Muqtai: Mixed system of determining land revenue
6) Persons holding high religious and judicial positions (Ulema): 'Dastar
Bandan' Agra For indigo production
7) On the occasion of Malwa victory, Rana Kumbha of Mewar had the
Kirti Stambh (Tower of Victory) constructed in Chittorgarh. The Kirti
Banaras For gold-silver and
Stambh was built by Jaita. While the panegyrists of Kirti Stambh
inlay work
were Atri and Mahesh.

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13) Sufi Movement

General Introduction

Other Silsila Sufi Silsila in India

Suhrawardi Silsila Chishti Silsila

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12.1) General Introduction

1) Development Central Asia (7th Century)

2) Sufi Safa (Arabic word) White woolen garment

Purity
3) Sufism A mystical and liberal form of Islam

► Esoteric knowledge of Islam

► Freedom of thought
4) Influences ► Neo-Platonism
► Tariqa interpretation of the Quran
► Hatha yoga (हठयोग)

177

5) Principles :- 7) Characteristics :-
※ Be-Shara : Focused on spiritual freedom ※ Condemnation of caste system
and personal experience rather than ※ Mysticism
Islamic principles ※ Inner purification
※ Ba-Shara : Supporters of Islamic principles ※ Meditation practices
※ Seven Valleys (from lover to ※ Love and devotion as the only means to
fana/annihilation) reach God
6) Key Facts :- ※ Simple living
※ First Sufi saint to settle in India : Khwaja ※ Pir-Murid tradition
Moinuddin Chishti (Gharib Nawaz,
o Pir - A spiritual guide
Ajmer, 1192)
o Murid - A disciple or follower
※ First female Sufi saint : Rabia Basri
o Khanqah - A spiritual center
※ First female Sufi saint of India : Hazrat
Bibi Kamal (Jehanabad, Bihar) o Malfuzat - Teachings/Discourses

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12.2) Sufi Orders in India

Abul Fazal - 14 Saint Al-Hujwiri (Kashf-

Silsila : Spiritual chain or lineage
ul-Mahjoob) : 12

Chishti Order Suhrawardi Order Naqshbandi Order Qadiriyya Order

It is a spiritual chain or lineage that represents the transmission of Sufi knowledge

through the guru-disciple tradition back to Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).
This chain connects the spiritual genealogy from a Sufi master to his disciple.

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12.3) Chishti Order

1) India’s oldest order : Abu Ishaq Shami Chishti (Central Afghanistan)

2) Founder Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
3) Center Ajmer
► Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki
► Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid): Guru Granth Sahib
4) Major Saints
► Nizamuddin Auliya: Seven Sultans
► Sheikh Burhanuddin Gharib: South India (Daulatabad)

5) Disciples of Nizamuddin Auliya - Burhanuddin Gharib, Sheikh

Nasiruddin (Chirag Delhi), Amir Khusro, Amir Hasan Dehlavi

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6) Other Facts :- ※ Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya (Mahboob-e-

※ Establishment: Abu Ishaq Shami Chishti Ilahi) :
(Afghanistan) o 'Sultan-ul-Auliya' (King of Saints)
※ Propagation in India: Khwaja Moinuddin o Dargah of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya:
Chishti Ghiyaspur (Delhi)
o Guru : Khwaja Usman Chishti o Witnessed the reign of more than seven
o Main disciple : Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki sultans : Never visited any court.
o Came with Muhammad Ghori's army in ※ Sheikh Salim Chishti ('Sheikh-ul-Hind’) :
the 12th century o Father : Sheikh Bahauddin
o Resided in Ajmer (Rajasthan) o Sikri, Agra : Akbar gave shape to his
o Death : 1236 famous city Fatehpur Sikri.
※ Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid) : o Jahangir was born with the blessings of
o Son-in-law of Balban Sheikh Salim Chishti.
o Main disciple : Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya

181

Abu Ishaq Shami

Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Guru : Usman Chishti

Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki

Fariduddin Ganj Shakar (Baba Farid)

Nizamuddin Auliya (Sultan-ul-Auliya)

Burhanuddin Sheikh Nasiruddin Amir Hasan

Amir Khusrau
Gharib (Chirag-e-Delhi) Dehlavi

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12.4) Suhrawardi Order

1) Establishment: Shihabuddin Suhrawardi in Baghdad : The idea of 'Farr-i Ijdi', which was the
basis of Mughal monarchy
2) Founder in India Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya (title of Sheikh-ul-Islam by Iltutmish)
3) Region Multan and Sindh

4) Contrary to Chishti Order 5) Firdausi : A branch of Suhrawardi order

o Royal patronage o Popular in Bihar: Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri
o Accumulation of wealth
o Active participation in political affairs
o Comfortable lifestyle

183

Naqshbandi Order Firdausi Order Qadiri Order Sattari Order

o 'Silsila-e-Khwajagan o Founder : o Founders : Sheikh o Founder in India :
o Establishment - Khwaja Bahauddin Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani Sheikh Abdul Sattar
Naqshband Badruddin ('Peeran-e-Peer' or o Area of operation :
o Propagation in India : Khwaja Baqi Samarkandi Dastgir'), Baghdad Jaunpur
Billah o Area of o Khanqah : Sindh o Established during Lodi
o Most orthodox order operation : o Opposition to music period
o Opposition to music Bihar o Green colored o Teaching : Come to me,
o Emphasis on Shariat o Most famous turban I will lead you to God
o Disciple of Saint Ahmadullah Ahrat: saint : o Miyan Mir and o Major saint :
Babur Sharfuddin Mullah Shah Mohammad Ghaus
o Saint Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi Yahya Maneri Badakhshi : Shah Gwaliari
(Mujahid): Emperor Jahangir Jahan's son Dara o Contemporary of Babur,
o Saint Sheikh Masoom: Emperor Shikoh Humayun and Akbar
Aurangzeb

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Qalandari Order
o Founder : Aziz Makki
o Makhdum Jilani: Sikandar Lodi
o Propagation in India : Qadiri
o Saint Mullah Shah: Dara Shikoh
Najmuddin Qaland
o Initially disciple of
Nizamuddin Auliya o Ahmadullah Ahrat : Babur
o Ahmad Sirhindi : Jahangir Naqshbandi
o Made 42 pilgrimages to
o Sheikh Masoom : Aurangzeb
Mecca.
o Saints of this branch were
wandering ascetics.
o They shaved their heads and
:
wore iron rings on body parts
like Hindu Nagas. ❖ 'Sama': Religious music in Sufi tradition (sacred song)
❖ Ziyarat : Pilgrimage to sacred places, such as tombs or shrines

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14) Bhakti Movement

General Introduction Prominent Saints Others

Saguna Nirguna Maharashtra Others

o Tulsidas
o Mirabai
o Chaitanya
o Saint Kabir o Jnaneshwar o Pranami (Panna,
Mahaprabhu
o Raidas
o Surdas o Namdev MP: Prannath)
o Dadu
o Ramanand
o Guru o Chokhamela o Alakhgiri (Bikaner:
o Shankardev
Nanak
o Narsi Mehta o Tukaram Lalgiri)
o Eknath o Satnami (Haryana:
o Ramanath Virbhan)

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14.1) General Introduction

1) Shvetashvatara Upanishad First mention of the word 'Bhakti'

2) Srimad Bhagavad Gita Bhakti for attaining salvation
3) Bhakti Movement Religious and social reform movement that emerged
between the 7th and 17th centuries

4) Causes :- 5) Characteristics :- ※ Promotion of

※ Islamic invaders ※ Support from stories of religious
※ Spread of Jainism and Buddhism regional great personalities harmony
※ Prevalent evils and ritualism in Hinduism ※ Emphasis on monotheism ※ Opposition to
※ Dalit exploitation arising from rigid caste ※ Very simple conduct caste system
system ※ Simple interpretation of ※ Emphasis on
※ Development of regional languages religion humanity

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14.2) Origin and Expansion

1) Origin (7th century) South India (Tamil Dravidian) Pallava period

Bhagavata Purana :- "Bhakti

originated in the Dravidian land, 12 Alvar saints (Vaishnava) 63 Nayanar saints
made Karnataka its center, then
(Shaiva saints)
reached Maharashtra, and
o Female : Andal
flourished in Gujarat."
o Nalayira Divyaprabandham text
Tevaram text
3) Saint Ramanand From South India to North India
4) Saint Vidyapati Thakur and Chandidas Krishna devotion in Bengal

► Saguna
5) Saint Ramanand
► Nirguna (Formless God)

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Saguna Nirguna

o Worship of God's manifest, attributive o God is considered formless, immutable,

forms (such as Rama and Krishna) and beyond attributes

o Belief in idol worship o Opposition to caste discrimination, social

orthodoxies, and religious hypocrisy

o Emphasis on public welfare through o Touch of mysticism

description of the entertaining forms of
Rama and Krishna

o Tulsidas, Surdas, Mirabai, Raskhan o Kabirdas, Guru Nanak, Dadu Dayal

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14.3) Prominent Saints

J) Ravidas A) Shankaracharya

I) Tukaram B) Ramanuja

H) Guru Nanak C) Vallabhacharya

G) Surdas D) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

F) Tulsidas E) Saint Kabir Das

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A) Adi Guru Shankaracharya

1) Birth 788 AD, Kaladi, Kerala

2) Death 820 AD, Kedarnath (Uttarakhand)
3) Guru Govinda Yogi
4) Father Shiva Guru
5) Mother Aryamba
6) Biographer Anandgiri

► Foundation - Brahma Sutras (Badarayana)

► First Vedanta philosophy
7) Advaita Vedanta
► Unity of Jiva and Brahma
► Jivanmukti (Liberation) - Attaining salvation in the present life itself
by following the path of knowledge
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8) Major Works Shankar Bhashya (Brahma Sutra Commentary), Gita

Bhashya and Saundarya Lahari

► North: Badrinath (UK) : Jyotirmath

► South: Shringeri (Karnataka) : Shringeri Math
9) Four Monasteries in Four Directions
► East: Puri (Odisha) : Govardhana Math
► West: Dwarka (Gujarat) : Sharada Math

10) Influenced by Mahayana branch Crypto-Buddhist (opposed Buddhism and Jainism)

11) Shankaracharya was a follower of Shaivism
o Description of Panchayatana Worship :
• A worship method of the Smarta tradition
• Simultaneous worship of Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti (Devi) and Surya
12) Philosophical debates with renowned southern scholars Mandana Mishra and Bharati

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DID YOU KNOW?

The main principle of this ideology is Jivanmukti, meaning salvation can
be attained in this very life. This is contrary to other Indian philosophies. The
main principle of other philosophies is Videhamukti, meaning liberation after
death. The goal of Advaita is to attain self-knowledge and complete
understanding of the identification between Atman and Brahman. With true
knowledge of Atman and Brahman, all dualistic tendencies cease, and ultimately
liberation is achieved.

Sree Sankaracharya Sanskrit University (SSUS) is a Sanskrit

university in India established in 1993 at Kalady, Kochi, Kerala.

193

Adi Guru Shankaracharya Advaita philosophy (Founder of Smarta tradition

Four Schools Established by Vaishnava Saints in the South

o Sri Sampradaya o Ramanujacharya o Vishishtadvaita

o Brahma-Sampradaya o Madhvacharya o Dvaita

o Pushtimarga o Vallabhacharya o Shuddhadvaita

o Sanakadi Sampradaya o Nimbarkacharya o Dvaitadvaita

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B) Ramanujacharya (Incarnation of Lakshmana : 1017-1137AD)

1) Birth Sriperumbudur (Tirupperumpudur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu)

2) Guru Yadava Prakasha and Yamunacharya
3) Works Vedanta Sara, Vedanta Deepa, Vedartha Sangraha, and Sri Bhashya
(Commentary on Brahma Sutras)
4) Philosophy Vishishtadvaita

5) Salvation Path of Devotion

► Vadakalai (Mysore, North)

6) Sect Sri Sampradaya (Vaishnavism)
► Tenkalai (South)
7) Dispute with Chola ruler Kulottunga I (Shaivite)
8) The first saint to provide a philosophical basis to devotion

195

C) Madhvacharya (Third incarnation of Vayu -1197)

1) Birth Udupi (Karnataka, 1197 AD) o Madhvacharya (Anandatirtha)

obtained idols of Lord Krishna
2) Philosophy Dvaita
and Balarama from a sinking
3) Sect Brahma or Ananda Tirtha (Vaishnavism)
ship in the ocean, and then
4) Books Purnaprajna Bhashya (Commentary on
installed Krishna's child-form
Brahma Sutras), Bharata Tatparya Nirnaya idol in Udupi, which is

Shankaracharya Ramanuja worshipped even today.

o The ship's captain gave him
o Nirguna Brahman o Brahman also
heaps of Gopi Chandana in
possesses certain
gratitude, from one of which
attributes.
emerged Krishna's beautiful
o Knowledge is the primary o Devotion, faith, and idol. Balarama's idol was
means of liberation. surrender. installed near Malpe.

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D) Nimbakacharya (1130AD)

1) Birth 1130 AD, Madras

2) Area of Work Vrindavan
3) Contemporary of Ramanujacharya
4) Other Names Incarnation of Sudarshana Chakra and Bhaskara
5) Philosophy Dvaitadvaita, or Bhedabheda
6) Sect Sanakadi or Sanaka Radha-Krishna worship
7) Sub-branch Radhavallabha (Founder: Poet Hit Harivansha))
8) Major Works Siddhanta Ratna and Vedanta Parijata Saurabha

197

E) Ramanandacharya (1368-1468)

1) Birth Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh)

2) Education Banaras
3) Guru Raghavanda (Sri Sampradaya)
4) Deity Sri Rama and Sita (Founder of the Ram Bhakti movement)
5) Spread of Bhakti movement in North India
6) Flexibility in caste system and varna system: Brotherhood
o "Let no one ask about caste or creed - whoever worships Hari belongs to Hari“
7) Teachings in Hindi language
8) Path to Salvation Path of Devotion
9) Book Ananda Bhashya (A commentary composed on Brahma Sutras)

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10) Sect (Order) Vairagi Sangha (Ramavat/Ramanandi Sampradaya)

► 2 Women Padmavati and Surasari

11) 12 Disciples (Avadhuta) ► Lower Castes
► Brahmins

► Raidas
► Kabir (Weaver)
► Dhanna (Jat)
Prominent
► Pipa (Ambassador)
► Sena (Barber)
► Sadhana (Butcher)

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F) Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya (1479-1530)

1) Birth Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)

2) Extensive travels throughout India
3) Title Jagatguru Mahaprabhu Srimadacharya Sri (by Krishna Devaraya)
4) Philosophy Shuddhadvaita
► Pushtimarga
5) Sect Vallabha Sampradaya
► Shrinathji (Child form of Krishna)
6) Books Anu Bhashya (on Brahma Sutras), 'Subodhini' on Bhagavata and
Tattvadipa commentary
7) Other Facts :-
※ Chief Disciple Raskhan (Premvatika and Sujan Raskhan)
※ 84 and 252 Vaishnava Varta are two major prose works of Pushtimarga
※ Haveli music
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► Title of Goswami by Akbar

※ Son Vitthalnath ► Judge of Braj
► Shrinathji temple in Vrindavan
► A decree by Akbar prohibiting
the killing of monkeys,
peacocks, and cows in Gokul
► Vitthalnath established a group
of poets called Ashtachhap,
who sang the glories of
Krishna's pastimes
► Grant of 'Gokul' and 'Jaitpura'
estates by Akbar

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o Due to Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, Damodar Govindji brought the idol of Shrinathji to
Rajasthan, where Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar installed it in 'Sihar' in 1671 CE.
o 'Pushtimarga'’ :
o A sub-tradition of Rudra Sampradaya
o A devotional path based on love, where attainment of devotion is considered possible only
through God's grace, meaning God meets only those upon whom He bestows grace and
whom He wishes to meet
o Worship of Krishna's child form as 'Shrinathji'
o Emphasis on idol worship
o 'Shuddhadvaita’ :
o "Brahman is the creator of the universe, He pervades every particle of creation. All things
are His forms. The soul is also His part, therefore both are inseparable and unchanging."
o Refuting Shankara's principle of 'Brahma Satyam Jagat Mithya' (Brahman is real, world is
illusory), he considered the individual soul as real as Brahman.

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G) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1533)

1) Names Vishvambhara, Nimai Pandit, or Gauranga Prabhu

2) Birth Navadwip or Nadia, West Bengal
3) Gurus Gangadas Sudarshan, Keshava Bharati (Sannyasa) and
Ishvara Puri (Vaishnava mantra)
4) Philosophy Achintya Bhedabheda (Both Saguna and Nirguna)
5) Sect Gaudiya Vaishnavism and Gosai Sangha

Kirtan practice and Krishna devotion

6) Book Shikshashtaka (Sanskrit)

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7) Other Facts :-
※ Achintya Bhedabheda Philosophy
o Integration of Madhvacharya's strict dualism and Ramanuja's qualified non-dualism International
o The Supreme Lord and individual soul are simultaneously one and different. Society for
o Propounds the principle of simultaneous inconceivable unity (abheda) and Krishna
difference (bheda) between God, soul, and nature, which cannot be Consciousness
understood through human logic (ISKCON)
o ISKCON follows this very philosophy. ➢ 13 July
※ Among devotional poets, Chaitanya was the only one who did not oppose idol 1966, New
worship York
※ Criticism of religious ritualism ➢ Bhaktiveda
※ Chaitanya opposed caste distinctions. nta Swami
※ Chaitanya's biography was written by his devotee Krishnadas Kaviraja as 'Chaitanya Prabhupada
Charitamrita'.

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I) Mirabai (1498-1546)

1) Birth 1498 Kurdki, Pali (Rajasthan)

2) Father Rathore ruler Ratan Singh
3) Marriage Bhojraj, son of Maharana Sanga (1516)
4) 1527 Death of Bhojraj in the Battle of Khanwa

► The world is full of suffering

5) Principles
► Accepted Krishna, incarnation of Vishnu, as her only husband

6) Guru Sant Ravidas (Raidas) - Rayadasi Sampradaya

7) 'Goddess of lyrical poetry'
o Braj Bhasha, Rajasthani and Gujarati
o 'Naras ka Mayra', 'Geet Govind Tika', 'Raga Govinda' and 'Raga Sorath'

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J) Surdas

1) Foremost among Krishna devotional poets

2) Contemporary of Akbar and Jahangir
3) Blind from birth Runkata (Agra)
4) Guru Vallabhacharya (Pushtimarga)

Child form of Krishna devotion

► Sur Saravali
► Sur Sagar
5) Braj Bhasha Books
► Bhramar Geet
► Sahitya Lahari

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K) Goswami Tulsidas (1532-1623)

1) Birth Rajapur, Banda, Uttar Pradesh

2) Father Atmaram
3) Mother Hulsi
4) Wife Ratnavali
5) Original Name Rambola
6) Contemporary of Akbar, Jahangir and Maharana Pratap
7) Awadhi, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Arabic, Sanskrit and Persian languages
8) Awadhi language: 'Ramcharit Manas’
9) Other works : Vinaypatrika, Gitavali, Dohavali, Kavitavali, Parvati George Grierson and Smith
Mangal, Vairagya Sandipani, Barvaai Ramayana, Krishnagitavali, have called 'Ramcharit
Manas' the 'Bible of
Ramlalananadu, and Ramajna Hinduism'

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Shankar Dev (1449 - 1568) Narsi Mehta

o The Chaitanya of Assam o Was a 15th-century poet-saint of

o Persecuted by Ahom ruler Gujarat
Chuhamung o Krishna devotion
o Sect: Eka Sampradaya or o "Vaishnava Jana" was Mahatma
Mahapurushiya Sampradaya Gandhi's favorite
o Complete desireless devotion
(Bhagavati Dharma)
o Opposition to Krishna worship in idol
form
o Principal text : Namaghosa (composed
by Madhavdev)

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14.4) Saints of the Nirguna Tradition

Kabir

Dadu Dayal Guru Nanak

Malukdas Raidas or Sant Ravidas

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A) Kabirdas

1) Ain-i-Akbari (Abul Fazl) Weaver by birth and a Bairagi

2) Birth Varanasi (from a widowed Brahmin woman)
3) Upbringing Weaver Niru and his wife Nima
4) Marriage Loi (two children)
5) Even after becoming a saint, lived a complete householder's life
6) Monotheism Considered Rama, Hazrat, Allah etc. as one.
7) Vehement opposition to caste system, religious ritualism, idol
worship, incarnation theory etc.
8) Nirguna Bhakti : Gave importance to the worship of formless Brahman.
9) Death 1510 CE in Maghar (Ami River, Uttar Pradesh)
10) Kabir was contemporary to Sultan Sikandar Lodi.

