INGLÊS AVANÇADO

INSTRUTOR

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Sumário
Class #1 .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Class #2 .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Class #3 ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Class #4 ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Class #5 ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Class #6 ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Class #7 ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Class #8 ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Class #9 ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Class #10 ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Class #11 ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Class #12 ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Class #13 ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Class #14 ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Class #15 ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Class #16 ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Class #17 ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Class #18 ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Class #19 ...................................................................................................................................... 63
Class #20 ...................................................................................................................................... 66

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 Class #1
In this class we saw the word KEEP. Keep is used to say that something continues happening.
So, whenever it’s necessary to say that something continues happening use KEEP for doing so.

Example:

“She keeps studying hard”.

“I keep cleaning the whole house alone”.

So, use KEEPS for HE, SHE and IT. For I, YOU, WE and THEY use KEEP.

Let’s practice #1! Use KEEP to rewrite the sentences:

1) My car continues stopping all the time.

______________________________________________.
2) My mom is 70 years old and she continues working hard.
______________________________________________.
3) This dog continues barking all night.
______________________________________________.
4) They continue studying even after they are old.
______________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) My car keeps stopping all the time.

2) My mom is 70 years old and she keeps working hard.
3) This dog keeps barking all night.
4) They keep studying even after they are old.

In this class we saw the expression LOOK LIKE. This expression means to be similar in
appearance to someone or something.

“Some churches look like a castle”.

“An orange looks like a tangerine”.

Notice that when using HE, SHE and IT it’s necessary to add S to LOOK. However, it’s not
necessary to add S to I, YOU, WE and THEY.

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 Let’s practice #2! Who do they look like?

1) Who does he look like?

_____________________________________.

2) Who does he look like?

________________________________________.

3) Who does he look like?

________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) He looks like Neymar.

2) He looks like Obama.
3) He looks like Lula.

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 In this class we saw the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS. It’s used to express an action that
happened in the past and still happens now.

“He has been cooking for his family”.

“She has been teaching since 2000”.

The structure is: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB+ING

Let’s practice #3! Rewrite the sentences using the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1) I have taught English since 2000. I keep teaching it.

____________________________________________.
2) He has cooked and today he’s cooking.
____________________________________________.
3) I use my cell phone all the time. Last year, I used it all the time, too.
____________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) I have been teaching English since 2000.

2) He has been cooking.
3) I have been using my cell phone all the time.

Don’t forget! The structure HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB+ING is used to express an idea in the
past and present at the same time.

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Challenge! Use the Present Perfect Continuous to answer the questions:

What has he been doing too much?

___________________________________.
(study)

What have they been doing?

_______________________________________.
(work out)

What have they been doing?

______________________________________.
(play games)

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 Class #2
In this class it’s learned that the body is affected by the things we eat. It’s also said that the
bones and skin are affected by nutrition. The passive form is used in these two sentences.

“The nutrients are absorbed by the body”.

Notice that the verb to be is used before the verb in the participle. So, the structure is:

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY

“The apple is eaten by kids”.

Let’s practice #1! Use the verbs in parentheses to fill in the sentences in the passive:

1) Watermelon ______________ (to use) people to make juice.

2) Apples __________________ (to cut) chefs to be put in salads.
3) Soda ________________ (to drink) kids.
4) Oranges_______________ (to eat) by people.
Don’t forget! TO BE+PAST PARTICIPLE + BY expresses something done by another person.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Is used by
2) Are cut by
3) Is drunk by
4) Are eaten by

In this class it was seen the word ENOUGH. ENOUGH stands for sufficient. When we use an
adjective it’s necessary to place it before ENOUGH.

“My sister isn’t brave enough to kick that dog”.

“Wood isn’t strong enough to put up with five elephants”.

Let’s practice #2! Complete the sentences with ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH:

1) This watermelon isn’t ok enough to be eaten.

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 2) This house __________________(big) for 10 people to live.

3) He __________________(smart) to solve math problems.

4) Monkeys ___________________(intelligent) to build a bonfire.

Don’t forget! The verb to be needs to be placed before the adjective and enough after the
adjective.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

2) This house isn’t big enough for 10 people to live.

3) He is smart enough to solve math problems.

4) Monkeys aren’t intelligent enough to build a bonfire.

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 In this class we also saw the modal verb WOULD. It’s used to express a hypothetical idea and
needs to be placed before the verb, doing so, the action becomes hypothetical and so the
phrase.

“We would be completely different without the brains we have”.

Notice that WOULD is placed before the verb to give the sentence a hypothetical meaning.

Let’s practice #3! Use WOULD to answer the questions bellow:

1) What if you were in a room with snakes inside, spiders on the walls and a window
opened. Out the window there are hungry lions. Would you jump out the window or
stay in with snakes and spiders?
_____________________________________________________.
2) What if your house is burning with all your important things inside and outside you are
with a bag of money? Many people outside looking at your bag wanting to steal it.
What would you do, get in the house and pick up your things or would you watch your
money?
_____________________________________________________.
3) What if you had only 24 hours of life? Would you stay home with your family or you’d
go out and see the world?
_____________________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) I would stay in with snakes and spiders. / I would jump out the window.
2) I would watch my money. / I would pick up my things.
3) I would stay home with my Family. /I would see the world.

