Chapter 04
Answer 4.2
[Link] = O
b. Lithium = Li
c. Uranium = U
d. Titanium = Ti
e. Hydrogen = H
f. Chromium = Cr
g. Tin = Sn
h. Gold = Au
Answer 4.4
[Link] = K.
b. sodium, Na
c. chlorine = Cl.
d. neon = Ne.
e. Nickel = Ni
Answer 4.8
a. KCl salt substitute
• Potassium (K)
• Chlorine (Cl)
b. Zn₃(PO₄)₂ dental cement
• Zinc (Zn)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Oxygen (O)
c. Mg(OH)₂ antacid
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Oxygen (O)
• Hydrogen (H)
d. BaSO₄ contrast agent for X-ray
• Barium (Ba)
• Sulfur (S)
• Oxygen (O)
ANSWER 4.12
a. the alkaline earth metal in Period 2
• Alkaline earth metals is Period 2, Group 2
• = Be (Beryllium).
Answer: Be
b. Group 5A (15), Period 3
• Group 15 old notation 5A = nitrogen family Period 3
• = P (Phosphorus).
Answer: P
c. the noble gas in Period 4
• Noble gases in Group 18Period 4
• = Kr (Krypton).
Answer: Kr
d. the halogen in Period 5
• Halogens in Group 17 Period 5
• = I (Iodine).
Answer: I
e. Group 4A (14), Period 4
• Group 4A 14 is carbon family. Period 4
• = Ge (Germanium).
Answer: Ge
Answer 4.14
a. located in Group 2A (2)
• Metal.
b. a good conductor of electricity
• Metal.
c. fluorine
• Nonmetal.
d. bismuth
• Metal.
e. an element that is not shiny
• Nonmetal.
f. scandium
• Metal.
g. polonium
• Metalloid sometimes considered a metal
h. tin
• Metal.
Answer 4.2
a. has a mass about the same as a proton = Neutron
b. is found in the nucleus = Proton or Neutron
c. is attracted to the protons = Electron
d. has a 1– charge = Electron
answer 4.24
a. A proton is attracted to an electron.
= True
b. A neutron has twice the mass of a proton.
= False
c. Neutrons repel each other.
= False
d. Electrons and neutrons have opposite charges.
= False
answer 4.28
a. atomic number
=Protons
b. mass number
=Protons + Neutrons
c. mass number - atomic number
=Neutrons
d. mass number + atomic number
=Protons + Neutrons + Protons
Answer 4.30
a.1 = Hydrogen (H)
b. 11 = Sodium (Na)
c. 19 = Potassium (K)
d. 82 = Lead (Pb)
e. 35 = Bromine (Br)
f. 47 = Silver (Ag)
g. 15 = Phosphorus (P)
h. 2 = Helium (He)
answer 4.36
a.¹²H = 1 p, 1 n, 1 e
b. ¹⁴₇N = 7 p, 7 n, 7 e
c. ²⁶₁₄Si = 14 p, 12 n, 14 e
d. ⁷⁰₃₀Zn = 30 p, 40 n, 30 e
answer 4.38
a. Oxygen atom with 10 neutrons = ¹⁸₈O
b. 4 protons and 5 neutrons = ⁹₄Be
c. 25 electrons and 28 neutrons = ⁵³₂₅Mn
d. Mass number 24 and 13 neutrons = ²⁴₁₁Na
e. Nickel atom with 32 neutrons = ⁶⁰₂₈Ni
answer 4.72
Atomic
Name Protons Neutrons Electrons
Symbol
Potassium K 19 22 19
Cadmium Cd 48 64 48
Vanadium V 23 28 23
Barium Ba 56 82 56
Answer 5.6
Shorter wavelength = TV Channel 2 waves
Lower energy = AM radio waves
Answer 5.8
850 nm is equal to 850 × 10⁻⁹ m, since 1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m.