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8) Kabir's ideology was 'pure non-dualistic' and he was a worshipper of the formless God.
9) A distinctive feature of Kabir's teachings is that he used multiple traditions to describe the
ultimate truth.
10) Kabir's teachings (sabdas) are collected in the Sikh Adi Granth.
11) Collection of Kabir's sayings 'Bijak’ (by disciple Dharmdas)
o Three parts : Ramani, Sabda and Sakhi
o Language : Sadhukkadi (Braj Bhasha, Awadhi and Rajasthani)
12) The influence of Sufi mysticism is also seen in Kabir's life.
13) Westcott has called Kabir the 'Indian Luther'.
14) After Kabir's death, Suratigopala and Dharmdas established the 'Kabir Panth'.
15) The text called 'Amarmool' contains a compilation of dialogues between Kabir and
Dharmdas.

211

B) Raidas or Sant Ravidas

1) Birth Banaras (lower caste: Chamar)

2) Guru Ramanuja
3) Mother Radhu
4) Father Dhurbiniya
5) Contemporary of Kabir
o Kabir called Raidas the 'Saint of Saints'
o 'Raidas ki Parchi 'Dialogue between Kabir and Raidas'
6) Devotee of Nirguna Brahma
7) Established the Raidas sect
8) Memorial of Sant Raidas in Kumbh Shyam Temple,
Chittorgarh

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C) Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 CE.)

1) Dadu, the finest follower of Kabir, was born in Ahmedabad in the Muslim Dhuniya caste.
2) Guru Buddhan or Brahmanand
3) Sect Sampradaya' / 'Parabrahma Sampradaya' / 'Nipakh Sampradaya' (simplicity
and true devotion)
4) 1585 Dadu's meeting with Mughal Emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri
5) Death Narayana (Jaipur)
6) Principal Disciples Santdas Ji, Jagannath Das, Sundardas, Garibdas, Bakhanaji and Rajjab
o Rajjab (in bridegroom's attire): This world is the Veda, this creation is the Quran
7) Dadu's teachings are compiled in 'Dadu Vani' which contains approximately 5000 verses

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14.5) Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra

Vithoba or Vitthal of Pandharpur (Avatar of Sri Krishna) : Varkari Sect

A) Varkari Sect B) Principal Saints C) Mahanubhav Sect

o Followers of Shankaracharya o Sant Gyaneshwar o Govind Prabhu

o Sant Namdev o Chakradhar
o Vishnu and Shiva o Sant Eknath
o Varkari - one who o Sant Tukaram
o Sant Chokhamela
undertakes pilgrimage to o Sant Ramdas
Pandharpur

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1) Sant Gyaneshwar :- 3) Eknath (1533-1599 CE) :-

※ Pioneer and promoter of religious ※ ‘Tulsidas of Maharashtra'
renaissance in Maharashtra ※ Birth : Paithan (Aurangabad)
※ Wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad ※ Major Works :
Gita in Marathi called Gyaneshwari or o 'Chatu: Shloki Bhagavat'
Bhavarth Dipika o 'Bhavarth Ramayana'
※ Founder of the Varkari sect o 'Anand Lahari'
2) Namdev :- o 'Rukmini Swayamvar'
※ Birth : Narsibamaani, Satara o 'Pauranik Akhyan'
※ Led a bandit's life in youth o 'Sant Charitra’
※ Sant Visoba Khechar: disciple of Sant ※ Made Kirtan popular in Maharashtra
Gyaneshwar and guru of Sant Namdev
※ Some teachings are in Guru Granth Sahib
(Adi Granth)

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4) Tukaram (1598-1650 CE) :- 5) Samarth Ramdas (1608-1681 CE) :-

※ Kabir of Maharashtra ※ Original Name : Narayan Suryaji Pant
※ Birth : Dehu, Pune, Indrayani River ※ Ramdasi Sampradaya (Samarth
※ He belonged to the Shudra caste Sampradaya)
※ Contemporary of Shivaji o Devotee of Ram
o For me, clay and gold are equal. ※ Main Ashram : Satara
o Dream of Maratha state unity ※ First saint of Marathwada who preached
※ Most influential of the devotional improvement in the pitiable condition of
path in Maharashtra the masses.
※ Teachings: compiled in the form of ※ Famous Book : Dasbodh, Anand Van
'Abhang' (Marathi devotional songs) Bhuvan'
※ Gave maximum emphasis on
strengthening Hindu-Muslim unity

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14.6) Bhakti Movement - Important Facts

1) Sahajiya Panth : Early devotional sect 6) Malik Muhammad Jayasi

2) Satnami Sampradaya (1657) :- Sant Virbhan o 'Padmavat' (1540)
(Haryana) o 'Akhravat'
3) 'Alakhnaami' or 'Alakhgiri Sampradaya (Lal Beng or o 'Aakhiri Kalam'
Lal Giri)’ :- Sant Lalgiri born in Rajasthan in the 17th 7) Keshavdas of Orchha ('Ghost of Difficult
century Poetry')
4) 'Radhavallabhi Sampradaya (1557) : Hit Harivansh o 'Ramchandrika’ o Vigyan Gita
(Harivamsa) in Agra o 'Kavipriya' o 'Ratan Bavani'
5) 'Narayani Sampradaya’ : Haridas in Gujarat o 'Alankar Manjari' o 'Jahangir Jas
6) Pranami Sampradaya :- Prannath in Panna, Madhya o 'Rasikapriya' Chandrika'
Pradesh o 'Vir Singh Dev Charit'
o Prannath's influence on Chhatrasal Bundela

217

8) Sant Bhasha :
o "Sadhukkaṛi" or "Panchmel Khichdi"
o Mixed vocabulary: Punjabi, Hindi (Khari
Boli, Brajbhasha, Awadhi), Sindhi, Arabic,
Persian etc
9) Sant Lalleshwari (approximately 1320-1392),
o Lall-dyad
o A 14th century mystic saint of Kashmir
o Four-line poems in "Vakhs" or "Vakh" style
in Kashmiri language
o Shaiva philosophy

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15) Bahmani Sultanate : 1347 to

1527 CE

General Independent
Major Rulers Administration
Introduction States

€ Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (1347–58)

€ Muhammad Shah I (1358–75)
€ Daud Shah Bahmani (1378)
€ Taj-ud-Din Firuz Shah (1397–1422)
€ Ahmad Shah I Wali (1422–36)
€ Humayun Shah Zalim (1458–61)
€ Last ruler - Kaleemullah Shah

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A) General Introduction

► Harihara and Bukka: Vijayanagar (1336)

1) Muhammad bin Tughluq
► Hasan Gangu: Bahmani State (1347)
2) Founder Alauddin Bahman Shah (Hasan Gangu)

Empire's 4 Provinces (Taraf)

o Capital : Gulbarga (Ahsanabad)
1) Gulbarga 3) Berar
o Title : Second Alexander
2) Daulatabad 4) Bidar
o Teacher : Siraj Junaidi

3) Official Language Marathi

4) Extremely liberal : no jizya from Hindus
5) Death : 11 February 1358

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B) Other Major Rulers

1) Zafar Khan Muhammad I (1358-1375)

※ Greatest ruler of Bahmani Province Vishesh
► Against Bukka I (Taraf) Virudh
※ Use of gunpowder
► 1367, Kaulam Daulatabad Masnad-e-Aali
※ Council of 8 ministers
Berar Majlis-e-Aali
※ Great Mosque of Gulbarga The only mosque
without a courtyard Bidar Azam-e-

※ Prime Minister Saifuddin Gauri Humayun

※ Appointment of officers called 'Tarafdar Vishesh Gulbarga Malik Nayab

Virudh' to assist governors (Tarafdars) in provinces

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2) Tajuddin Firoz Shah (1397 to 1422)

※ Great ruler
※ Earned livelihood by copying the Quran
※ Establishment of Firozabad (Karnataka, Bhima River)
o Jantar Mantar in Firozabad
► Firoz Shah and Dev Raya I of Vijayanagar
► Cause - Tungabhadra Doab and daughter
※ War of the Goldsmith's Daughter (1406)
of a goldsmith named Parthal
► Result - Defeat of Firoz Shah
※ High positions to Hindus in administration
► Chaul (Raigad, Maharashtra
※ Major Ports
► Dabhol (Maharashtra

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3) Shihabuddin Ahmad Shah (1422-1436)

※ Capital From Gulbarga to Bidar (Muhammadabad)
※ Other Names Wali or Saint
※ Contemporary of Sufi saint Gesudaraz
4) Humayun (1458-1461)
※ Firishta Extremely cruel (Nero of the South)
※ Importance to Afaqis in administration West Asian Muslims
※ Position of Malik Nayak Mahmud Gawan
(extremely capable)

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5) Shamsuddin Muhammad III "Ghazi" (1463-1482)

※ Age at Accession 9-10 years
※ Prime Minister Mahmud Gawan

Title - Khwaja Jahan Era of Mahmud Gawan Executed by Muhammad III in 1482

※ 1470 arrival of Russian traveler Nikitin

Era of Mahmud Gawan (1463-82)

1) Original Name : Khwaja Nizamuddin Mahmud 6) Systematic measurement of imperial land: Tanga
Gilani measuring unit
2) Native of : Iran (Afaqi) 7) A magnificent college (madrasa) in Bidar
3) Title : Khwaja Jahan 8) Collection of letters: Riyaz-ul-Insha
4) Prime Minister under Sultan Muhammad III 9) Meadows Taylor: Beginning of the end
5) Increase in Khalsa land o Confessions of a Thug

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C) Fall of the Bahmani Empire

Last ruler - Kalimullah

5 Independent States

State Dynasty Founder year of establishment

1) Bijapur Adilshahi Yusuf Adil Khan 1489

2) Ahmadnagar Nizamshahi Malik Ahmad 1490

3) Berar Imadshahi Fatehullah Imadshah 1490

4) Golkonda Qutbshahi Kulishah/Qutbshah 1512

5) Bidar Baridshahi Amir Ali Barid 1527

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D) Bahmani Empire : Administration

Minister Department
1) Vakil-e-Saltanat Similar to Malik Nayab of Delhi
2) Vakil-e-Kul Supervision of ministers' work (except Vakil)
3) Amir-e-Jumla Head of Finance Department
4) Wazir-e-Ashraf Execution of foreign policy and court affairs
5) Nazir He was related to the Finance Department
6) Peshwa Assistant to Vakil-e-Saltanat
7) Kotwal Chief police officer of the city
8) Sadr-e-Jahan Head of Justice Department, Religion and
Charity Department
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1) Sakh-e-Khel (Sar-e-Naubat): Security of Sultan's 4) Muhammad Quli Qutbshah (1591-92) :

palace and court o Founded the city of Hyderabad
2) Ruler of Bijapur Ali Adilshah : Sufi o Charminar in the center of Hyderabad
o Invited Catholic missionaries to court o Four high arches in four directions:
o Head of library: Famous Sanskrit scholar each 48 meters high
Vaman Pandit 5) Ibrahim Rauza and Gol Gumbad : Bijapur
o Successors: Patronage to Sanskrit and Marathi o Ibrahim Rauza (mausoleum): Built in
languages 1626 CE by Ibrahim Adil Shah II, the
3) Ibrahim Adilshah II: Abla Baba or Friend of the sixth sultan of the Adil Shahi dynasty
Poor or World Teacher o Gol Gumbad : Located in Bijapur,
o Book : Kitab-e-Nauras Karnataka, it is the mausoleum of
o New Capital : Nauraspur Muhammad Adil Shah, completed in
o Grant to Pandharpur 1656

227

Gol Gumbad : Located

in Bijapur, Karnataka, it
is the mausoleum of
Muhammad Adil Shah,
completed in 1656. It is
one of the world's
largest unsupported
(without any support)
domes and is famous for
its whispering gallery,
where even the slightest
sound echoes multiple
times.

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Monument Country Observations

Gol Gumbaz Bijapur Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah (1656 AD) with Asia's largest
dome (53.4m high) and whispering gallery.

Charminar Hyderabad Built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah; a landmark of Deccan

architecture.

Golconda Fort Hyderabad Built by Qutb Shahis, known for advanced acoustic engineering.

Jama Masjid Gulbarga2 A grand mosque with unique domes and minarets.

Madarsa of Mahmud Bidar A three-storeyed institution, accommodating 1,000 students,

Gawan attracting scholars from Iran and Iraq.

Ibrahim Roza Bijapur A tomb with intricate Persian-style architecture, said to inspire the Taj
Mahal

Sola Khamba Mosque Bidar A 16-column mosque showcasing Persian architectural influence.

229

16) Vijayanagar OR Karnataka

Empire (1336-1672)

General Major Administratio

Society Economy Others
Introduction Dynasties n

Sangama (1386-1485) Saluva (1485-1505) Tuluva (1505-1565) Aravidu (1565-1672)

Four Capitals

Anegundi Vijayanagara or Hampi Benugonda or Penugonda Chandragiri

(Karnataka) (Karnataka) (Andhra) (Andhra)

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Vijayanagara (1336 - 1672)

Sangama Saluva Tuluva Aravidu

€ Harihara I (1336-56) € Saluva € Vira Narasimha € Tirumala (1570-72)

€ Bukka I (1356-77) Narasimha (1505-1509) € Sriranga I
€ Harihara II (1377-1404) (1485-90) € Krishnadeva € Venkata II (1586-1614)
€ Devaraya I (1406-1422) € Immadi Raya (1509- € Last - Sriranga III
€ Vijayraya Narasimha 1529)
€ Devaraya II (1425-64) (1490-1506) € Achyuta Deva
Independent Kingdoms -
€ Virupaksha II (1465-85) Raya (1529-42)
Vijayanagara: Hampi, Mysore, Madura,
Tungabhadra, € Sadasiva Raya Tanjore, etc.
Karnataka

231

A) General Introduction

1) Powerful Hindu Empire of South India

2) Information Royal period determination and Vidyaranya's chronological knowledge

► 1336
► Father - Sangama - Sangama dynasty
3) Foundation
► Guru - Vaishnava saint Vidyaranya and

► Harihara and Bukka Sayana of Sringeri Math

► Beginning - Commanders of Hoysala
dynasty king Vira Ballala
► Southern commanders of Muhammad bin
o Representatives of Virupaksha (Shiva)
Tughluq
o Two cities - Vijayanagara and Vidyanagara, Tungabhadra
o Vidyaranya - Karnataka throne establishment
o Hampi (discovery) - Mackenzie (1800)

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2) Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485)

A) Harihara I (1336-56)

► Founders of Sangama dynasty (Vijayanagara)

1) Harihara and Bukka
► Capital - Anegundi
► Joint rule
► Sub-capital - Gutti

2) Capital Change From Anegundi to Hampi (Vijayanagara - Tungabhadra)

o Founder of Hampi (Hastinavati)
3) Harihara and Bukka : Commanders of Hoysala dynasty king Vira Ballala
4) Title Harihara I Lord of the Ocean

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B) Bukka I (1356-1377)

1) Brother of Harihara I
► Lord of Two Oceans
2) Title
► Establisher of Vedic Path
3) Annexation of Madura Son Kumara Kampana (wife Ganga Devi composed 'Madura
Vijayam’)
4) Bahmani - Vijayanagara Conflict Cause: Raichur Doab

o Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers

o Fertile + Iron + Diamond

5) Foreign relations with China Diplomatic relations (1374)

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C) Harihara II (1377- 1404)

1) Title of Maharajadhiraja - First in Sangama dynasty
2) Title of Rajaparameshvara
3) Universally accepted commentator of Vedas - Acharya Sayana

C) Devaraya I (1406-1422)

1) Conflict with Firuz Shah Bahmani over Raichur Doab

☼ Devaraya's son Vijaya Raya and minister Lakshmidhara
2) Court Poet Srinatha (Book: Harvilasum)
3) Italian traveler Nicolo Conti Arrival in 1420
4) Dam on Tungabhadra river Description of
slavery system

235

D) Devaraya II (1425-1446)

1) Greatest ruler of Sangama dynasty

2) Titles Gajabetekara (hunter of elephants) + Immadi Devaraya
+ Avatar of Indra
3) Defeated the Bahmani Empire
☼ Large-scale recruitment of Muslims in the army
☼ Jagirs to Muslims
☼ Minister and Mahadandanayaka Lakkana Dandesha - Lord of the
Southern Sea
4) Abdur Razzaq :- Arrival of Persian ambassador
5) Cultural Achievements :-
► Commentary on Brahma Sutra
※ Devaraya II's works (Sanskrit)
► Mahanataka Sudhanidhi
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※ Famous Telugu poet Srinatha Title of Kavi Sarvabhauma and golden shower
(Kanakabhisheka)
※ Minister Lakkana Dandesha Shivatva Chintamani

► Praudha Devaraya
► Mallikarjuna
► Chinese traveler Ma Huan
6) Other Rulers :-
► Virupaksha II - Last
Virupaksha temple Hampi - Built
by Deva Raya II's general Lakkana o Harvilasam (Four Shaiva stories)
Dandesha o Kridabhiramam (which describes
the social life of Warangal)
o Shringar Naishadham (verse
translation of Naishadhiyacharita)
o Kashikhandamu

237

3) Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505)

Founder - Saluva Last - Immadi

Narasimha (1485-1490) Narasimha (1490-1505)

o First usurpation - Forcible o Second usurpation-

seizure of power Murder of Saluva
o Murder of Virupaksha II dynasty's Immadi
by Saluva Narasimha and Narasimha by Narasa
commander Narasa Nayaka's son Vira
Nayaka Narasimha

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4) Tuluva Dynasty (1505- 1570)

Founder - Vira Krishnadeva Raya I Achyuta Devaraya Last – Sadasiva

Narasimha (1505-09) (1509-1529) (1529-1542) (1542-1570)

Portuguese Governor o Greatest ruler o Officer called o Minister - Rama Raya

Almeida o Portuguese Mahamandaleswara o January 1565 - Battle
traveler o Portuguese traveler of Rakshasi Tangadi or
Domingo Paes Fernao Nuniz Battle of Talikota or
(1535-1537) Battle of Bannihatti

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Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529)

General Introduction Military Titles Cultural Works Other Facts

1) General Introduction :-
※ Greatest ruler of Vijayanagara Empire
o Mentioned by Babur in his autobiography Tuzk-e-Babri or 'Babarnama’
※ Son of Narasa Nayaka and brother of Vira Narasimha

► 26th July 1509

※ Coronation
► 8th August 1509: Krishna Janmashtami
※ Titles - Yavanarajasthapanacharya, Moorata Rayara Nanda, Simhasanadhishvara,
Abhinava Bhoja, Andhra Pitamaha

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2) Military Achievements :-
※ 1509-10 Defeated Mahmud Shah of Bidar and Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur (death)
※ 1512 Defeated Bijapur ruler Ismail Adil Shah and captured Raichur Doab
※ 1513 Defeated Gajapati ruler Pratap Rudradeva of Orissa

कृष्णदे व राय : आमुक्त माल्यद अल्लासानी पेद्दन : मनुचररतम

कृष्णदे व राय : जाम्बवती

कल्याणम

241

3) Cultural Achievements :-
※ Portuguese travelers Barbosa and Domingos Paes: "Krishnadeva Raya was a brave and ideal
ruler ► Telugu - Amuktamalyada (Garland of Pearls: Political system)
※ Krishnadeva Raya ► Jambavati Kalyanam
► Sanskrit ► Usha Parinaya
► Madalasa Charitra

※ Golden age of Telugu literature Ashtadiggajas (8 Telugu scholars)

※ Respect for Tamil and Kannada as well Most prominent - Allasani Peddana

※ Script Nandinagari script o Manucharitam (Telugu) and Harikathasara

o Grandfather of Telugu and Andhra poetry

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4) Other Facts :-
※ Krishnadeva Raya Nandana Gopa, Rama Ramana, Mahakaba and Kannada Rajya
※ In memory of mother Nagala Devi Nagalapur city
※ Good relations with Portuguese
※ Bhuvana Vijaya / Vishva Vijaya - Name of Krishnadeva Raya's royal court
o Royal guru - Vyasa Raja
※ Follower of Vaishnavism But tolerant
※ Death 1529