Don’t forget! Would is used to express something that is hypothetical and must be placed
before an action.

Challenge! What are these things used for?

What is a knife used for?

A knife is used for cutting things.

What is a spoon used for?

__________________________________.

What is a pan used for?

_________________________________.

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Class #3
In this class we learned how to express what we feel or how something makes you feel. When
YOU express what you feel about another subject, starting the sentence with I, it’s necessary
to use VERB TO + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE +BY.

“I am amazed by her beauty”. (Eu estou maravilhado pela beleza dela.)

It’s also possible to express the same idea like this: VERB TO BE+ VERB WITH ING+ TO

“Her beauty is amazing to me”. (A beleza dela é fascinante para mim.)

Let’s practice #1! Write the two ways possible:

(boring/chato, studying.)

Studying _________________________________.

(bored/entediada, studying.)

She is_______________________________________.

(overwhelming/sufocante, her boss and workmates)

Her boss and workmates

____________________________.

(overwhelmed/sufocada, her boss and workmates)

She is_________________________________________.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Studying is boring to her.

She is bored by studying.
2) Her boss and workmates are overwhelming to her.
She is overwhelmed by her boss and workmates.
1)
In this class it’s learned how to express a few personality traits. They express how some people
are concerning the way they are. Let’s see some adjectives:

Cold blooded: is someone who is cold in situations that most people would be nervous or
afraid.

Cold hearted: is someone who isn’t influenced by his/her feelings.

Eagle-eyed: with the eye potential of an eagle. With very good sight.

Well- known: is someone who is known by many people.

Power- hungry: is someone who wants to have power and works hard for it.

Power-loving: is someone who is determined.

“She is an eagle-eyed person, she always sees everything”.

Let’s practice #2! Write what personality traits these people have:

What are these people like?

________________________________________________.

What kind of person is he?

_______________________________________________.

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 What kind of person is he?

________________________________________________.

What kind of person is she?

______________________________________________.

What kind of person is he?

_______________________________________________.

Don’t forget! These are adjectives, it means they are qualities people or things have.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

They are power-loving people.

He is a cold-blooded person.

He is a well-known person.

She is a cold-hearted person.

He is a power-hungry man.

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 In this class we words such as: quickly(rapidamente), typically(tipicamente),
effectively(efetivamente) and totally(totalmente). These words give details about a situation.

“The rabbit quickly got away”.

“This house is totally dirty”.

Notice that the boldfaced words are working as adverbs that emphasize the adjectives or
verbs. Let’s practice #3! Use the words learned to create answers for the questions bellow:

1) What is typically drunk in Russia?

___________________________________________________.
(typically/vodka)

2) What is this kitchen like?

_________________________________________________.
(totally/dirty)

3) What animal will quickly run?

_____________________________________.
(quickly/run)

Don’t forget! These adverbs are placed before the verbs adjectives.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Vodka is typically drunk in Russia.

2) This kitchen is totally dirty.
3) The rabbit will quickly run.

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Challenge! Write your opinion about the pictures bellow: (use boring, amazing, overwhelming)

(waiting) ______________________________________.

(going rafting) ___________________________________.

(working a lot) ___________________________________.

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 Class #4
In this class it’s learned the expression designed to, which means, created to do something.

“A tablet is designed to bring facility when using a software because of its touch screen”.

Notice that designed to defines what something was created for.

Let’s practice #1! Write what the things bellow were designed to:

1) What is a smart TV designed to?

___________________________________________.(access
the internet and other things.)

2) What are smartphones designed to?

_________________________________________. (text people

and talk to them anywhere)

3) What is a fork designed to?

________________________________________. (help us eat

pasta and vegetables)

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) A smart TV is designed to access the internet and other things.

2) Smartphones are designed to text people and talk to them anywhere.
3) A fork is designed to help us eat pasta and vegetables.
4)

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 In this class it’s seen the word ALLOW, which means PERMIT. Let’s see some examples:

“In Brazil, it’s not allowed to drink and drive”. (Drinking and driving isn’t permitted.)

“You are allowed to eat on a bus in Brazil”. (Eating on a bus is allowed in Brazil.)

It is necessary to use the verb to be and the verb ALLOW in the participle to express something
that is permitted or not.

Let’s practice #2! Write what is allowed or not:

1) Smoke in classrooms:

______________________________________.

2) Cook dogs:

_______________________________________.

3) Eat on the bus:

______________________________________.

Don’t forget! TO BE + ALLOWED + TO is necessary to express that something is or not

permitted.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) It’s not allowed to smoke in classrooms.

2) It’s not allowed to cook dogs.
3) It is allowed to eat on the bus.
4)

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In this class it’s learned how to use the future WILL in a passive form. It means that it is
necessary to use WILL+ BE+ VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE.

“Bread will be baked today”.

“Much food will be eaten now”.