To compute this: 850 × 10⁻⁹ = (8.5 × 10²) × 10⁻⁹ = 8.5 × 10(2-9) = 8.5 × 10⁻⁷ m.
Answer= the wavelength is 8.5 × 10⁻⁷ meters.
Answer 5.10
Radio waves: meters to kilometers in wavelength
Infrared: 10−310^{-3}10−3 m to 10−610^{-6}10−6 m
UV light: about 10−810^{-8}10−8
answer Ultraviolet (UV) light has the shortest wavelength.
Answer 5.12
1. FM radio 3 m
2. Cell phone 0.3 m
3. Red neon light 6.5*10-7
answer FM radio station > Cell phone > Red color in neon lights
Answer 5.14
UV radiation > Infrared radiation > AM radio station
Answer 5.20
a. Orange light vs. Violet light
Orange light: λ = 620 nm
Violet light: λ = 400 nm
Violet has shorter wavelength = greater energy
b. Infrared light vs. Ultraviolet light
Infrared light: λ = 700 nm – 1 mm
Ultraviolet light: λ = 10–400 nm
Ultraviolet has shorter wavelength = greater energy
Answer 5.26
a. 4 orbitals
b. 4 sublevels
c. 7 orbitals
d. 3 orbitals
answer 5.28
a. The 3s sublevel can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
b. The 4p orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
c. The n = 3 energy level can hold a maximum of 18 electrons.
d. The 4f sublevel can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.
Answer 5.32
a. Chlorine (Cl, Z = 17)
• Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
Orbital diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
b. Sulfur (S, Z = 16)
• Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴
Orbital diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
c. Magnesium (Mg, Z = 12)
• Electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²
Orbital diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
d. Beryllium (Be, Z = 4)
• Electron configuration: 1s² 2s²
Orbital diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
Answer 5.34
a. Nitrogen (N, Z = 7)
• 1s² 2s² 2p³
b. Chlorine (Cl, Z = 17)
• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
c. Strontium (Sr, Z = 38)
• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s²
d. Neon (Ne, Z = 10)
• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶
Answer 5.38
a. 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ corresponds to Oxygen (O), atomic number 8.
b. [Ne] 3s² corresponds to Magnesium (Mg), atomic number 12.
c. 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ corresponds to Argon (Ar), atomic number 18.
d. [He] 2s² 2p⁵ corresponds to Fluorine (F), atomic number 9.
Answer 5.40
a. An element with five electrons in the 3p sublevel is Chlorine (Cl), atomic
number 17
b. An element with four 2p electrons is Oxygen (O), atomic number 8.
c. An element that completes the 3s sublevel 2 electrons is Magnesium (Mg),
atomic number 12.
d. An element with one electron in the 3s sublevel is Sodium (Na), atomic
number 11.
Answer 5.42
[Link] Atomic number 20
• Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
[Link] Atomic number 28
• Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
[Link] (Atomic number 31)
• Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
[Link] Atomic number 48
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10
Answer 5.44
a. V = [Ar] 4s² 3d³
b. Pd = [Kr] 4d¹⁰
c. Zn = [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰
d. Cs = [Xe] 6s¹
Answer 5.46
a. Ni
b. Te
c. Ge
d. Br
Answer 5.48
a. P (Phosphorus)
b. Tl (Thallium)
c. Ra (Radium)
d. Te (Tellurium)
Answer 5.56
a. 1 each
b. 6
c. 4 each
d. 8 (He = 2)
Answer 5.60
a. S
b. S
c. K
d. Mg
Answer 5.62
a. P > S > Cl
b. Ge > Si > C
c. Ba > Sr > Ca
d. Se > S > O
Answer 5.66
a. C < N < O
b. P < S < Cl
c. As < P < N
d. Al < Si < P
Answer 5.68
Ar < P < Al < Na
Answer 5.72
a. 2 increases
b. 1 decreases
c. 1 decreases
d. 2 increases