► Hazara Rama Temple (Hampi, Karnataka)

► Vittalaswamy Temple (Lord Vishnu, Hampi, Karnataka)
※ Construction ► Thillai Nataraja Chidambaram Temple (Lord Shiva, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu)
► Dams: Timmasamudra and Kondasamudra
► Varadaraja Perumal and Ekambareswar Temple (Kanchipuram: City of
thousand temples)

243

Poets included in Ashtadiggajas Five Great Epics of Telugu

Poet Work Epic Author

1. Allasani Peddana Manucharitam and Harikathasara

2. Nandi Timmana Parijataharana Amuktamalyada Krishnadeva Raya

3. Bhattumurti Narasabhupaleeyam and

Manucharitam Allasani Peddana
Harichandropakhyanam

4. Dhurjati Kalahastimahätmya Vasucharita Bhattumurti

5. Mallana Rajasekharacharita

6. Achyutaraja Sakalakathasarasangraha and Rama- Raghava- Pingali Surana

Ramachandra bhyudayam pandaveeyam
7. Pingali Surana Raghavapandeeya Panduranga Tenali Ramakrishna
8. Tenali Ramakrishna Panduranga Mahatmya Mahatmya

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Battle of Rakshasa Tangadi or Talikota (23rd January 1565 - Bijapur, Karnataka)

King Sadasiva's minister

Four Bahmani States
Rama Raya

o Rama Raya - Murdered by Husain Nizam Shah o Bijapur - Ali Adil Shah
o Rama Raya - Most Muslims in the army o Golconda - Ibrahim Qutb Shah
o Talikoti – Bijapur, Karnataka o Ahmadnagar - Husain Nizam
o Robert Sewell - A Forgotten Empire (Book) Shah
• Never in the history of the world has such a o Bidar - Ali Barid
glorious city been so suddenly and completely
Berar did not participate
destroyed as Vijayanagara
o Historian Venkataramana : Vijayanagara's Waterloo

245

5) Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1672) Major Foreign Travelers who visited

Vijayanagara

1) This was the fourth and final Hindu dynasty

Traveler Country Period Ruler
that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire
2) Foundation: Tirumala deposed Sadasiva 1. Nicolo Conti Italy 1420 CE Devaraya-I
and established at Penukonda
2. Abdur Razzaq Persia 1442 CE Devaraya-II
3) During the reign of Aravidu ruler Venkata-
II, Wodeyar established Mysore state in 3. Nuniz Portugal 1535 CE Achyuta
Raya
1612
4. Domingo Portugal 1515 CE Krishna
4) Last ruler of Aravidu dynasty: Sriranga III
Paes Deva Raya

5. Barbosa Portugal 1515-16 Krishna

Deva Raya

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3) Administration of Vijayanagara

General
Provincial Local Revenue Military
Administration

A) General Administration

1) Information Inscriptions of Kapaluru, Bagpalli, and Kolarc

2) Hereditary Monarchy Saptanga Ideology

► Equivalent to God
3) King
► Ray / Narapati

The title "Hindu Suratan" was given to Maharana Kumbha of Mewar

247

► Royal Council Empire

4) For Assistance to the King ► Social Council
► Council of Ministers 6 Mandals (Provinces)
Assembly Hall: Venkata Vilas
Mandapa
5) Principal Officers :- Kottam/Valandu (District)

※ Provincial Governor Mandaleshwar or Dandanayak

or Udaiyyar (Prince) Nadu (Pargana)

※ Karnikam Accounts Officer

Melagram (Group of 50 villages)
※ Amaranayak Military Commander
※ Amaram Land granted to Nayak for army maintenance
Sthala and Seema
※ Jorīkhana Mint Officer
※ Rasasam Secretary
Ur (Village)

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B) Ayyangar System: ※ Primary Responsibility: Maintaining peace and

Village Administration security arrangements in their jurisdiction
Vijayanagara Rule: Important Feature of Village 2) Principal Ayyangar Officers :-
Administration ※ Karnikam - Documentation of land purchase and
※ Each village was organized as an sale transactions and preparation of related
independent unit and documents
※ For governing this unit, the central ※ Talaiyari/Talara/Talas - Village watchman
government appointed 12 persons who ※ Senabhova/Senateova - Village
were called 'Ayangars'. accountant/maintaining income and expenditure
※ The positions of these Ayangars were accounts
hereditary and they could sell or mortgage ※ Maniyam/Reddy/Gaud - Village
their positions. administrator/headman
※ Instead of salary, they received revenue ※ Antarimar - An officer of village administration
and tax-free land (Manyam land). ※ Begara - Care of laborers and their wages,
unemployed persons

249

※ Kuttagi - Land leased by large

C) Revenue Administration landowners, temples, and
Brahmins to small farmers for
1) Adhavan Central Revenue Department
cultivation.
2) Land Revenue (Shisht) 1/6th of the produce
※ 'Varam' - System of sharing
3) Marriage tax Groom and bride
produce between landowner and
4) Types of Land :-
tenant
※ Bhandaravad villages - Villages whose land was
5) Other Facts :-
under direct state control and farmers paid direct
※ Kudi - Agricultural laborers who
taxes to the state
were transferred along with the
※ Umbali - Tax-free land granted in villages in exchange
purchase and sale of land.
for special services.
※ Female bodyguards are described
※ Rata Kodge - Land granted to those who showed
in the court of Krishnadeva Raya
valor in war or to families of soldiers killed in battle.

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4) Women :-
D) Social System
※ Polygamy ✓

► Vipulu (Brahmin) ※ Sati practice (voluntary) ✓

► Rajulu (Kshatriya) ※ Purdah system ×

1) Four Varnas
► Mafije Ratlu (Vaishya) ※ Child marriage and dowry system ✓

► Nala Jala Tivaru (Shudra ※ Higher education for women in noble

2) Other Classes :- classes ✓

※ Chetti - Merchant and clerical class ※ Devadasi system ✓

※ Vira Panchal - Artisan class engaged in

o Varaha Gold coin
trade like the Chettis
o Pratapa and Fanam Small gold coins
3) Vesa Varga :- Human trafficking (Slave
o Tara and Dhaurahare Silver coin
system)
o Dijatel Copper

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E) Other Facts

1) A Major Feature of Vijayanagara Temple Architecture Kalyana Mandapa and Gopurams with
thousand pillars
o A decorative hall within a temple complex for the symbolic marriage ceremony of Lord Shiva and
Goddess Parvati
2) In Tirupati temple, there are statues of Krishnadevaraya and his wives Tirumal and Chinta Devi.

3) Major State Festival : Mahanavami (9-day festival) 7) Lepakshi Art : Painting style of Vijayanagara
o Mahanavami Dibba : A three-tiered stone platform o Subject : Ramayana and Mahabharata
in Hampi of the Vijayanagara Empire 8) Yakshagana style : Mixed style of dance and
4) Vasavapurana composed by Bhimaka (Lingayat) music in Vijayanagara
5) Lakshmi Narayana : Court musician of Krishnadeva Raya 9) In the western coastal regions of Vijayanagara,
o Book : Suryodaya Cruzado (Portuguese), Dinar (Persian), Florin
6) Veena : Famous musical instrument of the Vijayanagara and Ducat (Italian) currencies were in
Empire circulation.

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Mahanavami Dibba : Three-tiered stone platform in Hampi of the Vijayanagara Empire

253

17)
Independent Provincial State

Bengal Khandesh

Kashmir Malwa Mewar

Jaunpur Gujarat

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A) Jaunpur

1) Establishment Firoz Shah Tughlaq (in memory of brother Juna Khan)

2) Establishment of Independent Sharqi Dynasty Establishment of Independent Sharqi
Dynasty)
o Sultan Mahmud, son of Firoz Shah Tughlaq: Title of Malik-us-Sharq (Lord of the East
3) Major Rulers Mubarakshah (1399-1402 CE), Shamsuddin Ibrahimshah (1402-1436 CE),
Mahmud Shah (1436-51 CE) and last ruler Husainshah (1458-1500 CE)

4) After remaining independent for Atala Devi Mosque Ibrahim Shah Jaunpur: Built by
demolishing the Atala Devi
about 75 years, Jaunpur was
temple constructed by King
captured by Bahlol Lodi
Vijayachandra of Kannauj
5) Jaunpur under Ibrahimshah was
Jhanjhari Mosque Ibrahim Shah Jaunpur
known as the Siraj of India
Lal Darwaza Mosque Mahmud Shah Jaunpur
Sharqi

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B) Kashmir

1) Establishment Suhadeva (Hindu in 1301)

2) The first Muslim dynasty was established in Kashmir by Shahmir in
1339-40 CE
※ First Muslim ruler of Kashmir: Shahmir (Shamsuddin Shah Mir)
※ Capital : Indrakot
※ Alauddin established it in Alauddinpur (Srinagar).
※ Sultan Sikandar Shah: Called Butshikan.
3) 1420 : Zainul Abedin (Akbar of Kashmir)
※ Shriya Bhatta : Justice Minister and court physician.
※ Removed Jizya ※ Got Mahabharata and Rajatarangini translated into
※ Prohibited cow slaughter Persian.
※ Removed ban on Sati practice ※ Jaina Lanka located in Wular Lake: Artificial island

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C) Bengal

1) Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji incorporated Bengal into the Delhi
Sultanate.
2) The Adina Mosque in Pandua was built by Sultan Sikandar Shah in 1364 CE.
3) Alauddin Husain Shah (1493-1518 CE) transferred the capital from Pandua to Gaur
o Contemporary: Mahaprabhu Chaitanya
o Alauddin started a movement called Satyapir.
o Maladhar Basu composed Shrikrishna Vijaya and assumed the title Gunarajkhan.
4) Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah built Barasona and Qadam Rasul mosques in Gaur.
5) Nusrat Shah was the ruler of Bengal at the time of Babur's invasion
6) Nusrat Shah is mentioned in Tuzuk-e-Babri.

257

D) Malwa

Mahmud Ghiyasuddi Nasiruddin Mahmud

Dilawar Khan Husangshah
Khilji n Khilji Khilji Shah II

1. Founder :- Dilawar Khan during the rule of Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq (Timur Lung
invasion)
2. Husangshah (Alp Khan)
I. Ruler of Malwa in 1405
II. Capital transfer - Dhar to Mandu
III. Architectural :- Mandu Fort, Hindola Bhawan, Jama Masjid, Husangshah's Tomb (Taj
Mahal of MP)
IV. Establishment of Hoshangabad

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4) Wazir Mahmud Shah of Husang Shah established the Khilji dynasty in Malwa
5) Mahmud Khilji was a contemporary of Rana Kumbha, the ruler of Mewar
I. War between the two
II. Rana Kumbha: Victory Kirti Stambha in Chittorgarh
III. Mahmud Khilji: Seven-storied pillar (Mandu)
6) Other facts
I. Jahaz Mahal of Mandu: Ghiyasuddin Khilji
II. Baz Bahadur and Rupmati Mahal: Nasiruddin Shah
7) Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat defeated Mahmud Shah II and annexed Malwa to
Gujarat.

259

o Shifted the capital from Patan and made

E) Gujarat
Ahmedabad the capital.
4) Most famous ruler of Gujarat: Mahmud Begada
1) Alauddin defeated Karna, the ruler of Gujarat,
o Court poet Udayraj Begada: Mahmud
and incorporated it into the Delhi Sultanate in
Charita
1297 CE
o Cities of Mustafabad and Muhammadabad
2) Major Rulers :
o Contemporary of Sultan Sikandar Lodi:
o Zafar Khan, appointed governor of Gujarat
Sikandar Lodi sent gifts.
by Muhammad bin Tughlaq, became 'Sultan
o Barbosa called Mahmud Begada a poisonous
Muzaffarshah’ (1407)
man.
o Ahmadshah (1411-52 CE.)
o Barthema: His mustache was so long that he
o Mahmudshah Begada ( 1458-1511 CE.)
tied it behind his head.
o Bahadur Shah (1526-1537 CE.)
o Chief Minister: Gopi Begada (a Brahmin)
3) Ahmadshah founded the city of Ahmedabad on
o Patronage to musician Manjhu Kalawant
the banks of river Sabarmati

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o After defeat by Humayun, Bahadur Shah handed over

Diu to the Portuguese
o Mahmud was buried in Sarkhej Roza near Ahmedabad
5) Mirat-e-Sikandari written by Sikandar bin Muhammad
Manju
o This book is an account of the social and cultural life of
Gujarat
Khandesh
o During the decline of the Tughlaq dynasty, Malik
Ahmad Raja Faruqi, governor of Firoz Shah
Tughlaq, established Khandesh in 1382 CE
between the Narmada and Tapti rivers
o The capital of Khandesh was Burhanpur.
o Its military headquarters was Asirgarh.
o In 1601, Akbar incorporated Khandesh into the
Mughal Empire.

261

F) Mewar

1) Capital : Chittorgarh
2) Alauddin Khilji defeated Ratnasimha of Mewar in 1303
CE and incorporated it into the Delhi Sultanate
3) Hammiradev of the Sisodia dynasty defeated
Muhammad Tughlaq and liberated entire Mewar
o Rana Kumbha: Victory Tower in Chittorgarh
4) Battle of Khanwa, 1527: Between Rana Sanga and
Babur
5) Battle of Haldighati, 1576: Between Rana Pratap and
Akbar
o Horse's name: Chetak (Kathiawari breed)
6) Jahangir incorporated Mewar into the Mughal Empire.

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18) Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

General
Mughal Administration Economy Art and Culture
Introduction

Mughal Later Mughals

o Bahadur Shah
o Babur (1526-1530)
o Jahandar Shah
o Humayun (1530-1540) o Farrukhsiyar
o Muhammad Shah
o Akbar (1556-1605)
o Ahmad Shah
o Jahangir (1605-27) o Alamgir II
o Shah Alam II
o Shah Jahan (1627-58)
o Akbar II
o Aurangzeb (1658-1707) o Bahadur Shah Zafar

263

1) General Introduction

► Dynasty - Chagatai Turks (Fergana, Uzbekistan)

► Sunni Muslims
► Word Mongol Mughal
1) Origin
► Descendants of Timur Lang and Genghis Khan
► Ottoman (Turkey and Syria)
► Contemporary Kingdoms ► Safavid (Iran, Shia)
► Uzbek (Trans-Oxiana)

Birth of Babur in Fergana principality

o 1519 Arrival in India
o 1526 Mughal Empire and title Padshah (Badshah/Emperor)

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2) Dynasty Chagatai Turks (named after Genghis Khan's second son)

3) Mother Tongue Chagatai Turkish
4) Official Language Persian o Rulers born of
5) Founder Babur Hindu mothers :
6) True Founder Akbar • Jahangir
7) Longest Reign : Akbar • Shah Jahan
o Akbar: 49 years, 8 months, 11 days o Later Mughal period
o Aurangzeb: 48 years, 7 months, 11 days rulers born of Hindu
8) Shortest Reign - mothers :
☼ Rafi-ud-Jat (3 months, 7 days) • Bahadur Shah I
☼ Rafi-ud-Daula (3 months, 11 days) ‫بابر‬ • Ahmad Shah
• Bahadur Shah II

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2) Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (1526-1530)

General
2) Rular of Fargana 3) Kabul 4) India
Introduction

1519 : First 21 April 1526 : 17 March 1527 20 January 6 May 1529 :

invasion Panipat Khanwa 1528 : Chanderi Ghaghra

Bajaur (Yusufzai Against Ibrahim Against Rana Against Medini Against Mahmud
tribe): Use of
gunpowder, Lodi (Delhi Sanga (Mewar) Rai (Chanderi) Lodi (Lohani
cannons, and guns Sultanate) Afghans)
in North India

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A) General Introduction

1) Birth :- 14 February 1483, Fergana (Uzbekistan)

► Ruler of Fergana
2) Father :- Umar Sheikh Mirza ► Fifth descendant of Timur
► Naming: By Sufi saint "Ahrari" (Hanafi sect)
3) Mother Qutlugh Nigar Khanum (14th descendant of Genghis Khan)
4) Babur Babur called himself "Timurid"
► Age : 11 years
5) Babur 1494: Became ruler of Fergana ► Capital : Andijan
► Assistant : Grandmother Esan
Daulat Begum

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B) Ruler of Fergana and Kabul

► Reason : Capital of Timur Lang

Wars for
Samarkand ► Sar-e-Pul (1501) Defeated by Uzbek Shaibani
► Battles Khan using Tulughma tactics
► Archian (1503) Again won by Shaibani Khan

o 1504 : Babur captured Kabul

o 1507: Babur took the title of Badshah and renounced
the title of Mirza
► Battle of Ghazdawan (1514) Defeated by Uzbeks

"Babur now focused all his attention on India"

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C) Invasion of India

First Invasion: 1519 against Political Situation of

Reasons
Yusufzai tribe of Bajaur India (from Baburnama)

☼ Bajaur and Bhera - Gateway to ☼ Wealth acquisition - Story of ☼ Five Muslim States
India India in village called • Bengal (Nusrat Khan)
☼ 1524 : Lahore and Dipalpur Dikhkat • Delhi (Ibrahim Lodi)
☼ Spread of Islam • Malwa (Mahmud Khilji II)
☼ Failure of Samarkand • Gujarat (Muzaffar 2 + Bahadur
campaign Shah)
☼ Uzbek threat • Bahmani (Kalimullah Shah
☼ According to Babur, he had ☼ Two Hindu States
ancestral right over India • Mewar (Rana Sanga)
• Vijayanagara (Krishnadeva Raya)

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D) First Battle of Panipat (21 April 1526)

Invitation by: Daulat

Defeat and death of
Khan Lodi, Governor of Use of gunpowder, Why Panipat? -
Ibrahim Lodi of Lodi
Lahore (son - Dilawar Tulughma method, Haryana, Yamuna
Dynasty of Delhi
Khan) Alam Khan, uncle and Ottoman method River
Sultanate
of Ibrahim Lodi

Babur gave o Gateway to Delhi : Panipat was strategically very

Dilawar Khan close to Delhi
the title of o Flat plains : Perfect for artillery and cavalry
Khan-i-Khanan o Water availability : Yamuna River
o Natural protection by Yamuna River

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1) Tulughma Method :- In this warfare method, Tulughma was that part of the army which stood at the edges
of right and left flanks and circled around to attack the enemy from behind.
2) Ottoman Method :- Placing cannons in spaces left between two carts and firing them was called the
Ottoman method.
o First Use : By Ottomans against Safavid ruler Shah Ismail of Iran in 1514 at Battle of Chaldiran
3) Artillery Commander : Ustad Ali Quli (Turk)
o Assistant : Mustafa Khan
4) Vikramajit, ruler of Gwalior, also fought on Ibrahim Lodi's side and was killed.
o Humayun obtained the Kohinoor diamond from the family of deceased Raja Vikramajit of Gwalior.
o Beginning of Mughal-Afghan Conflict
5) After Panipat Victory
o Babur: "No more poverty of Kabul"
o Babur called Qalandar: Donated one silver Shahrukhi coin to each resident of Kabul
o At shrines of Auliya and Kaki

271

E) Battle of Khanwa (17 March 1527)

Tulughma style
10 miles from Defeat of Rana Declared Jihad Babur took the
employed by
Agra Sanga or and abolished title of Ghazi
Malik Qasim
Maharana Tamgha tax
and Munim
Sangram Singh
Anga

1) Before Khanwa : Astrologer Muhammad Sharif from Kabul predicted Babur's defeat
2) Before Battle of Khanwa, Babur
o Declared Jihad
o Abolished Tamgha tax (import duty or toll) on Muslims
o Promised soldiers never to drink alcohol again and broke all wine vessels before them
3) Jhala Ajja assumed Maharana Sanga's position in Battle of Khanwa wearing his umbrella (royal insignia)

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4) Allies of Rana Sanga in Khanwa: Hasan Khan Mewati,

Mahmud Lodi (Ibrahim Lodi's brother), Alam Khan Lodi, and
Medini Rai supported him. Hasan Khan Mewati was killed
fighting.
5) Reasons for Defeat :-
☼ Betrayal by Silhadi Tanwar of Raisin and Khanzada of
Nagaur
☼ Military disorganization
☼ Mughals' new warfare tactics
6) After Defeat :-
☼ Maharana Sanga came from Baswa to Kalpi
o Maharana Sanga died on 30 January 1528 (age 46)
☼ Last rites performed at Mandalgarh (Bhilwara)

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F) Battle of Chanderi (29 January 1528)

Reason: Jauhar (self-

Chanderi ruler immolation) of Sher Shah Suri
Babur declared
Madhya Pradesh Medini Rai's 1600 Rajput (Sher Khan) was
Jihad
assistance to women led by Rani in Babur's army
Maharana Sanga Manimala

Medini Rai : o Tower of Rajput

Kingmaker of heads built
Malwa kings o Chanderi's
Shikdar: Mulk
Apak

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G) Battle of Ghaghra (5-6 May 1529)

Leaders : Mahmud Lodi,

Lohani Afghan army in Amphibian Battle : Fought
Nusrat Khan, and Sher
Bengal and Bihar on both land and water
Shah Suri
1) Background: After Panipat, Afghan chiefs made 4) Significance :-
Eastern India their center. Babur wanted to eliminate ☼ First medieval Indian battle fought on both water
them. and land - Amphibian battle
2) Afghans were advancing under leadership of Mahmud ☼ Babur's last battle
Khan Lodi. Bengal's Nusrat Shah was supporting him. ☼ Treaty between Babur and Nusrat Shah after
3) Battle occurred at confluence of Ghaghra and Ganga battle
(Chhapra) in May 1529 between Babur and Afghan
chiefs (Mahmud Lodi, Sher Khan, Biban, Farmuli).
o Sher Khan was with Babur in Chanderi battle

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H) Babur's Death

► 26 December 1530 (age 48)

► Arambagh, Agra
► Buried
Babur's Death ► Later moved to Kabul by Bibi Mubarika
► Inscriptions on tomb by Jahangir and Shah Jahan
► Gulbadan Begum wrote in Humayun-nama that Ibrahim Lodi's
mother poisoned Babur

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I) Other Facts and Evaluation

► Babur knew Turkish + Arabic + Persian

► Autobiography in Turkish: Tuzuk-e-Babri
Literature
► Poetry style : Mubaiyyan
► Risala-e-Walidiya (Khat-e-Babri): Turkish verse adaptation of book
by Naqshbandi Sufi saint Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar (his guru)
Persian translation: By
Abdur Rahim Khan-i-
2) Other Facts :- Khanan (contemporary
☼ Babur used Gaz-e-Babri to measure roads of Akbar)

☼ Babur did not accept Caliph's authority

☼ First time since Kushan Empire that Kabul and Kandahar were included in North India
☼ Dr. S.R. Sharma: Compared Babur with Henry VII of Tudor dynasty of England
277

3) Famous Quotes :-
☼ Farishta - Made a ball by fate's hands, like
a chess king he ran from place to place
and kept hitting like pebbles on the
Humayun
seashore."
☼ Lane-Poole- "He is the link between
Central Asia and India, between bands of
looters and royal rule, and between Askari
Four Kamran
Timur and Akbar."
☼ Lane-Poole - Although Babur was a
Sons
'fortunate soldier,' not an empire builder,
yet he laid the foundation stone of that
Hindal
grand edifice whose complete
development was by his grandson Akbar."

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2) Nasir-ud-din Humayun (1530-1556)

General
Major Campaigns Exile (1541-1555) Return to India
Introduction

o 29 December 1530: Coronation o Humayun and Sher Shah :- o Return to India :-

o Humayun's Campaigns :- ► 1532 : First siege of Chunar ► 15 May 1555 :
► 1530 : Kalinjar - Against Pratap ► 1533 : Dinpanah city founded Machhiwara
Rudra Dev (Chandela) ► 1537 : Second siege of Chunar ► 22 June 1555 : Sirhind
► 1532 : Dohria (Barabanki, UP) - ► 1538 : Sher Shah's conquest of ► 24 January 1556 :
Against Afghans Bengal Death at Dinpanah
► 1532 : First siege of Chunar - ► 26 June 1539 : Battle of Chausa city (Delhi
Against Sher Shah (Buxar, Bihar)
► 1535-36 : Gujarat - Against ► 17 May 1540 : Battle of
Bahadur Shah Bilgram/Kanauj
279

A) General Introduction

1) Birth 6 March 1508, Kabul

2) Father Babur
3) Mother Maham Begum (Shia)
4) Teachers Nasir-ud-din Ruhullah and Maulana Ilyas
5) Babur Babur appointed him Governor of Badakhshan (Afghanistan)
6) Coronation December 1530, Agra
o Kamran: Kabul and
Kandahar
o Askari: Sambhal
Conspiracy Division of Empire
First Wazir of Mughal - Mistake (Babur's o Hindal: Alwar and Mewar
Empire: Mir Khalifa (Amir wish) o Cousin Sulaiman Mirza:
Nizam-ud-din)
Badakhshan

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B) Early Campaigns

► Banda (UP), Bundelkhand

1) Kalinjar (1530) ► Raja Pratap Rudra Dev
► First campaign as Badshah

► Barabanki (UP), Gomti River

2) Dohria (1532) ► Afghan Mahmud Khan Lodi
► Area between Ganga and Ghaghra became Mughal

► Ruler : Bahadur Shah

3) Gujarat (1535-36) ► Reason : Bahadur Shah giving shelter to Afghans
► Hindal and Askari defeated Bahadur Shah's commander
Tatar Khan

281

Bahadur Shah's Chittorgarh Campaign (8 March 1535)

o Rani Karnavati (mother of Vikramaditya) sent rakhi and bangles from Chittorgarh to Humayun
requesting him to protect a sister from Bahadur Shah. Humayun accepted the rakhi but did not
campaign against Bahadur Shah.
o 8 March 1535: Fall of Chittorgarh
o 13,000 women performed Jauhar under Rani Karnavati's leadership to protect their honor.

Mandsaur Mandu Champaner Cambay Diu

Koli tribe

killed by Portuguese
(Ninho da Cunha)

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C) Conflict with Sher Shah Suri

General First Siege of Second Siege of Battle of Chausa Battle of Bilgram

Introduction Chunar (1532) Chunar (1537) (1539) or Kanauj (1540)

o Afghan dynasty o Chunar (UP) - o Humayun o Bihar o Sher Khan

o Name: Farid Khan Gateway to Eastern succeeded after 6 o Sher Khan's victory conquered Agra
o Bihar ruler India months o Humayun made and Delhi
Muhammad Bahar o Mirzapur, Ganga o Sher Khan went to Nizam Sakka, a water- o Humayun's exile
Khan Lohani gave River (UP) Gaur, Bengal (with carrier (bhishti), period : 1540-1555
him title of Sher o Agreement help of Chudamani emperor for one day
Khan between Sher Khan Brahmin) (leather coin)
o Tomb : Sasaram and Humayun o Again captured by o Sher Khan took title
o Humayun's mistake Humayun of Sher Shah (at Gaur)
o Gaur renamed
Jannatabad
283

D) Humayun's Exile and Return (1540-1555)

1) 1540 :- After Bilgram battle, stayed with Saint Rafiuddin in Agra

2) 1541 :- Marriage to Hamida Banu Begum, 14-year-old daughter of Persian Shia Mir Baba Dost
(Mir Ali Akbar Jami), spiritual guru of Hindal (Son - akbar)
3) 1541- 55 :- Exile in Sindh, Kabul, and Iran Met Bairam Khan at court of Iranian ruler Shah
Tahmasp
► Ludhiana (Punjab)
4) 15 May 1555 :- Battle of Machhiwara ► Against Sikandar Sur's commander Tatar Khan
► Bairam Khan given titles Khan Khanan and Yar
Wafadar
► Sirhind (Punjab)
5) 22 June 1555 :- Battle of Sirhind ► Defeat of Sur ruler Sikandar Sur
► Delhi again under Humayun's control
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E) Death and Other Facts

► Fell from stairs of Sher Mandal Library (Din Panah city,

Delhi)
1) 24 January 1556 :- Death
► News kept secret for 17 days - lookalike Mulla Bekasi
► Lane-Poole: "He stumbled through life and stumbling, he
died."
2) Gulbadan Begum (Babur's daughter) Humayun-nama
3) Belief in astrology: Wore seven different colored clothes for seven
days of the week
4) Main reason for failure: "Weak character" (fond of opium)
5) Abul Fazl compared Humayun to Aristotle
6) Humayun started Tabd-e-Adal (Justice Drum)
7) Humayun started Meena Bazaar in Delhi for women of the harem
285

19) Suri Dynasty (1540-1555)

Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) Successors

1) Islam Shah
General Major Administra
Introduction Wars tion o Divided soldiers into units of 50,
200, 250, and 500
o Codified Islamic laws
2) Muzarib Khan (Muhammad Adil Shah)
o Minister :- Hemu 'Vikramaditya’
3) Others :- Sikandar Suri

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1) Sher Shah Suri (1540-45)

► Kalinjar campaign
1) Founder of the Afghan Suri Dynasty in Delhi (against Kirat Singh)
2) Birth 1472 Or 1486 ► While using a
8) Death 22 May 1545
3) Original Name Farid Khan weapon called
4) Education Jaunpur Ukka

5) Father Hasan Khan Tomb - Sasaram (Bihar) Indo-Iranian architecture

(small landlord)
► Governor Bahar Khan Lohani of South Bihar
6) Title of Sher Khan ► Became ruler himself after Bahar Khan's death
► Was tutor to Bahar Khan's son Jamal Khan

7) Title of Shershah or Sultan-e-Adil - Battle of Chausa (1539)

287

Battle of Sumel in Marwar

A) Major Wars : Sher Shah (1544): "I would have lost
my empire just for a
1) 1528 In Babur's army at the Battle of Chanderi
handful of millet"
o Babur - Cunning Afghan"
o Sher Shah - "If fortune assists me, I will easily drive out the Mughals one day"
2) 1529 Assistant to Mahmud Lodhi in the Battle of Ghaghra
3) 1530 Captured Chunar
4) 1532 Assistant to Mahmud Lodhi in the Battle of Dauharia
5) 1534 Captured Bengal through battles of Surajgarh and Teliagarhi (gateway to Bengal)
6) 1539 Defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa
7) 1540 Defeated Humayun in the Battle of Kanauj/Bilgram and established the Suri
Dynasty in Delhi
8) 1544 Battle of Sumel: Against Maharaja Maldeo of Marwar ("Just for a handful of
millet......")

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B) Sher Shah : Administrative Reforms

1) Commendable Administrative Reforms Predecessor of Akbar

2) Not original reforms Restoration of Sultanate period system
3) Dr. Kanungo More creative than even Akbar
4) Dr. Ram Prasad Reformer, not original administrator
5) Central Administration :-
☼ Supreme Sher Shah Suri

► Diwan-e-Wizarat (Finance Department)

► Diwan-e-Ariz (Military Department)
☼ 4 Major Departments
► Diwan-e-Rasatal (Foreign Ministry)
► Diwan-e-Insha (Correspondence Department :
Drafting royal decrees)

289

Sarkar/Distri
Center Province/Iqta Pargana Village
ct

Sultan Hakim/Momin Shiqdar and Munsif Amil and Faujdar Muqaddam

6) Revenue Administration :- ► Multan - 1/4 of produce

► Rent (Land Revenue)
► Others - 1/3 of produce
☼ Main Source of Income
► Zaribana (Survey fee) - 2.5% of land revenue
► Mahasilana (Tax collection fee) - 5% of land revenue
☼ Patta or Kabuliyat system (Direct lease by government)

► 32 inches/39 digits Sikandari Gaz

☼ Revenue after land measurement
► Hemp rope
o Cash or grain

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7) Monetary Reforms :-
► Ashraf (Gold)
► Rupaya (Silver)
☼ Main Coins
► Dam (Copper)

☼ Coins bore Sher Shah's name in Arabic and Devanagari

o First circulation of the Rupee
8) Law and Justice :-
o Exchange rate of Dam and
☼ An extremely just ruler
Rupee - 64:1
☼ Justice day - Wednesday
☼ Dar-e-Langar (Community kitchen)
☼ Huliya and Dag system - Military

291

9) Other Facts :- o Royal Road, Rah-e-Azam, Uttarapath,

☼ Grand Trunk Road (Sadak-e-Azam) Badshahi Road, Jarneli Road
☼ Construction of over 1700 sarais (rest houses) o Starting from Chittagong in Bangladesh

o Bhatiyara - laborer class through Kolkata, Delhi, Amritsar, then

through Lahore and Peshawar in
o Kanungo - "Arteries of the empire"
Pakistan to Kabul in Afghanistan
☼ Tomb in Sasaram/Bihar on the banks of Son River
Inside the Old
o In the middle of a lake Indo-Iranian style
Fort (Purana
o Kanungo - "This tomb is Muslim from outside and Hindu from inside"
Qila) of Delhi
o Cunningham More beautiful than even the Taj Mahal built by Humayun

► Rohtasgarh Fort (Pakistan)

☼ Other Constructions ► Qila-e-Kuhna Mosque (Delhi)
► A city named Shersur
10) Kanungo wrote about Sher Shah - "A flower that bloomed in the dust"

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20) Akbar (1542-1605)

General Internal
Akbar Imperialism Others
Introduction Rebellions

November 5, o Era of Bairam North IndiaSouth India o Religious Policy

o Malwa o Khandesh ☆ Din-e-Ilahi
1556: Second Khan o Ahmednagar o Administration
o Gondwana o Asirgarh ☆ Mansabdari
Battle of o Petticoat
o Rajputana System
Panipat Government o Architecture
o Kalinjar o Literature
o Gujarat o Economics
o Society
o Bengal Bihar o Evaluation
o Kabul and
Kashmir
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☼ 1551 - Akbar was made

20.1) General Introduction
Governor of Ghazni

1) Birth October 15, 1542 (Sindh, Pakistan) ☼ Title - Jalaluddin Muhammad

o Fort of Rana Virsal of Amarkot Akbar Badshah Ghazi

2) Father Humayun 8) Humayun made Bairam Khan the

3) Mother Hamida Banu Begum guardian (Ataliq) of Akbar in

4) Teacher Abdul Latif Irani 1555 CE

5) Original Name Jalaluddin o Akbar conferred upon Bairam

6) First Marriage Ruqaiya Begum, daughter of Hindal Khan the title of Khan-e-

7) Coronation Khana ('Khani-Baba’)

☼ 14 February 1556, Takht-e-Akbari, Kalanaur (Punjab) o Bairam Khan came from

☼ 13 years 4 months Persia

☼ Bairam Khan (Guardian and Vakil-e-Mutlaq) o Shia adherent

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► Poor financial condition

► Mirza Hakim in Kabul - Independent
9) Initial Challenges
► Mirza Sulaiman in Badakhshan - Independent
► Adil Shah Suri's control over Delhi and Agra (Prime
Minister - Hemu)

Second Battle of Panipat (November 5, 1556)

295

CONTEMPORARY RULERS OF AKBAR

Queen Elizabeth 1558-1603 CE England

Shah Abbas 1588-1629 CE Iran

Tsar Ivan IV Basilyevich 1530-1584 CE Russia

~ Tsar Ivan IV Basilyevich was notorious as Ivan the Terrible.

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20.3) Reign Period

Bairam Khan (1556-60) Petticoat (1560-1562) Akbar (1562-1605)

o Second Battle of Panipat o Interference of harem women

 November 5, 1556 o Other names - Atka Khel / Parda
 Bairam Khan versus Hemu Government
 Defeat of Hemu o Maham Anga (Akbar's foster mother)
o January 31, 1561 - During o Adham Khan (son of Maham Anga)
pilgrimage to Mecca, Mubarak o Shamsuddin Atka Khan
Khan Lohani assassinated Bairam o Jiji Anga (wife of Atka Khan)
Khan at a place called Patan o 1562

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Hemchandra Vikramaditya
1) Emperor Hemchandra Vikramaditya was the last Hindu emperor to sit on the throne of Delhi :
o October 7, 1556 : The 14th ruler to assume the title of Vikramaditya
2) He was born in 1501 in Machheri village near Rajgarh in the Alwar region (Rajasthan), who
later went to Vrindavan and joined Saint Harivansh of the Vallabha sect.
3) His family had come to Rewari with hopes of a prosperous future, and it was there that
Hemchandra received his education.
4) Adil Shah practically entrusted all governmental responsibilities to Hemchandra, making
him Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan army.
5) Most Afghan camps had also rebelled against Adil Shah. Hemchandra, displaying remarkable
valor and courage, fought 22 battles against them one by one and achieved great success
in all.
6) On November 5, 1556 CE, there was again a confrontation between Hemchandra and the
Mughal armies at Panipat. Thus ended the glorious era of Emperor Hemchandra's good
governance over Delhi that lasted 29 days.

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~~ Hemu~~ Abdullah Khan

► Hemu
The 14th ruler Akbar Second Battle of ► Ramaiya
Bairam Khan Panipat
to assume the ► Shahi Khan Kakar
November 5, 1556
title of Ali Quli
► Rajput
Vikramaditya Sikandar Uzbek

o R.P. Tripathi :- This victory was a divine coincidence for Akbar, while it was a disaster for
Hemu
o Badayuni : The animosity of Afghan chiefs was the cause of Hemu's defeat.
o Abul Fazl : Hemu was an excellent servant. Had he been in the service of a great
emperor like Akbar, he would have accomplished many great deeds

299

20.4) Empire Expansion

Battle of Haldighati: June 18, 1576

1) Haldighati (Gogunda, Aravalli mountain range, Udaipur,
Rajasthan)
2) Maharana Pratap, ruler of Mewar, and Akbar

चुनार 3) Result of the battle: No decisive outcome

4) Leadership of Mughal army: General Man Singh and Asaf
Khan
5) With Maharana Pratap: Hakim Khan Sur (Afghan general)
6) Maharana Pratap's most famous horse was named Chetak
and his beloved elephant was named Ramprasad
7) Colonel Tod : Battle of Thermopylae

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Territory Ruler Year Mughal General Important Facts

1. Malwa Baz Bahadur 1561 Adham Khan, Pir Palace of Rani Rupmati and Baz Bahadur in
Muhammad Mandu

2. Chunar Afghan 1562 Abdullah Khan

3. Amer Bharmal 1562 Voluntary submission

4. Merta Jaymal 1562 Sarafuddin

5. Gondwana Vir Narayan 1564 Asaf Khan o Founder : Amhad Das

(MP) and Durgavati o Dalpat Shah : Husband of Rani
Durgavati

6. Mewar Udai Singh and 1568 Akbar himself

Rana Pratap 1576 Man Singh and Asaf Khan

o 1568 : Approximately 30,000 citizens were killed o Udai Singh made Udaipur his capital in 1559
o Generals of Rana Udai Singh: Jaymal and Fatta o Akbar issued Fathnama

301

Territory Ruler Year Mughal General Important Facts

7. Ranthambore Surjan Hada 1569 Bhagwan Das and Akbar

8. Kalinjar Ramchandra 1569 Majnu Khan Kakshah

9. Marwar Rao 1570 Voluntary submission

Chandrasen

10. Jaisalmer Rawal Harirai 1570 Voluntary submission

11. Bikaner Kalyanmal 1570 Voluntary submission

12. Gujarat Muhammad III 1572 o Mirza Aziz Koka o Smith: Historic swift campaign
Muhammad 1573 o Badshah Akbar o Akbar and the Portuguese: Saw the sea
Hussain

13. Bihar and Daud Khan 1574-76 Munim Khan o End of Afghan rule in North India
Bengal o Battle of Tukaroi: 3 March 1575

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14. Kabul Hakim Mirza 1581 Man Singh and Akbar

The only female governor of the Mughal Empire: Mirza Hakim's sister's name was Bakht-un-Nisa Begum

15. Kashmir Yusuf Yaqub Khan 1586 Bhagwan Das and Qasim Khan

16. Baluchistan Panni Afghan 1595 Mir Masum

South India Campaigns

Territory Ruler Year Mughal General

Khandesh Ali Khan 1591 Voluntary: Gateway to the South

Ahmednagar Chand Bibi 1600

Asirgarh Miran 1601 o Akbar's last campaign: Gold coin: EAGLE MOTIF
Bahadur o Assumed the title of Emperor of the South

303

1) Akbar learned the art of playing the nakkara o Raja Man Singh
(drum) from Wajbahadur o Envoys were sent under the leadership of
o The tomb of both husband and wife is in Bhagwan Das and Todar Mal
Ujjain. o Colonel Tod called Haldighati the Thermopylae
2) The capital of the Garhkatanga Hindu state of of Mewar.
Gondwana (Mandla) was Chauragadh, located o Poet Dursa Adha - "Those who never let their
near Jabalpur. horses be branded, whose swords always
3) Akbar sent two diplomatic missions to Udai remained bright, and whose hearts never
Singh II for the Mughal-Mewar treaty wavered for royal service, they were Maharana
o Raja Bharmal Pratap and Chandrasen, the jewels of India."
o Todar Mal and Bhagwant Das o After the Battle of Haldighati, Rana Pratap
4) After the death of Udai Singh II in 1572 CE, his made Chavand (Chavand) in Udaipur his
son Maharana Pratap became the king. capital and continued guerrilla warfare against
o Jalal Khan Korchi Akbar.

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5) In 1582 CE, a battle took place between Amar Singh (son of

Maharana Pratap) and the Mughals at a place called Diver
o Colonel Tod called the Battle of Diver the Marathon of
Mewar.
6) Akbar renamed Sikri as Fatehpur Sikri in memory of the
Gujarat victory (1572)
o Built Buland Darwaza in 1602 CE.
o Gujarat invasion: Prosperity and commercial
o Gujarat campaign: Akbar saw the sea for the first time
and met the Portuguese.
o Portuguese Viceroy: Received Cartaz from Antonio
Cabral, envoy of Antonio de Noronha
7) After the conquest of Gujarat, Raja Todar Mal was entrusted
with the responsibility of the empire's revenue system.

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20.4) Major Rebellions

Rebellion of Turkish Nobles

1) Uzbek Nobles (1564-67) First Rebellion

2) Mirza Hakim (1566- 1567) Kabul
3) Asaf Khan (1565-1566) Iranian Nobles + "Ahle Kalam" (Clerical Position) by
Akbar)
► Last Rebellion during Akbar's Reign
► Salim and Orchha Ruler Vir Singh Bundela
4) Salim (Jahangir)
Assassinated Abul Fazl
► Akbar Imprisoned Salim in Agra

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20.5) Akbar : Rajput Policy

1) Colonel Tod Akbar was the First Successful Conqueror of Rajput Independence
2) Liberal, Inclusive, and Strategic Policy towards Rajputs

► In 1562, Marriage with Harkha Bai (Mariam-uz-

Zamani), Daughter of Kachhwaha Ruler Bharmal of
► Matrimonial
Amber + Visit to Amber + Sambhar (Wedding)
Alliances
► In 1581, Rukmavati, Daughter of Maldeo

► Complete Internal Autonomy and Security - However, Coinage Only in

3) Characteristics
Mughal Names
► High Positions - Mansabdari Ranks to Rajputs 1570 : Rajput Durbar
► Religious Tolerance at Nagaur: Mewar
► Dignified Treatment Even After Victory Not Included

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► Political Stability
► Expansion of Mughal Empire
4) Reasons
► Ambition to Become a National Emperor
► Creating a Local and Loyal Noble Class to
Control Rebellions of Nobles

5) Impact o Imperial Expansion

o Economic Prosperity
o Cultural Integration
o Establishment of Peace
o Balanced and Inclusive Administration

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20.6) Akbar : Religious Policy (Sulh-e-Kul or Universal Peace or Absolute Peace)

General Ibadat Khana Policy towards

Din-i-Ilahi
Introduction (Fatehpur Mahzar (1579) Other
(1582)
and Phases Sikri, 1575) Religions

o Orthodox (1562-
1574)
o Liberal (1575-79)
o Reformist (1580-
1605)

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A) General Introduction and Phases

1) Secular and Tolerant Religious Policy

► Mongols' Yasa-e-Chingezi (Rejection of Religious Discrimination)

Policy
Reasons ► Liberal Education from Bairam Khan and Abdul Latif
► Administrative Expansion, Peace, and Harmony
► Bhakti and Sufi Movements
2) Sulh-e-Kul (Peaceful Conduct with All)
o Universal Peace
o Name of Akbar's Religious Policy

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B) Phases

First Phase (1562-1574) Second Phase (1575- 79) Third Phase (1580-1605)

o Orthodox Policy o Liberal Policy o Reformist Policy

o Lack of Power and Influence of o Reasons : Increase in Power + o Reasons - Dialogues at Ibadat Khana
Naqshbandi: Reasons Dialogue with Sufi Saints + Salim Chishti + Pantheism + Abul
o Fatehnama of Chittorgarh o 1575 : Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Fazl
o Exceptions - Sikri o 1582 : Din-i-Ilahi (Tauhid-i-Ilahi)
⇒ Abolition of Slavery System o 1579 : Declaration of Mahzarnama o Titles for Akbar - "Sahib-e-Zamana" or
(1562) o 14 Visits to Ajmer Dargah "Man of the Age", "Akbar-e-Azam"
o Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax (1563) o Muhammad Ghaus Gwaliyari : (The Great Akbar), "Shahanshah
o Abolition of Jizya (1564) Teaching of Pantheism Akbar" and "Mahabali Shahanshah"
o Spiritual Guru - Sheikh Salim o Sun Worship in Royal Court
Chishti

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6) Prominent Religious Scholars :-

C) Ibadat Khana (1575)
☼ Hindu - Purushottam and Devi Pandit

1) 1575 - Two-Storied Building in Fatehpur Sikri by ☼ Jain -

Akbar • Harivijay Suri (Title of Jagatguru)

o Objective - Search for Ultimate Truth • Jinchandra Suri (Title of Yuga

through Religious and Philosophical Pradhan)

Dialogue ☼ Parsi - Dastur Meherji

2) 1578 - Entry of All Religions in Ibadat Khana ☼ Christian –

o Beginning - Only Sunnis • Rudolph Acquaviva

3) 1582 - Ibadat Khana Closed by Akbar • Anthony Monserrate

4) Other Facts :- • Henriques

☼ Day of Discussion - Thursday

☼ Buddhist Monks Did Not Participate

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D) Mahzarnama (1579)

1) 2nd September 1579 A Religious Manifesto Issued by Akbar with Signatures of 7

Ulemas

► Akbar - Supreme in Religious Matters

2) Subject Matter of Mahzar
► Titles - Sultan-e-Adil + Imam-e-Adil

3) Objective : To Grant the Emperor Final Authority in Resolving Religious Disputes, Thereby
Eliminating the Interference of Ulemas
4) Draft Writing Sheikh Mubarak (Father of Abul Fazl and Faizi)
5) Poetic Text Writing Faizi and Abul Fazl (Original Text Not in Akbarnama)
6) Impact Decline of Ulema's Power
7) Smith Infallibility Decree

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E) Din-i-Ilahi (1582)

1) Other Names Tauhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism)

2) Din-i-Ilahi Religion of God

Religious Doctrine Presented by Akbar in 1582

3) Objective To Create a Universal Religious Doctrine by Combining Positive Elements
of Various Religions
4) Elements Monotheism, Morality, and Tolerance
5) Key Facts :-
☼ The Only Hindu Birbal (Mahesh Das)
☼ Day of Joining Sunday
☼ Taslim Method Prostration before Akbar

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֍ Chahgan-e-Ikhlas - Dedicating Four 6) Impact :

Things to Akbar for Joining ֍ Sulh-e-Kul (Increase in Religious Tolerance)
o Life ֍ Displeasure of Fundamentalists : In 1580, Qazi
o Property Mulla Muhammad Yazdi of Jaunpur Issued a
o Honor Fatwa
o Religion 7) Vincent Arthur Smith :
6) Main Reasons :- ֍ A Monument of Akbar's Folly
֍ Religious Fanaticism and ֍ Ridiculous Darkness
Discrimination ֍ The Monstrous Offspring of Uncontrolled
֍ Sunni-Shia Differences Absolutism
֍ Orthodoxy
֍ Religious Wars in Europe
֍ Ibadat Khana

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1) Akbar was Most Influenced by Hinduism

o Akbar was Greatly Influenced by Hindu Principles of Karma and Reincarnation
o Akbar Celebrated Raksha Bandhan, Diwali, and Dussehra with Great Enthusiasm
o Akbar Granted Jagirs of Gokul and Jaitpura to Vitthalnath, Son of Vallabhacharya
2) Under the Influence of Hari Vijay Suri, He Prohibited Animal Slaughter
3) Akbar Met the Third Sikh Guru Amar Das and Granted His Daughter Jagirs of Several
Villages
4) He Granted Guru Ram Das 500 Bighas of Land with a Natural Pool, Where the City of
Amritsar was Later Established
5) Akbar Introduced Persian Traditions like Jharokha Darshan, Tuladana, Sijda, and Paibos
o Akbar was the First Mughal Ruler to Introduce These Traditions

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20.7) Akbar : Social Policy

1) 1562 (Seventh Year) Ban on Slavery System

2) 1563 Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax During Mathura Visit
3) 1564 Abolition of Jizya Tax at the Request of Saint Narhari (Reimposed in
1575, then Removed in 1579)
4) 1578 Emphasis on Monogamous Marriage
5) 1582 Opposition to Child Marriage + Marriage Tax
o Boy (16 Years) and Girl (14 Years) + Marriage Registration
o Tuzbeg Officials + Permission to Marry of One's Own Will
6) 1587 1587 Attempt to Ban Sati and Legal Status to Widow Remarriage
o Daughter's Share in Father's Property
o Ban on Immoral Prostitution

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20.8) Akbar's Nine Jewels (Navratnas

Abul Fazl o Author : Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari Birbal (1528- o Real Name : Mahesh Das (Brahmin)
(1551-1602) o Real Name : Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak 1583) o Birth : Uttar Pradesh
o Translation of Bible into Persian o Akbar Conferred the Title of Kavipriya on Birbal
Language Tansen o Birth : 1506 in Gwalior
o Mention of Discovery of America o Real Name : Ramtanu Pandey (Brahmin)
o Chief Priest of Din-i-Ilahi o Gurus : Swami Haridas and Muhammad Ghaus
o 1602 : Assassinated by Vir Singh o Books : Miyan ki Todi, Miyan ka Malhar, Miyan
Bundela on Instructions of Salim ka Sarang, Darbari Kanhara
(Jahangir) o Performed Dhrupad Singing Style and Played the
Faizi o Poet and Brother of Abul Fazl Veena
(1547-1595) o Translation Department: Under the o Akbar : Title of Kanthabharan Vanivilas
Chairmanship of Faizi o Before Coming to Akbar's Court, He was a Court
o Translation of "Lilavati" into Persian Singer of Raja Ramchandra Singh of Rewa

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Raja Todar o Finance Minister (Diwan-i-Ashraf), Raja Man o Kachhwaha Dynasty of Amber (Jaipur)
Mal (Khatri Vakil-us-Saltanat (Advisor), and Joint Singh o Father: Bhagwant Das
Caste) Wazir o Aunt: Harkhaba (Mariam-uz-Zamani)
o Measurement Standard Called Jarib for o Played an Important Role in the Battle
Land Survey of Haldighati Against Maharana Pratap
o Todarmal Bandobast or Zabt System or o A Prominent General in the Mughal
Dahsala System - Land Revenue Fixed Army
Based on Average Yield of 10 Years Fakir o Sufi Fakir and Advisor
o Dahsala System : 1580 AD (24th Year) Aziuddin o Advice on Religious Matters
o Advisor to Sher Shah Suri Abdul o Astrologer, Poet, and Astronomer
o Todar Mal Called Bhola Baba (Simple Rahim o Father : Bairam Khan (Akbar's Guardian)
Blood) Khan-i- o Major Works : Rahim ke Dohe (Rahim's
Mulla Do o Famous Court Jester and Intelligent Khana Couplets)
Piyaza Advisor o Persian Language: 'Tuzuk-e-Babri'

Akbar's Wazirs: Muzaffar Khan Turbati + Raja Todar Mal + Khwaja Shah Mansur

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1) Golden Age of Hindi Literature 6) Prominent Singers

2) Titles o Tansen
o Narhari : Mahapatra o Baz Bahadur
o Abdus Samad : Shirin Qalam o Baba Ramdas
o Muhammad Husain Kashmiri : Zari Qalam o Baiju Bawra
3) The Tradition of Creating Char Bagh (Four 7) Ralph Fitch (1588 to 1591) : First English Trader
Gardens) Began During Akbar's Time to Visit Akbar's Court
4) Akbar Played a Musical Instrument Called 8) John Mildenhall (1599 to 1606) : First
Nakkara (Kettledrum) Englishman to Arrive on the Western Coast
5) Painters (Gujarat) During Akbar's Time
o Daswant 9) Mansabdari : Military System During Akbar's
o Basawan Period
o Abdur Samad 10) Established from Murshidabad (Makhsudabad)

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20.9) Translation Department: Under the Chairmanship of Faizi

Abdul Badayuni and o Persian Translation of Ramayana and Mahabharata

Sheikh Sultan o 'Razmnama' (Book of Wars) : Mahabharata

Panchatantra o Persian Language : Abul Fazl : Under the Name

Anwar-e-Sadat
o Persian Language : Maulana Husain Faiz : Under
the Name Yar-e-Danish
o Arabic Translation of Panchatantra : Kalila wa
Dimna
Haji Ibrahim Sarhadi o Persian Language : Atharvaveda

Mulla Shah o Persian Language : Rajatarangini

Muhammad
Todar Mal o Persian Language : Bhagavata Purana
Akbar was Illiterate

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Architectural Work Place Speciality

Red Fort of Agra Agra o Built of Red Sandstone + Jahangir Mahal

o Akbar's Capital (1571-1585 AD)

Fatehpur Sikri Near Agra
o Excellent Example of Hindu-Muslim Architecture
o Inspired by Buddhist Vihara + Pyramid-Shaped 5-Storied
Panch Mahal Fatehpur Sikri Structure
o Tallest Building of Fatehpur Sikri Fort
o Famous as "Ibadat Khana"; Place for Religious
Diwan-i-Khas Fatehpur Sikri
Discussions
o Built in Memory of Gujarat Victory
Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri
o Highest Gateway in Asia (54 Meters)

Dargah of Salim Chishti Fatehpur Sikri o Built of White Marble; Decorated with Carved Jharokhas

Jodha Bai's Palace + Birbal Kothi Fatehpur Sikri o Mariam's House or "Golden House" or "Sunehera Makan"

Jama Masjid Fatehpur Sikri o "Shan-e-Fatehpur"

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Allahabad Fort : 1583 by Akbar Lahore Fort : 1566 by Akbar

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o Humayun's Tomb: 1569-70 : Dinapanah (Delhi)

o Humayun's First Wife : Bega Begum (Haji
Begum)
o Persian Architect : Mirak Mirza Ghiyas Red Fort of Agra : 1565 AD
o First Garden-Tomb of the Indian Subcontinent

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20.11) Akbar's Death and Other Facts

1) Date of Death : 27th October, 1605

o Its Construction was Started by Akbar
2) Place of Death : Fatehpur Sikri
while Jahangir Completed It
3) Cause of Death : Intestinal Disease (Dysentery)
o Red Sandstone and Marble
4) Tomb : Sikandra (Near Agra)
5) Akbar has been Considered an "Enlightened Despot" by Historians and Modern Scholars
6) R.P. Tripathi - "Akbar was both the Child and Father of His Age"
7) Jahangir - "Iran is Only for Shias and Turkey and Turan Only for Sunnis, whereas in India,
Sunnis and Shias Gather to Worship in One Mosque, and Christians and Jews in One
Church"
8) After Death, Akbar was Called 'Arsh-Ashiyani' (Dweller in Heaven) by Jahangir

325

Description
Construction Work Started: Akbar
Completed : Jahangir
Construction Materials: Red
Sandstone and Marble
Style : Synthesis of Hindu and
Islamic Architectural Art
Specialty : This Tomb is Four-
Tiered, with a Marble Pavilion on
Top

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Major Events During Akbar's Time

1562 AD Abolition of Slavery System for War Prisoners + Marriage to Raja Bharmal's Daughter
Harkha Bai in 1562

1563 AD Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax

1564 AD Abolition of Jizya

1569-70 AD Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri

1574-75 AD Establishment of Intelligence Department for News + Battle of Tukaroi

1574 AD Practice of Horse Branding Started

1575 AD Mansabdari System Initiated

1575 AD Construction of Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri

1577 AD Granted 500 Bighas of Land to Sikh Guru Ram Das Where the City of Amritsar was
Later Established
1577-78 AD Introduction of Sijda and Paibos

327

1578 AD Opened Ibadat Khana for All Religions

1579 AD Declaration of Mahzar

1580 AD Entire Empire Divided into 12 Provinces (Subas)
1580 AD Dahsala System Implemented by Todar Mal
1580 AD Portuguese Jesuit Mission Arrived at Fatehpur Sikri Under the Leadership of Father
Acquaviva
1582 AD Complete Abolition of Slavery System
1582 AD Ban on Debates in Ibadat Khana
1582 AD Declaration of Din-i-Ilahi
1583 AD New Calendar Called Ilahi Samvat or Fasli Samvat was Issued
1583 AD Ban on Animal Slaughter on Certain Fixed Days
1588 AD Introduction of Gaz-i-Ilahi or Bigha-i-Ilahi

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21) Mirza Nur-ud-din Begh Mohammad

Khan Salim Jahangir (1605-1627)

General
Introduction 01

02 Principal Campaigns
Major
Rebellions 03
Nur Jahan's Era (Nur Jahan
04 Junta)

Other Key Facts 05

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21.1) General Introduction

1) Birth 30 August 1569, Chishti's Chamber, Fatehpur Sikri (UP)

2) Original Name Salim (Shekhu Baba)
3) Father Akbar
4) Mother Harkha Bai (Mariam-uz-Zamani)
5) Teachers Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and Abdul Nabi
6) Coronation :-
☼ 3 November 1605
☼ Title - Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi
☼ 12 Proclamations ("Dastur-ul-Amal" or "Ain-e-Jahangiri")
☼ Chain of Justice (Zanjir-e-Adl) measuring 30 yards in length at Agra (Shahburj)

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► Man Bai (Shah-e-Begum, 1585) : Daughter of Bhagwan Das and sister of

Man Singh
o Committed suicide due to anguish caused by Jahangir – Son : Khusrau
► Jodha Bai (Jagat Gosain, 1586)
7) Principal
o Titles : Malik Jahan / Tajbibi / Bilqis Makkani / Balmati Begum
Marriages
o Father : Mota Raja Udai Singh, ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur)
o Son : Khurram (Shah Jahan)
o Tomb : Bohrabagh (Agra)
► Mehr-un-Nissa (Nur Jahan, 1611)

8) Sons Khusrau + Parvez + Khurram + Shahryar + Jahandar

Marriage: Ladli Begum (daughter of Sher Afghan and Mehr-un-Nissa)

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9) Autobiography Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri

Completed by : Mutamid Khan

10) Death 28 October 1627 (Bhimbar, Kashmir)

Tomb - Shahdara Bagh (Ravi River, Lahore) -

Constructed by Nur Jahan

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21.2) Principal Campaigns

1) 5 February 1615 o Treaty between Khurram (Jahangir's representative) and Karan Singh
(son of Raja Amar Singh of Mewar)
o First Mughal - Mewar Treaty

2) 1610 o Khurram defeated Malik Ambar of Ahmadnagar (Abyssinia, Ethiopia)

o Title of Shah Jahan conferred upon Khurram by Jahangir

3) 1622 o Kandahar captured by Shah Abbas I of Iran

Malik Ambar (born circa 1548; died 1626) Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

o A slave o Prime Minister of Ahmadnagar Sultanate
o Original name 'Chapu' o Guerrilla warfare known as "Bargigiri“
o Builder of Janjira Fort o City: Khirki (modern Aurangabad)

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21.3) Major Rebellions

► Son of Jahangir and Man Bai : First rebellion

1) Khusrau ► Battle of Bhairowal

(1606)
► Khusrau was blinded
► Consequences ► Fifth Sikh Guru Arjun Dev executed
► Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan subjected to
torture
► Deccan rebellion
► Defeated by Mahabat Khan in the Battle of Bilochpur
2) Khurram
(1623)
(1623-26)
► Khurram's allies - Maharana Karan Singh + Malik Ambar
► Khurram's surrender (1626)
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3) Mahabat Khan (1626)

► Cause - Maltreatment by Nur Jahan and

Asaf Khan
► Original name - Zaman Beg
► Suppressed Khurram's Deccan rebellion
► Held Nur Jahan, Jahangir and Asaf Khan
captive for six months
► Became an ally of Shah Jahan (Khurram)

335

➢ Nur Jahan introduced

21.4) Nur Jahan's Era (Nur Jahan Junta)
new fashion in
garments and jewelry
1) Information History of Jahangir (Author: Beni Prasad)
➢ Poetry in Persian
2) Nur Jahan Junta Nur Jahan's coterie that influenced
➢ Death : 1645, Lahore
Jahangir's governance
➢ Nur Jahan was sent
o Nur Jahan
to Lahore with an
o Father - Itimad-ud-Daulah (Ghiyas Beg)
annual pension of
o Mother - Asmat Begum (rose perfume-attar)
two hundred
o Brother - Asaf Khan
thousand rupees
o Khurram (Shah Jahan
Daughter Arjumand Banu ➢ Buried near

Begum (Mumtaz) married Jahangir's tomb

to Khurram (Shah Jahan)

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► Original name - Mehr-un-Nissa (Iranian resident)

► Father - Ghiyas Beg
Nur
► Mother - Asmat Begum
Jahan
► First marriage - Ali Quli Khan
► Second marriage - Jahangir

o May 1611 Title of Roghan-e- Title of Itimad-

o Titles of Nur Mahal and Nur Jahan Sher Khan Jahangiri ud-Daulah and
o Silver coin (Nisar): First coin in the conferred (rose mansab of 7000
Mughal period bearing the by attar/perfu conferred by
sovereign's effigy Jahangir me Jahangir

337

➢ Tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah
➢ On the Yamuna River in Agra
➢ Constructed by Nur Jahan
Begum in 1626 CE
➢ First edifice - Constructed
entirely of immaculate white
marble.
➢ First instance - Pietra Dura inlay
work was executed.
➢ Pachikari/Parchinkari (Pietra
Dura): Pertains to the art of
inlaying semi-precious stones in
walls to create floral designs.

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21.5) Other Key Facts

1) Religious Policy :- ☼ Had the idols from the Varaha

☼ Continuation of Akbar's policy temple in Ajmer thrown into a
☼ 1612 : Raksha Bandhan pond.
☼ Prohibition of cow slaughter (Sundays and Thursdays) ☼ Jain saint Man Singh prophesied
and donations to the Chaitanya sect that Jahangir's reign would end
☼ Father Xavier : Christian religious instruction within two years.
☼ Sanskrit poet Jagannatha : Title of Panditraj
2) Religious Orthodoxy :-
☼ Hindus of Rajouri were punished because they married
Muslim girls and converted them to Hinduism.
☼ Celebrated the conquest of Kangra forts by slaughtering
cows

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3) Jahangir and the English :-

► First representative of the EIC (East India Company) to
arrive at Jahangir's court
☼ Captain Hawkins (1608-11)
► Agra (Ship: Hector)
☼ Nicholas Downton (1612)
► Mansab of 400 and title of English Khan (conversed in
Turkish)

► Meeting at Ajmer and commercial success

☼ Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619)
► Ambassador of King James I of England

☼ Others : William Finch and Edward Terry

☼ 1613 : Permission granted to establish a British factory in Surat

o Following the conquest of Ahmadnagar, Jahangir conferred upon Khurram

the title of Shah Jahan, a mansab of 30,000, and the governorship of Gujarat
o Title of Farzand (son) bestowed upon Ibrahim Adil Shah II, ruler of Bijapur

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4) Jahangir - Golden Age of Painting

► Aqa Raza
► Abul Hasan (Nadir-uz-Zaman) - Portrait miniature
☼ Prominent Painters painter
► Ustad Mansur (Nadir Al-Asr) – Bird & Nature
► Muhammad Nadir, Farrukh Beg and Daulat
► Bishandas, Manohar and Govardhan
☼ Agra - Establishment of the painting atelier
5) Jahangir: Any painting, whether executed by a deceased or living artist, I can immediately identify
upon observation as to which painter's creation it is.
6) Tobacco cultivation in India commenced for the first time during Jahangir's reign
o The Portuguese first initiated tobacco cultivation in the south in 1605 CE
o The Portuguese had brought it from Brazil
7) Francisco Pelsaert (Dutch traveller): During the reign of Jahangir 1620-1627

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22) Mirza Shahabuddin Beg Muhammad

Khan Khurram (1628-1658)

Shah Jahan's
General Introduction 01 Religious Policy 05

Accession to the Shah Jahan : Golden

Throne
02 Age of Architecture 06

Major Rebellions Other Facts

03 07

Shah Jahan's Major War of Succession:

Campaigns
04 September, 1657 08

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22.1) General Introduction

1) Birth 5th January 1592

2) Original Name Khurram (bestowed by Akbar)
3) Mother Jagat Gosai
4) Father Salim (Jahangir)
5) Marriage Mumtaz (Arjumand Bano Begum 1612)

☼ Daughter of Asaf Khan, brother of Nur Jahan o Title - "Malik-e-Jamani"

☼ Advisor - Sati-un-Nisa Khanum (maidservant) o Death - 1631
☼ Death - Burhanpur (during the birth of 14th child o Mausoleum - Taj Maha
Gauharara)

343

6) Shah Jahan + Mumtaz 7 surviving children out of 14

o Daughters - Jahanara (1614), Roshan Ara (1617) and Gauharara (1624)

o 4 Sons - Dara Shikoh (1615), Shuja (1616), Aurangzeb (1618) and Murad (1624)

7) Death Agra (1666)

o Buried in Taj Mahal

o Imprisoned by Aurangzeb in Agra for 8 years

8) First Teacher Mulla Qasim Beg

9) In 1638, Shah Jahan laid the foundation of

Shahjahanabad on the right bank of the Yamuna
River to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi

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22.2) Accession to the Throne

1) 4th January 1628 Agra

2) Title "Abul Muzaffar Shahabuddin Muhammad Kiran-e-Sani"
3) Vizier Asaf Khan (8000 mansab)
4) Title of Khan-i-Khanan Mahabat Khan (7000 mansab)
5) Patronage to Poets Poets acclaimed him as the world conqueror

► Nur Jahan's proposal in favor of her son-in-law Shahryar

6) Conspiracy ► Shah Jahan was in the Deccan at the time of Jahangir's death
► Dawar Bakhsh, son of Khusrau, by Asaf Khan (scapegoat)

Nur Jahan was sent to Lahore with an annual pension of 2 lakh

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22.3) Major Rebellions

1) Jujhar Singh Bundela (1628-29) 3) Suppression of the Portuguese (1631-32)

☼ Successor of Vir Singh Bundela ☼ Shah Jahan had granted Bengal to the
☼ Capital - Orchha (MP) Portuguese for an annual payment of
☼ Financial irregularities of Jujhar's son Vikramjit 10,000 tankas
☼ December 1635 - Assassination of Jujhar Singh and ☼ Reasons
Vikramaditya by Aurangzeb and Gond tribesmen o Religious conversions in Bengal
2) Khan-e-Jahan Lodi's Rebellion (1628-1631) o Portuguese abducted Mumtaz's
☼ Original name - Pira Khan Afghani maidservants
☼ Governor of Deccan and holder of the title Khan- o Portuguese plundered Bengal
e-Jahan o Portuguese fortified the Hugli region
☼ Suppression - Killed by Mahabat Khan ☼ Suppression : Mughal Governor Qasim
Khan

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22.4) Shah Jahan's Major Campaigns

► Ahmadnagar (1633: Sultan Hussain Shah was imprisoned in Gwalior

1) Deccan and the kingdom was annexed)
Campaign
► Indirect control over Bijapur and Golconda During the
reign of Shah
► Khandesh
Jahan,
► Berar Aurangzeb
► Formation of Deccan Subah
► Daulatabad was first the

► Telangana governor of
o Governor : Aurangzeb Deccan from

o Capital : Aurangabad (Sambhajinagar) 1636-44 AD

and again
o Founder : Malik Ambar
from 1653 AD
o Revenue Officer : Murshid Quli Khan (Todarmal of the South)
to 1658 AD.

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2) Central Asia (Bukhara + Badakhshan) Aurangzeb's success

3) Kandahar Campaign (1849-53) Unsuccessful
☼ Kandahar: The throne of India
☼ 1649 : Captured by Iranian ruler Shah Abbas II
☼ Failure of Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb
~ What no one has accomplished until now, I shall demonstrate, I will conquer
Kandahar in seven days Shah Jahan's Balkh
campaign was
4) Ahom Campaign (1628-1638) Koch dynasty of Assam aimed at bringing a
friendly ruler to
Balkh and
Badakhshan,
o Danava dynasty - Pragjyotishpur bordering Kabul, so
that they could
o Bhauma dynasty become buffer
o Varman dynasty - Before 650 states between Iran
Founder of Ahom Empire: and the Mughal
o Mlechchha dynasty 650 to 900 Empire.
Chaolung Sukapha (Siu-ka-pha) o Pala dynasty - Before 1257
o Kamata Kingdom (1257 to 1587) - Kamarupa
o Koch dynasty (1587-1949)

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☼ Established a conversion department under the

22.5) Shah Jahan's Religious Policy leadership of Shahmir Lahori and Ali Sindhi
☼ Muslims were given priority in administration
1) Early Period :- ☼ Blasphemy : Death penalty was given to a
☼ Intolerant Brahmin named Chhola
o Shah Jahan: 'Pillar of Shariat' and 'Defender of Faith' 2) Later period of reign :- Liberal due to the influence
☼ Replaced Sijdah with Chadar Taslim of Jahanara and Kavindacharya
o Bowing the right shoulder, placing hand on head ☼ Grant to Vaishnava temple in Vrindavan
four times ☼ Grant to Jain Shantidas of Ahmedabad
☼ Replaced Ilahi era with Hijri era ☼ Jharokha Darshan and Tuladana ceremonies
☼ Prohibited celebration of Hindu festivals in the court were celebrated
☼ Removed the ban on cow slaughter prohibition ☼ Abolished pilgrimage tax on Prayagraj and
o Continued cow slaughter prohibition in Cambay Banaras at the request of Kavindacharya
(Gujarat) - Delwale Saraswati (Brajbhasha)
☼ Prohibited marriage between Hindu boys and Muslim ☼ Jagannath Pandit: Ras Gangadhar and Ganga
girls Lahiri
☼ Temple demolitions: Ban on construction of new temples

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22.6) Shah Jahan : Golden Age of Architecture

Architectural Work Location Specialty

o Humayun's tomb is considered the predecessor of Taj Maha
Taj Mahal Agra o Mumtaz Mahal's mausoleum; white marble
o Blueprint - Ustad Isa; Chief artist - Ustad Ahmad Lahori

o In Shahjahanabad; Lahori Gate (western) and Delhi Gate (southern)

Red Fort Delhi
o The famous Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas

Jama Masjid Delhi o Combination of red stone and marble

Moti Masjid Agra Fort o Built with white marble, extremely beautiful & miniature-sized mosque

o Excellent example of Charbagh style; adorned with fountains and water

Shalimar Bagh Srinagar
channels
o It was constructed in 1631-32 by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
Sheesh Mahal Lahore
o Later, Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh made modifications to it

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o The Peacock Throne was

commissioned by Shah Jahan
o Chief artisan : Bey Badal Khan
o Behind the emperor's throne,
a series of pietra dura inlay
work was created, depicting
Mir Jumla: Among the
the mythological Greek god Mughals, the Kohinoor was
Orpheus playing the lyre first obtained by Emperor
Shah Jahan.

o Jama Masjid of Agra was constructed by Shah Jahan's Shah Jahan's reign was chronicled by French
daughter Jahanara travelers Bernier, Tavernier, and Italian traveler
o Shah Jahan - Darul Safa and College in Delhi Manucci

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4) Jahanara (Padshah Begum or Begum Saheb) :-

22.7) Other Facts
☼ Shah Jahan : Padshah Begum
☼ Aurangzeb = First Lady of Empire (Sahibat-uz-Zamani)
1) Prominent Painters :-
☼ Jahanara's spiritual guide - Mulla Shah Badakhshi
☼ Muhammad Faqir
☼ Jahanara was the eldest among Shah Jahan's surviving
☼ Mir Hashim
children
2) Prominent Sanskrit Poets :-
☼ Wrote poetry under the pen name Makhfi
☼ Vanshidhar Mishra
☼ Jahanara designed Chandni Chowk
☼ Harinarayan Mishra
☼ French physician & historian François Bernier :
3) Titles :-
Mentioned unholy relations between Jahanara and
☼ Musician Lal Khan - Gun
Shah Jahan
Samandar
5) During Shah Jahan's reign, a severe famine occurred in
☼ Musician Jagannath -
Gujarat and the South between 1630-32 CE. Italian
Mahakaviray
merchant Peter Mundy documented it.
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o Book titled Majma-ul-Bahrain (Confluence of Two Seas)

Dara Shikoh: 'Shah Buland Iqbal'
o Exiled life in Kankwari Fort of Alwar (Rajasthan)
o Birth : 1615 in Ajmer o Italian Manucci: Dara Shikoh's artilleryman and physician
o Liberal thoughts like Akbar o Dara Shikoh had an album of paintings prepared and
o Lane-Poole: 'Little Akbar’ gifted it to his begum. This album is still preserved in
o Was a disciple of Qadiri order Sufi saint Mulla India House Library, London.
Shah ☼ Dara wrote five treatises on Sufism :-
o Shah Jahan conferred the title 'Shah Buland Iqbal' o Safinat-ul-Awliya
during the Kandahar campaign52 o Sakinat-ul-Awliya
o Persian translation of 52 Upanishads titled Sirr-e- o (Lives of Qadiri Sufis)
Akbar o Hasanat-ul-Arifin
o Had the Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Vasistha o Tariqat-ul-Haqiqat
translated into Persian o Risalah-i-Haq-Numa (Description of Sufi
o Dara considered the Vedas of Hindu literature as practices)
divine creations

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22.8) War of Succession

Shuja in Bengal, Murad in Gujarat, and Aurangzeb in Deccan: 5 battles: Bahadurgarh battle,
Dharmat battle, Samugarh, Khajuha, Deorai.

Battle Parties Major Outcome

Bahadurgarh (14 February, 1658) Shah Shuja and Imperial Army o Victory: Sulaiman Shikoh (son of Dara Shikoh)

Battle of Dharmat (15 April, 1658) Murad + Aurangzeb versus o Victory of Aurangzeb-Murad.
Jaswant Singh o Aurangzeb founded the city of Fatehabad

Battle of Samugarh (29 May, 1658) Aurangzeb and Murad versus o Dara was defeated, fled towards Agra.
Dara Shikoh o Murad and Shah Jahan were imprisoned

Battle of Khajuha (5 January, 1659) Aurangzeb versus Shuja o Shuja fled to Arakan (Burma)

Battle of Deorai (April, 1659) Aurangzeb versus Dara Shikoh o Vidharmi : Dara Shikoh was given death
(buried in Humayun's tomb) penalty in
o Bernier : Witnessed the execution with his own
eyes

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23) Muin-ud-din Mohammad

Aurangzeb or Alamgir I (1658-1707)

General Introduction Major Rebellions Aurangzeb : Religious Life

01 02 03 04 05 06

Coronation Military Miscellaneous

Campaigns

355

23.1) General Introduction

1) Birth November 3, 1618 (Dohad, Gujarat)

2) Seventh child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz
3) Teacher Mir Muhammad Hakim
4) Other Names Alamgir, Pir-e-Dastgir, Bahadur, Zinda Pir, Hafiz, Dervishes
☼ Bahadur - Shah Jahan
The largest area of ​the Mughal Empire
☼ Zinda Pir - Orthodox Sunni
☼ Hafiz - One who memorized the Quran
5) Marriage May 18, 1637 Dilras Banu Begum (Rabia-ud-Daurani)

Built by Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah Bibi Ka Maqbara (Taj of the Deccan:
Aurangabad, Maharashtra)

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Bibi Ka

Maqbara (Taj

of the Deccan

: Aurangabad,

Maharashtra)

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23.2) Coronation

First : July 31, 1658 Second : June 15, 1659

※ Shalimar Bagh, Delhi ※ Red Fort, Delhi

※ Title - Alamgir ※ Ruler of the World (Alamgir)
(World Conqueror) ※ Abolished approximately 80 taxes
※ Aurangzeb : Used (taxes + abwabs)
Hindi proverbs ※ Abwabs - Temporary and
o Rahdari (Transportation circumstantial taxes imposed by the
tax) government in addition to regular
o Pandari (Toll tax) taxes during the Mughal period

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23.3) Major Rebellions

► Champat Rai, nephew of Vir Singh Bundela, and Champat Rai's

son Chhatrasal Bundela
1) Bundela Rebellion
► Chhatrasal Bundela Ally of Shivaji and Baji Rao
(1649)
► Spiritual Guru : Mahamati Prannath (Pranami Sect)
► Title of 'Bundel Kesari' and Mansab of 4000 by Aurangzeb (1705)

2) Sikh Rebellion Death sentence to the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1675
o Sheesh Ganj Gurudwara in Chandni Chowk, Delhi: "Head may be cut off, but not the
hair”
3) Satnam Rebellion Peasant rebellion led by Virbhan in Narnaul (Haryana)
o Satnamis (Mundiya) Pure Advaita + Kabir Panthi
o Suppression Bishan Singh Kachhwaha
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► Took refuge with Shambhaji in the Deccan

4) Prince Akbar (1681) ► Died in Persia
► Aurangzeb sent his daughter Zebunissa to Delhi

Delhi: "Bait-ul-Ulum" Literary Centre

4) Afghan or Yusufzai Rebellion Bhagu in 1667

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23.4) Military Campaigns

Ahom or Eastern Deccan Rajput Policy and

India (1658-82) Policy/Campaign Campaign

o Bijapur o Mewar -
o Maharana Raj Singh
o Golconda
o Maharana Jai Singh
o Maratha o Maharana Amar
Singh II
o Marwar -
o Jaswant Singh
o Indra Singh
o Ajit Singh

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A) Ahom or Eastern India (1658-82)

Mughals Ahom's Kamrup Dynasty

► Iranian diamond merchant

o Mir Jumla ► Name - Muhammad Said o Capital - Garhgaon

► Alamgir Nama o Raja Jayadhwaj - Humiliating Treaty

o Shaista Khan of Ghilajhari Ghat (1663)
 Aurangzeb's maternal uncle or son of Asaf Khan o Raja Chakradhwaj and General
 Governor of Bengal after Mir Jumla's death in 1663 Lachit Barphukan (Shivaji of the
 Expelled the Portuguese in 1666 and the English Northeast) defeated the Mughals
from Hooghly in 1686 (Ram Singh Kachhwaha) in the

֍ Alamgirnama: Mirza Muhammad Kazim Battle of Saraighat in 1671

֍ Masir-i-Alamgiri: Saqi Mustad Khan

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-: Mahavir Lachit Barphukan :-

 On November 24, 2022, the Government of India celebrated his 400th birth
anniversary.
 This day is celebrated as 'Lachit Diwas' in Assam.
 He is called the 'Shivaji of the Northeast'. He defeated the Mughals 17 times.
 The victory at Saraighat was his most significant victory.
 Death : April 25, 1672
 After this victory, a period of political instability began in Ahom, with 7 rulers
changing by 1680. Despite this, the Mughals were not allowed to conquer.
 The best cadet of the Indian Defence Academy is awarded the "Lachit Barphukan
Gold Medal".

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B) Aurangzeb's Deccan Policy

o Aurangzeb Long-serving Governor of the Deccan (Centre: Aurangabad)

o Sequence Bijapur, Golconda and Maratha
o Reasons Religious (Bijapur + Golconda: Shia), imperialist ambition, control
over Portuguese and breaking Maratha power

Till 1668 Till 1684 After 1684

To recover the 50 parganas To bring Bijapur and Golconda To end the independent existence
given to Bijapur from to his side against the Marathas. of Bijapur and Golconda and use
Ahmadnagar in the 1636 treaty them against the Marathas

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► Ali Adil Shah II

1) Bijapur ► Made Diler Khan the Governor of the Deccan
► Sikandar Adil Shah
► Annual pension of 1 lakh to Sikandar Adil Shah

► Annexed in 1687
► Qutub Shah (1672)
► Ruler
2) Golconda ► Abul Hasan Qutub Shah (1672- 87)
► Diamond trading centre
► Last stronghold of the Deccan campaign
Annual pension of
50 thousand
(Daulatabad Fort)
Maratha

Brahmins named Madanna and Akkanna were associated with Golconda's

ruler Abul Hasan

365

► 1657 - Junnar attacked by Shivaji

► Shivaji+Shambhaji+Rajaram+ Tarabai (title of honest by Portuguese)
3) Maratha ► 1660 - Shaista Khan attacked Shivaji
► June 24, 1665 - Treaty of Purandar (Jai Singh + Shivaji)
► 1689 - Battle of Sangameshwar (Shambhaji and Minister-Poet Kalash)

► Emperor of the Deccan

4) Aurangzeb ► Death : March 3, 1707 (Ahmadnagar)
► Tomb : Khuldabad (Daulatabad): Near the shrine of Fakir Burhanuddin

► Leadership : Gokula and Rajaram (Bharatpur Dynasty: Churaman and

Maharaja Badan Singh)
5) Jat
► Battle of Tilpat in 1670
► The Jats plundered Akbar's tomb at Sikandra.
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C) Rajput Policy

1) Changes in Rajput policy due to excessive ambition lost the sympathy and support of the
Rajputs
► Jahangir
► Shah Jahan : Title of Mirza Raja
► Mirza Raja Jai Singh ► Aurangzeb : Mansab of 7000
► Jaisinghpur in Aurangabad
2) Amber ► Death : Burhanpur (1667)

► Charumati Controversy Aurangzeb sent a proposal to marry

Princess Charumati of Kishangarh, but she refused and contacted Raja Raj
Singh of Mewar for help. Raj Singh married Charumati despite
Aurangzeb's pressure

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► Jaswant Singh
► Rulers ► Indra Singh
► Ajit Singh

4) Marwar ► Durgadas Rathore's 30-year struggle

o Ulysses of the Rathores - Colonel Tod
► In 1707, Ajit Singh declared himself independent

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o 1679 : Reimposed Jizya

23.5) Aurangzeb : Religious Life
o Aurangzeb banned music in the court
o Goal : To convert Darul Harb (Land of
1) Orthodox Sunni Muslim
Infidels) into Darul Islam (Land of Islam)
o Banned: Kalma on coins, the festival of Nowruz.
3) Ban on Sati practice in 1663: Akbar had also
Alcohol, singing and dancing, gambling, Meena
attempted this, but Aurangzeb completely
Bazaar, music, Tuladan and Jharokha Darshan,
prohibited the Sati practice.
Muharram, and one's own birthday.
4) Except Rajputs and Marathas, all Hindus
o Pilgrimage tax imposed on Hindus.
were banned from riding palanquins or
o 1669 : Vishwanath Temple of Banaras, Keshavdev
good horses and also banned from carrying
Temple of Mathura (built by Vir Singh Bundela),
weapons.
and Somnath Temple of Gujarat were
demolished.
o Muhtasib : Supervisor of religious conduct of
Muslims (First: Mulla Aujwazih)

369

-: Jizya Tax :- Aurangzeb

o Maximum Hindu generals
֍ This was a tax taken from non-Muslims
o Maximum Hindu mansabdars
֍ It was not taken from Brahmins, saints, elderly, poor, insane,
o Aurangzeb appointed the
minors and women. maximum number of Hindu
֍ In India, Mir Qasim first started collecting Jizya after the officials.
o Land grant of 5 villages to
conquest of Sindh in 712.
Dauji Maharaj Temple of
֍ Firoz Tughlaq also collected Jizya from Brahmins.
Mathura and land grants to
֍ Jizya was prevalent during the time of Babur and Humayun. temples of Banaras
֍ Akbar abolished it in 1564. o The maximum number of

֍ Aurangzeb ordered the collection of Jizya in 1679. books in Persian on Indian

classical music were written
֍ Jizya was finally abolished during Muhammad Shah's time in
during Aurangzeb's reign.
1720 AD.
o Aurangzeb: Veena player

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23.6) Miscellaneous Facts

1) Aurangzeb's Death 3 March, 1707

o Tomb: Khuldabad, Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
2) During Aurangzeb's time, the number of provinces was 21.
3) French traveler Francois Bernier "Travels in the
Mughal Empire"
4) In May 1666, Shivaji appeared before Aurangzeb in the
Diwan-i-Aam of Agra Fort
o Here Shivaji was imprisoned and kept in Jaipur Bhawan
5) In 1686 AD, Bijapur and in 1687 AD, Golconda were
annexed to the Mughal Empire by Aurangzeb

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24) Later Mughal Rulers

(1707-1857)

Bahadur Shah Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar

(1707-1712) (1712-13) (1713-1719)

Muhammad Ahmad Shah Alamgir II

Shah (1719- (1748-1754) (1754-1759)
1748)

Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah

(1759-1806) (1806-1837) Zafar II (1837-
57)

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8) Peaceful Policy
24.1) Bahadur Shah I : Shah-e-Bekhbar (1707-1712)
o Released Shahu in 1707
o Friendship with Guru
1) Birth October 14, 1643
Govind Singh
2) Mother Nawab Bai
o Friendship with Bundelas
3) Original Name Mirza Muhammad Muazzam or Shah Alam I
and Jats
4) Father Aurangzeb
o Portuguese Woman:

► Battle of Jajau (1707) Juliana (Known as Bibi or

5) Accession to Throne 18 June 1707
► Became Sultan at age 65 Fidwa): Sarai Julena, Delhi

Battle of Jajau
6) Shah-e-Bekhbar Political Negligence
(1707)

► February 27, 1712, Lahore Between

7) Death Aurangzeb's two
► During war against Banda Bahadur
sons Muazzam and
Azam

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24.2) Jahandar Shah : First Puppet Ruler (1712-13)

1) Son of Bahadur Shah I

2) Vizier Zulfiqar Khan Son of Aurangzeb's Vizier Asad Khan
3) Diwan Raja Subhag Chand
4) 1712 Abolition of Jizya Tax

► Aurangzeb Sawai
► Jahandar Mirza Raja
5) Raja Jai Singh II of Amber ► Muhammad Shah - Raja Rajeshwar
► Founder of Jaipur + Lord of Kings
1733 : Jai Singh II authored
► April 1721 Sarmad-e-Raja-e-Hind
"Zij Muhammad Shahi," an
► Five Observatories (Jantar Mantar)
astronomical treatise

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For astronomical measurements, eclipse

predictions, and celestial monitoring

1) Delhi

2) Jaipur

3) Ujjain

4) Mathura

5) Varanasi

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6) Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar Granted title of Maharaja

7) Immoral Relationships Woman named Lal Kunwar
8) Historian Tarachandra Called "Lustful Fool”
9) Death February 11, 1713

► Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
Sayyid Brothers ► Rafi-ud-Darzat (1719)
(Abdul Khan & Husain Ali) ► Rafi-ud-Daula or Shah Jahan II (1719)
► Muhammad Shah "Rangila" (1719-1748)

KINGMAKER
(4Rulers)

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24.3) Farrukhsiyar : Despicable Coward (1713-1719)

► Vizier : Abdullah Khan

1) Ruler with support of Sayyid Brothers
► Mir Bakshi : Husain Ali Khan

o Husain Ali - Deputy Governor of Bihar

o Abdullah Khan - Deputy Governor of Allahabad

► Turani (Central Asian: Turk, Tatar, and Mongol)

► 1713 : Appointed Governor of six Deccan provinces
2) 1713 Nizam-ul-Mulk ► Title - Nizam-ul-Mulk Fateh Jung
► Independence of Hyderabad in 1724
► Granted title "Asaf Jah" by Muhammad Shah
Six Deccan Provinces: Khandesh, Bijapur, Berar, Aurangabad, Hyderabad, and Bidar

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► Banda Bahadur's Brutal Execution in Delhi

3) 19 June 1716
► Governor of Lahore - Abdu-Samad

► Royal Firman Granted to English (Dastak: Magna Carta of EIC)

4) 1717
► English representatives John Surman and Dr. William Hamilton

5) Farrukhsiyar Reimposed Jizya Tax

☼ Finally Abolished : 1720 by Muhammad Shah Rangila
6) Death 19 April 1719

► Treaty of Delhi (1719) : Between Husain Ali

By Husain Ali and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath
► Granted Marathas right to collect Chauth
Farrukhsiyar: Despicable Coward and Sardeshmukhi in 6 southern provinces

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24.4) Muhammad Shah "Rangila" (1719-1748) Kingdoms Founder

Karnataka Sadatullah Khan -

1) 18-year-old grandson of Bahadur Shah I 1710
2) Last Emperor appointed by Sayyid Brothers
Farrukhaba Muhammad Khan
☼ 1720 - Husain Ali Khan assassinated by Haider Khan
d Bangash - 1715
☼ 1722- Abdullah Khan assassinated
Bengal Murshid Quli Khan -
☼ Reason - Rise of Turani faction (Nizam-ul-Mulk + Amin
1717
Khan)
Katehr Ali Mohammad Khan
3) Independent States Emerged During Muhammad Shah's
(Rohilla) - 1721
Reign
Awadh Sadat Khan - 1722
4) Development of Tappa Music Style: Gwalior School
5) Greatest Development of Urdu (Royal Patronage) and Bharatpur Badan Singh - 1722
Music
o Famous Musicians: Sadarang and Adarang Hyderabad Nizam-ul-Mulk - 1724

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6) Father of Modern Urdu Poetry 'Wali Deccani’ Collection named "Divan"

7) Foreign Invasions Nadir Shah (1739) ► Napoleon of Iran

► Reason : Muhammad Shah sheltered Nadir's
Ahmad Shah Abdali (1748) enemies and provided funds
► 24 February 1739 - Mughal Army Defeated at Battle
o Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan of Karnal
o Total 7 invasions from 1748 to ► Delhi Plundered for 57 Days
1767 ► 20 March 1739
► 70 crore rupees + Peacock
o Maximum 3 invasions during Shah
Alam II (1759-1806) Throne + Koh-i-Noor
o Third Battle of Panipat Diamond
• January 14, 1761: Maratha ► Sadat Khan (Founder of Awadh) Committed
Defeat Suicide
o Last - Sikhs Peshwa Bajirao I attacked Delhi in 1737
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24.5) Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)

1) Son of Muhammad Shah

2) Vizier : Safdarjung, Governor of Awadh
o With assistance of Maratha Chief Malhar Rao, Imad-ul-Mulk
became Vizier
o Imad-ul-Mulk's real name was Ghazi-ud-Din
3) Excessive interference of eunuchs and women in administration
o Queen Mother Udham Bai (Kibla-e-Alam)
o Eunuch Javed Khan (Nawab Bahadur)
4) Emperor Ahmad Shah had to sell royal goods to pay army
wages, which proved the weak economy of Mughal Empire
during his reign.
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24.6) Alamgir II (1754-59)

1) Son of Jahandar Shah

2) Original Name Aziz-ud-Din
3) Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk
4) Three invasions by Abdali
5) French Governor Dupleix granted title "Nawab Khan“
6) Battle of Plassey (1757) Siraj-ud-Daula vs.
British East India Company

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24.7) Shah Alam II (1759-1806)

1) Son of Alamgir II
2) Original Name Ali Gauhar

► British
3) Battle of Buxar (1764)
► Shah Alam II + Mir Qasim + Shuja-ud-Daula

First Treaty of Allahabad (12 August 1765)

First Mughal Emperor to become

British Pensioner (1764-1772)

4) In 1772 CE, Mahadaji Sindhia placed Shah Alam II back on Delhi's throne.

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24.8) Akbar II (1806-37 CE.)

1) Akbar II was the son of Shah Alam II.

2) He was the first Mughal Emperor to become the British protégé.
3) Now the Emperor became mere prisoner of the Red Fort.
4) During Akbar II's reign, Mughal coins ceased production in 1835 CE.

► Granted title "Raja"

5) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
► December 4, 1829 : Bengal Sati Regulation
► 1830 : Sent to London for pension
► He died in Bristol in 1833 and was buried
in Arnos Vale Cemetery
Bristol, England

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24.9) Bahadur Shah II 'Zafar' (1837-1858 CE.)

1) Last Mughal Emperor 7) During the 1857 Revolt, rebels proclaimed

2) Father : Akbar Shah II Bahadur Shah as Emperor of India
3) Mother : Lal Bai 8) Major Hudson arrested Bahadur Shah at
4) Wrote poetry and verses under pen name Humayun's Tomb in Delhi
"Zafar" 9) Death : November 7, 1862, Rangoon (Burma)
5) Spiritual Guru : Hasan Askari 10) His tomb is located in Rangoon (Yangon
6) Poetry Teachers : Ibrahim Jauq and Mirza o How unfortunate is Zafar, even two yards
Ghalib (Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan) of earth for burial were not granted in the
o Bahadur Shah Zafar was honored with beloved's abode."
titles: 'Dabir-ul-Mulk,' 'Nazm-ud-Daula,' and o Sir Jadunath Sarkar: 'When gold itself gets
'Mirza Nausha' rust, what can iron do?'

385

• Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan (Ghalib)

• Birth : December 27, 1797, Agra

• Death: February 15, 1869, Delhi

• Languages : Urdu, Persian

• Famous Work : Divan-e-Ghalib

• Ghalib described the conditions of

Delhi during 1857 Mutiny in his
book 'Dastanbu'

• Bahadur Shah Zafar honored him

with titles: 'Dabir-ul-Mulk,' 'Nazm-
ud-Daula,' and 'Mirza Nausha'

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24.10) Causes of Fall of Mughal Empire

1) Jadunath Sarkar o Book - FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

o Aurangzeb's Policies = Religious Extremism + Intolerant Rajput
Policy + Deccan Policy + Jagirdari Crisis
2) Satish Chandra o Book : PARTIES AND POLITICS AT THE MUGHAL COURT
o Jagirdari Crisis : Imbalance in three-way relationship between
zamindars, jagirdars, and peasants
o Excessive appointment of jagirdars for administrative purposes in
the Deccan
o Shortage of jagirs (fiefs)

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3) Irfan Habib o Book : THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MUGHAL INDIA

o Agricultural Crisis Theory: Rebellion and Economic Crisis
o Excessive taxation, revenue arrears, and harsh revenue collection
methods
4) Karen Leonard o Great firm theory
o After 1650, merchant class (bankers/traders/industrialists) who were
formerly with Mughals gradually withdrew and aligned with
regional rulers and East India Company. This caused the Mughal
administration to become extremely economically weakened.

5) Moreland o Book : FROM AKBAR TO AURANGZEB : A STUDY IN INDIAN

ECONOMIC HISTORY
o Theory : Agricultural and Jagirdari System Theory

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6) Other o Rise of new powers like Awadh, Hyderabad, and Bengal

Factors o Empowerment of powers like Marathas and Rajputs
o Technological advancement of Europe and ambitions of European Companies
o Technical and cultural backwardness of the East
o Weak successors and succession struggles
o Factional rivalries among nobles in court
o Reduction in military power and lack of military reforms : William Irvine (Later
Mughal)
o Absence of naval power

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25) Mughal Administration & Other Aspects

Mughal Architecture and Music and

Literature Painting
Administration Construction Others

Capitals of the Mughals

o General
1) Agra : 1556-1569
Introduction
2) Fatehpur Sikri : 1569-1584
o Revenue
3) Lahore : 1585-1599
o Justice
4) Agra : 1600-1648
o Military 5) Shahjahanabad (Delhi): 1648
o Warfare 6) South : Burhanpur
o Mansabdari System
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25.1) Mughal Administration

1) Founder of Mughal Administrative Model : Akbar

2) Indian + Arabic + Persian + Mongol + Turkish
3) Nature :-
☼ Centralized and Autocratic
☼ Hereditary Officer System
☼ Military State - Except Sadr and Qazi, all other
officials also performed military duties

Due to excessive use of papers, Mughal

administration was also called a Paper Chakla : A new unit between Sarkar and
State
Pargana during Shah Jahan's reign

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4) Mughal Period Sovereignty :-

☼ Sovereignty What will be the source of power, on what principles will the Sultan
rule over the subjects?
☼ Information Ain-e-Akbari (Abul Fazl)

o Grace of God, it is attained only by one who possesses thousands of virtues

o Emperor - Representative of God on Earth
o Emperor - 'Farr-e-Izadi' (Divine Light)

Developed by Sufi Saint Shihabuddin Suhrawardi

o Akbar proclaimed the Mahzar in 1579

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25.2) Central Administration (Khasa-e-Sharifa)

Jahan Bani : Protection of State

Supreme : Emperor

Support System : Wizarat

मीर-ए- सामाां
Wakil-e- वजीर/दीवान-
Wazir or Mir Bakhshi Mir Saman Qazi-ul-
(महल व Sadr-us-Sudur
ए-Diwan-e-Kul
कुल(राजस्व
Mutlaq (Head of घरेलand
(Palace ू) Quzat
व ववत्त) (Religious
(Prime (Revenue and Military Household (Justice
Affairs)
Minister) Finance) Department) Department) Department)

393

1) Wakil-e-Mutlaq o Head of Council of Ministers (Military + Economic + Finance)

o Akbar's Wakil : Bairam Khan
o Division of powers by Akbar and nominal position
o Created by Akbar - Diwan, Mir Bakhshi, Sadr-us-Sah and Mir
Saman
o Mughal Emperor Shah Alam conferred the title of Wakil-e-Mutlaq
on Mahadji Scindia in 1783.
2) Wazir or Diwan-e- o Finance and Revenue: This position was created by Akbar in his
Kul 8th year
o Approval of Expenditure
o Appointment and Promotion of Employees
o First Diwan - Muzaffar Khan

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Ruler Diwan

1) Akbar Muzaffar Khan, Raja Todar Mal, Ewaz Shah Mansur, Khwaja Shah
Mir Fatehullah
2) Jahangir Itimad-ud-Daulah

3) Aurangzeb Mir Jumla, Fazil Khan, Zafar Khan, Asad Khan

4) Bahadur Munim Khan

Shah I
Aurangzeb: Asad Khan served as Mughal Diwan for the longest period (31 years).

395

3) Mir Bakhshi o Head of Military Department : Not the Commander-in-Chief or Army Chief
o Details of Mansabdars and Recommendation for appointment of
Mansabdars
o Only after the Mir Bakhshi signed the letter called 'Sarkhat', the army could
receive monthly salary.
o Accompanied the Emperor on travels (hunting) and campaigns
o 2 more Bakhshis to assist Mir Bakhshi: Second/Third Bakhshi
o In Akbar's empire, military commanders were called Faujdars
4) Sadr-us-Sudur o Head of Religion and Charity Department: When he performed the work of
head of criminal justice department, he was called Qazi.
o 'Suyurghal': Tax-free land granted to scholars, religious leaders and other
distinguished persons during the Mughal period
o Inspection of revenue-free land (Madad-i-Maash)

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❑ Diwan-e-Tan : Care
5) Mir o Control of royal family and imperial stores
of salaries and
Saman o Responsibility for domestic needs and comforts of the royal family Jagirs
6) Others o Diwan-e-Insha - Correspondence and Communication: Leadership ❑ Mushrif -
= Dabir-e-Khas Examination of

o Mir-e-Arz - In charge of Petitions audited income-

expenditure by the
o Parwanchi - Wrote orders without requiring the Emperor's seal.
state
o Mir-e-Tuzuk - Management and supervision of royal ceremonies
❑ Mustarfi (Auditor) :
o Kotwal - Police Chief (maintaining law and order)
Examination of
o Qazi - Judge
income-expenditure
o Muhtasib - Preventing those acting against Shariat: Created by accounts prepared
Aurangzeb by Musharrif
o Daroga-e-Dak Chauki: Information and Intelligence Department ❑ Waqia Navis: News
Writer

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25.3) Provincial Administration

► Division by Akbar in 1580

► Akbar : 15 (12+3)
► Jahangir : 15
► Number of Subas
Provincial ► Shah Jahan : 18 (Kashmir + Sindh + Odisha)
Administration
► Aurangzeb : 21 (Golconda and Bijapur)

► Subedar/Nazim/Sipahsalar (Appointed by Emperor)

► Appointed by Emperor
► Diwan-e-Suba
► Chief Officer of Provincial Revenue Department

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o Provincial o Chief : Subedar

Administration o Revenue : Diwan-e-Suba
o Bakhshi : Military Affairs
o Sarkar (District) o Chief : Faujdar
o Amil or Amalguzar : Chief Revenue Officer of the district
o Bitikchi : Clerk
o Pargana o Chief : Shiqdar (Military)
o Revenue: Amil : Establishing direct relations with village farmers and
fixing rent
o Fotdar : Treasurer
o Karakun : Clerk and Khasra
o Qanungo : Head of Patwaris (Patron of farmers)

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25.4) Justice Administration

1) Officials :- 2) Sources of Justice :-

☼ Emperor - Supreme and final court of appeal ☼ Shariat - Interpretations of Quran
☼ Qazi-ul-Quzat - Head of Justice Department Sharif, the Hanafi school was
☼ Mufti - Interpreter of Muslim laws (Shariat) followed during the Mughal period
☼ Mir Adl - Implementing and recording Qazi's ☼ Emperor's interpretations - These
decisions were in accordance with Shariat
☼ Qazi-e-Lashkar - Judge of military affairs ☼ Legal compilations commissioned
by Emperors -
o Jahangir's 12 Ordinances
o Fatwa-e-Alamgiri (Aurangzeb
period)
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3) Elephant Corps :-
25.5) Military
☼ For this purpose, the 'Pilkhana' department was
formed.
1) Two categories of Cavalry (Risala) :-
☼ A group of elephants was called 'Halqa’
☼ Bargir - Those who received horses
4) Mir Bahr :- Head of ships and boats
and weapons from the state and
5) Infantry (Paika) :- Was the largest part of the army
whose salary was less
o Ahsham (Combatant) : Guards
☼ Silahdar - Those cavalrymen who
o Sehbandi (Non-combatant) : Weaker category
brought their own horses and
6) Daroga-e-Topkhana (Mir Atish) :-
weapons and whose salary was
o Mir-e-Atish : Head of Artillery and Gunpowder
higher
Department
2) 'Dag-o-Mahali' department established by
o Babar : Ustad Ali and Mustafa
Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1572-73
o Akbar : Ustad Kabir and Husain
o Branding horses and elephants
o Jahangir : Paitrada
o 2 brands: Imperial and Mansabdar

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25.6) Mughal : Revenue System

► Originator - Akbar (Inspirer: Sher Shah Suri)

► Land Revenue, Jizya, Zakat
Main Taxes ► Escheat Law - Merger of property without heir into the state
► Nazar - Cash offering given to the Emperor. o 'Jama' was the
estimated or
► Niyaz - Gifts given by princes to the Emperor.
assessed value
► Nisar - Gifts given by nobles to the Emperor.
of land revenue,
► Bantai or Gallabakhshi or Maoli which the state

► Shihabuddin Ahmad : Nasq and Kankut system expected to

receive,
Revenue Systems ► Muzaffar Khan Turbati : Classification and
o 'Hasil' was the
measurement of land revenue actually
► Todar Mal (1580) : Dahsala/Zabti/Arzi collected

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1) Bantai or Division of crop in a fixed proportion between farmer and state. The state took
Gallabakhshi or Maoli a fixed share (1/3) from the farmer, this was done in three forms -
 Khet Bantai : Standing crop was divided directly in the field itself.
 Lank Bantai : After crop harvesting, division after bringing it to the
threshing floor
 Ras Bantai : Grain was divided, acceptable in both cash and grain

2) Nasq System o Estimated system: Neither measurement of land nor classification of crops
o Tax assessment based on previous years' records instead of measuring land
every year
o Bengal, Gujarat and Kathiawar: Prevalent during Aurangzeb's period

3) Kankut or o Revenue was collected by estimating the standing crop

Danabandi o In contrast, in the Zabti system, tax was fixed based on actual produce and
measurement of land

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4) Ijara System o The word "Ijara" means --- Contract or Agreement (Lease System).
o It was a system of land revenue collection during the Mughal period,
o The right to revenue collection was given to the contractors who bid
the highest
o The contractor paid a fixed amount in lump sum to the government.
o They collected more rent than the assessed revenue from farmers,
which placed a heavy economic burden on them
o Warren Hastings started this system in Bengal in 1772 and Lord
Cornwallis replaced it with Permanent Settlement in 1793.
o 'Khilat': Was a robe of honor, granted by the ruler to any worthy person.
o Jarib : A traditional unit of measuring length. One Jarib is 66 feet or 22 yards long and has a total of 100 links
o The main coins of Akbar's time were Rupaya (silver), Mohar (gold) and Dam (copper), of which Rupaya and Dam
were most common.

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Bandobast System or Dahsala System or Zabti System

1) 1580 24th year of reign

2) Originator Todar Mal + Khwaja Mansur
3) 8 Provinces Awadh, Allahabad, Agra, Malwa, Delhi, Lahore, Multan and Bihar
o Jahangir : Gujarat and Bengal
4) Background :
o Sher Shah fixed Rae or Rai (yield per bigha) for land: One-third of average productivity
of lands fixed as tax
o Akbar appointed Karoris throughout North India in 1573: Karoris provided information
about productivity, actual yield and local prices of their regions.
o Entire Jagir land was converted into Khalisa land.

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5) Features : o Land revenue was assessed every year, in which

o Based on this information, Akbar started a 11th year's prices were added, last year's prices
new system called Ain-e-Dahsala in 1580. were removed.
o Average production of various crops and o Measurement of land was mandatory;
average prices of the last ten years (Akbar's o Cash revenue
15th to 24th regnal year) were calculated. o Dastur-ul-Amal : Various types of rules and
o The state's right was fixed on one-third of regulations
the average production. o Takhshi : Assessment or evaluation of tax
o Tanab (bamboo rods with iron links) was o Tahsil : Actual collection of tax
used for measurement. o Patta : In this, ownership of land was given to the
o In each 'Dastur' (revenue area), tax farmer,
assessment per bigha for every crop was • Because the farmer was made the owner of
done in cash land, it is considered equivalent to Ryotwari
system

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Measurement of land : Gaz-e-Ilahi (41 angul/33 inches) instead of Gaz-e-Sikandari (39 angul)

1) Polaj : Excellent land sown 1) Zamindar :- They themselves were owners of their land

annually 2) Jagirdar/Tayuldar :- Those Mansabdars who were

2) Parauti : Sown once a year given salary in the form of land. All Mansabdars were
not Jagirdars. Because many were also given cash
3) Chachar : Sown once in 3-4
3) Khalisa Land :- Was directly under the control of the
years
center. Its entire revenue went to the royal treasury.
4) Banjar : Not cultivated for
Not allocated as Jagir
five years or more

Inam Land (tax-free) :- This was given as reward to those people who had no source of income

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25.7) Literature of Mughal Administration

Name of Book Author Description

1) Tuzuk-e-Babri Babar o 'Waqyat-e-Babri' or 'Babarnama' is the autobiography

of Mughal ruler Babar
o Chronicle of Fergana + Hindustan expedition
o Natural/Botanical description of Hindustan
2) Humayunama Gulbadan o Gulbadan Begum: Humayun's step-sister and Akbar's
Begum aunt
o Persian language + Completed during Akbar's period
3) Tazkira-tul- Jauhar o Humayun's servant (cook)
Waqiat Aftabchi o Persian language

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4) Tabaqat-e-Akbari Nizamuddin Starting from 1193 to 1593-94

Ahmad

5) Akbarnama Abul Fazl o In 3 parts -

☞ First : Related to the history of Akbar's ancestors
☞ Second : Description of events of Akbar's reign
☞ Third (Ain-e-Akbari) : Focused on Akbar's
administration, military, revenue and geography of
the empire
o English translation of 'Akbarnama': Henry Beveridge
6) Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri Jahangir's o Persian language : History of initial 12 years by Jahangir,
autobiography thereafter subsequent years by Mutamid Khan

7) Shahjahanama Inayat Khan and o History of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's reign
Muhammad Sadiq o Editions without illustrations
Khan

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8) Padshahnama Abdul Hamid o Abdul Hamid Lahori (Badshahnama)

Lahori o Illustrations have been used in this
9) Tarikh-e-Firishta Muhammad o Persian historian
Qasim (Firishta) o It is also called 'Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi', which is in
honor of Bijapur ruler Ibrahim Adil Shah II.
10) Muntakhab-al- Hashim Khafi o Criticism of Aurangzeb and Shivaji.
Lubab Khan o Persian: Called Bahadur Shah 'Shah-e-Bekhabar'.

o Translation of Yogavashishtha into Persian was done by Nizamuddin Panipati during Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign
o "Iqbalnama-e-Jahangiri": Was written by Mughal Emperor Jahangir's military officer Mutamid Khan. It is a
biography of Jahangir
o Chandrabhan Brahmin's book 'Char Chaman': A historical work related to Shah Jahan's reign: Urdu
o Fatwa-e-Alamgiri: Is a compilation of Islamic Sharia laws, which was prepared during Aurangzeb's reign
o 'Tarikh-e-Dilkusha': Author Bhimsen: A memoir of Aurangzeb (Persian language)

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25.8) Mughal Period Painting

Name Description

1) Babar o 'Babarnama' mentions painters Behzad and Shah Muzaffar.

o But painting did not develop during Babar's period.
2) Humayun o Beginning of painting in Mughal period
o Humayun invited Mansur, Sayyid Ali 'Tabrizi' and Abdul Samad "Shirazi' to
India
o Abdul Samad 'Shirazi’ : Painter and calligrapher
o Mir Sayyid Ali 'Tabrizi’ : Painter and poet. Used to write poetry under the
name 'Judai'.

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3) Akbar o Features of European painting style through Portuguese

☞ Painter's signature below the painting:
☞ Self-portraiture
o Emperor Akbar established a dedicated department or studio for painting,
which was called 'Tasvirkhana' or 'Karkhana'
o Manuscript illustration under Muhammad Sharif's direction: Illustrations of
Razmnama, Mahabharata, Khamsa-e-Nizami, Khandan-e-Timuria, Tutinama,
Laila-Majnu etc. were done
o Daswant : Mastery in murals and miniature paintings: Went mad and
committed suicide
o Basawan : Considered the most excellent painter
☞ Made a painting of a woman standing on a demon's head.
☞ Basawan created the first signed painting

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4) Jahangir o Mughal painting freed itself from Persian art. European influence increased.
o Portrait painting/Image painting/Animal-bird painting was done most
o ''Muraqqa-e-Gulshan': Album
o Manuscript illustration almost ended, exception was 'Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri'.
o Percy Brown : "With Jahangir's death, the soul of Mughal painting had
departed."
o Bishandas :
☞ He was considered an expert in portrait/human figure painting.
o Mansur : Expert in bird paintings, Jahangir gave the title 'Nadir-ul-Asr'.
o Abul Hasan : Son of Aqa Riza of Herat. Considered most favorite painter.

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25.9) Mughal Period Music

Name Description

1) Babar o Expert in playing Iranian Tambura

o Praise of music in 'Babarnama'

2) Akbar o Tansen (Ramtanu Pandey): Born in Gwalior in 1506 + Raja Ramchandra of

Rewa + Rudra Veena and Dhrupad singing + Saint Haridas + Mohammad Gaus
o Baiju Bawra (Baijnath Mishra): Singer in Raja Man Singh of Gwalior's court +
Disciple of Saint Haridas + Contemporary of Akbar, but did not get shelter in his
court + Baiju Bawra defeated Tansen in a music competition
o Lal Kulwant : He taught Akbar to play the Nakkara (Nakar)
o Naubat Khana (Naqqar Khana) : Was a place where drums were played.

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3) Shah Jahan o There were 30 musicians in his court.

o Development of a new style called Qasida (songs sung for praise).
o Main musicians -
☞ Ali Quli Salim and Abu Talib Kalim
☞ Lal Khan : Dhrupad singer, title of 'Guna Samudra'
☞ Khushhal Khan : Todi Raga specialist, once signed without reading on order.
5) Aurangzeb o Banned court music considering it anti-Islamic.
o But himself was proficient in playing the Veena,
o Maximum books on Indian classical music were written and translated during this
time
o Ragdarpan : Translation of 'Man Kautuhul' text (collection of melodious songs) into
Persian by Faqirullah.
o Other : Muhammad Shah Rangila: Used to write poetry under the pseudonym Piya.

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25.9) Architecture of Mughal Period

o Percy Brown - Indian Architecture

o V.A. Smith - Indo-Persian style

o High arch (entrance) + Chamber called Iwan

Features o Tudor arch (arches on 4 corners) + Waterproof

o Pietra Dura inlay style

o Red stone + White marble

o Charbagh style

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A) Art of Babar Period

1) Built Kabuli Bagh Mosque with bricks in Panipat.

2) 1528 : Arambagh in Agra
3) Mir Baqi built Babri Masjid in Ayodhya,

B) Art of Humayun Period

1) Founded Dinpanah city (1534-35)

☼ Library
☼ Medical center
☼ Sher Mandal
2) Built mosques in Agra and Fatehaabad (Hisar).

417

C) Art of Akbar Period

1) Humayun's Tomb Delhi o Bega Begum/Haji Begum : "Loving offering of loyal Begum"
o Architect: Mir Mirza Ghiyas
o Four walls + Marble: First use: 'Predecessor of Taj Mahal'
o Hudson arrested Zafar here.
2) Agra Fort Agra o Qasim Khan on the lines of Gwalior Fort
o Subdivisions - Jahangir Mahal + Jaipur Bhawan (Shivaji
imprisoned) + Delhi Darwaza + Amar Singh Darwaza
3) Fatehpur Sikri Near Agra o Diwan-e-Aam + Diwan-e-Khas + Jodha Bai mahal
(1569: First planned (UP) o Panch Mahal + Birbal Kothi + Maryam Mahal + Turkish
city) Sultana Mahal
o Buland Darwaza (entrance to Jama Masjid) + Islam Khan's
Tomb

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D) Art of Jahangir Period

1) Akbar's Tomb Sikandra (UP) o Dome-less + 5 storeys

o Islam + Buddhist + Christian + Khmer + Hindu

2) Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Agra o By Nur Jahan

o First use of Pietra Dura style
o First Mughal-era building of white marble
o Asmat Begum's Tomb

3) Jahangir's Tomb Shahdara (Lahore) o Located in Shahdara (Lahore)

o Constructed by Nur Jahan
o Nur Jahan's Tomb and Anarkali's Tomb

4) Shalimar Bagh Srinagar

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E) Art of Shah Jahan Period : Architect King

1) Taj Mahal Agra o In memory of Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begum).

o Chief architect of Taj Mahal and Red Fort - Ustad Ahmad
Lahori (Nadir-ul-Asr)
o Chief mason - Ustad Isa
o Quranic verses - Aman Khan Shirazi
o Inlay work - Mohanlal (by Kannauj)
o UNESCO World Heritage Site: 1983

2) Shahjahanabad Delhi o In 1648 by Shah Jahan

o Construction of Red Fort

3) Sheesh Mahal Agra

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3) Red Fort Delhi o Red - Sandstone

o Architects : Hamid and Ustad Lahori
o Lahori Darwaza (entrance gate)
o Chatta Bazaar (Meena Bazaar)
o Diwan-e-Aam

Zafar Mahal (Lal Kothi) Architecture of Aurangzeb

o Location : Mehrauli, New Delhi o Bibi Ka Maqbara (Aurangabad)

o Builder : Bahadur Shah II (Zafar) o Moti Masjid in Red Fort + Badshahi Masjid in Lahore

o Bahadur Shah Zafar's summer

o Sarai Nur Mahal: Jalandhar in Punjab: By Nur Jahan around
residence
1618
Khairul Manzil Masjid : 1561 in New Delhi: o Stone Mosque in Patna, Bihar: By Jahangir's son Parvez
Built by Akbar's foster mother, Maham Mirza
Anga

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25.9) Mansabdari System

1) General Introduction :-
☼ Mansab Arabic word Mansib
☼ Mansabdar Officer holding a rank
☼ Beginning Caliph Abba Said
☼ India Akbar (19th year of reign: 1575)
☼ Importance Noble class military system which also became the basis of civil
system in Mughal period
☼ 40th year of reign (1595-1596) Second Mansab: Zat and Sawar

Rank/Position and salary Horses + Soldiers

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2) Objectives :- ☼ Salary : Cash or Jagir

☼ To integrate administrative and military ☼ Chief Mansabdari management officer: Mir
systems. Bakhshi
☼ ensure loyalty of officers towards the ☼ Mansabdar could deduct maximum 5% from
Emperor. Tabinan (Sawar salary) as his expenses
☼ Revenue expenditure had increased due to ☼ Akbar fixed minimum 10 and maximum 7000
expansion of administrative machinery. Mansab - Raja Man Singh was given 7000
3) Features :- Mansab
☼ Except the Emperor and judicial officers, ☼ Ahadi : Apart from Mansabdars, Mughal
the entire remaining administration was Emperors kept personal individual cavalrymen
merged into the Mansabdari system. 4) Categories :-
☼ Appointment: By Emperor on basis of merit ☼ First: 'Sawar' equal to 'Zat' rank
➢ Not hereditary appointment ☼ Second: 'Sawar' half or more than 'Zat' rank
➢ Transfer or removal : Emperor ☼ Third: 'Sawar' less than half of 'Zat' rank.

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5) Evolution of Mansabdari System :- Aurangzeb :-

☼ Mansabdari during Jahangir period ☼ Added a new rank called 'Mashrut' to Sawar
➢ Duh-aspa and Sih-aspa : Permission to rank.
keep more cavalrymen by increasing ☼ Bezagiri or Jagirdari crisis : During
(Zat) rank Aurangzeb's time, due to huge increase in
➢ First Duh-aspa: Mahavat Khan number of Mansabdars, no Jagirs were left
☼ Mansabdari during Shah Jahan period to give them.
➢ Monthly Jagir system ☼ Hindu Mansabdars became 33 percent.
➢ Difference between Hasil/Mahsul (actual ➢ 71 Rajputs, 27 Marathas and 7 other
rent collection) and Jama (assessed rent) communities
increased ☼ During Aurangzeb's time, Jai Singh of Amber,
Jaswant Singh of Marwar and Maratha
o 10 to 500 Mansab: Mansabdar
Shahu were given 7000 Mansab.
o 500 to 2500 Mansab: Amir
o Above 2500 Mansab: Amir-e-Azam

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☼ Woolen clothes and shawls: Kashmir and

25.10) Mughal Period : Other Lahore
3) Mughal Period Currency :-
1) Three classes of farmers :- ☼ Basis of economy : Silver Rupee
☼ Khudkasht : These farmers cultivated on the land ➢ Maximum minting of Rupees by
of the same village where they were residents. Aurangzeb
☼ Pahikasht : Went to other villages for cultivation. ☼ Copper Dams for daily transactions (1 Rupee
☼ Muzariyan : Rented land from Khudkasht = 40 Dams)
farmers. ☼ Shah Jahan : Introduction of Anna coin
2) Production Centers :- ☼ Jahangir : His figure on coins + Nur Jahan's
☼ Indigo production : Agra, Bharatpur, Bayana name.
and Gujarat (Sarkhej) ☼ Shansab (Shahenshah) largest gold coin : 102
☼ Opium : Malwa and Bihar tola
☼ Saltpetre : Bihar ☼ Most prevalent gold coin during Akbar's reign
was Ilahi

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Mughal Period Coins

Mohar This was the most prevalent gold coin of Mughal period

Shansab Largest gold coin: 102 tola

(Shahenshah)

Ilahi Most prevalent gold coin during Akbar's reign

Rahas This was a gold coin of both round and square types, it was of five and a
half tola.

Atmah and Vinsat Gold coin

Dam Copper coin for daily transactions (1 Rupee = 40 Dams)

Rupee Silver coin

Other silver coins: Jalali, Darab, Charan, Chandan, Dah, Kal and Suki

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