Notice that the sentences start with the subject that will suffer the impact of the action, for
this reason, it’s called [Link] other words, the sentence starts with the passive subject.

Let’s practice #3! Write what will be done: use the verbs in parentheses.

Fish __________________________________________. (to cook)

Bread ________________________________________. (to make)

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 A house ______________________________________________________. (to build)

Don’t forget! The structure WILL+BE+PAST PARTICIPLE is used to express the passive form,
that is, when sentences start with the subject that will suffer impact from an action.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

Fish will be cooked.

Bread will be made.

A house will be built.

5)
Challenge! Write what is not allowed in these places:

To make noise to eat to smoke to listen to music

1) _____________________________________________.
2) _____________________________________________.
3) _____________________________________________.
4) _____________________________________________.

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Class #5
In this class it’s learned how to express a possibility in the past. The fact didn’t happen but
someone is still thinking about what COULD HAVE HAPPENED. Well, COULD + HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE is the structure used to express this situation.

“That dog could have bitten me”.

“We lost the game but, we could have won”.

The Could is the modal verb that expresses a possibility, that is why sentences related to a past
hypothetical possibility must have COULD in the beginning of its structure.

Let’s practice #1! Write what could have happened in the situations bellow:

“Hello, I’m Christian and I work with bombs in the army.

One day a bomb exploded and happened suddenly. Thank
goodness I was feeling bad and ran to the restroom and
after only little one minute the bomb exploded. And then I
thought: I ____________________________. (to die)

“What’s up! My name is Wes and I’m a chef. I cook for

business owners and executives. One day I planned to cook
a special omelet and I had forgotten to buy salt because
my week was too busy. So, I decided to come up with
something different. I put sugar in the omelet and prayed
for them to like it. They ate and looked at each other
saying that it was the best omelet they had eaten. They
________________________________________________.
(to hate)

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 Don’t forget! COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE expresses something that didn’t happen but
had a possibility to.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) I could have died.

2) They could have hated.

In this class it’s seen the expression WHETHER (if is a synonym). Whether expresses an
uncertain feeling.

“He didn’t remember whether he cooked or his mom cooked”.

“She ate the fruit but, she doesn’t know whether it was an orange or a tangerine”.

So, it’s possible to notice that whether expresses something unknown, too.

Let’s practice #2! Translate the sentences using WHETHER:

a) Ela não sabe se ela compra uma casa ou um apartamento.

___________________________________________________.
b) Danny está pensando se é melhor morar em cidade grande ou em uma cidade
pequena.
___________________________________________________.
c) Brenda não consegue decidir se come uma pizza ou uma panqueca.
___________________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

a) She doesn’t know whether she buys a house or an apartment.

b) Danny is thinking whether it’s better to live in a large city/big city or in a small city.
c) Brenda can’t decide whether she eats a pizza or a pancake.

Don’t forget! Whether expresses an uncertainty or doubt when talking about a condition.

It’s also important to bring out the meaning of “WHETHER OR NOT”. It means that when
“WHETHER OR NOT” is applied, it shows conditions like:

a) If something happens or not: “I will go home whether or not you want me to”.
b) One way or the other way: “I’d like to know whether or not you come to my party”.

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 Let’s practice #3! Translate the phrases in Portuguese to English:

1) Você me perguntou se eu vou ir ou não.

_____________________________________.
2) Eu ligarei tendo ou não uma resposta.
_____________________________________.
3) Eles irão jogar amanhã se chover ou não.
_____________________________________.

Don’t forget! “WHETHER OR NOT” shows a condition that doesn’t depend on what happens.

“Whether or not you love me, you have to live with me”.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) You asked me whether or not I go.

2) I’ll call you whether or not I have an answer.
3) They will play tomorrow whether or not it rains.
d)

Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow: (use whether or not)

1) Eu não lembro se você veio ou não!

________________________________________.
2) Gostaríamos de saber se você canta ou não.
________________________________________.
3) Precisamos entender se você gosta de peixe ou não.
________________________________________.

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Class #6
In this class we had contact with the expression IT MEANS or THAT MEANS (Isso significa).
Well, this expression is used to give an interpretation.

Example:

“He is sad. It means he lost his job again”.

“Maybe it means he is having too much work”.

“I don’t know, perhaps that means his boss is too boring”.

Let’s practice #1! Use IT MEANS or THAT MEANS to answer the questions:

This fan is sad. What does it mean?

It means his team lost again.

She is nervous. What does it mean?

_______________________________________. (the car broke)

He’s very happy. What does it mean?

________________________________________. (won the

lottery)

The cook is proud. What does it mean?

__________________________________________. (food is terrific)

Don’t forget! It is possible to use THAT MEANS too. It doesn’t change the meaning of the
sentence.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

3) It means the car broke.

4) It means he won the lottery.
5) It means the food is terrific.

In this class it’s seen the structure WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. This structure helps us
talk about the past in a hypothetical form. Example:

“The house would have fallen if we had not repaired it”. (teria caído)

“Kids wouldn’t have learned how to read if there was no school”. (não teriam aprendido)

Let’s practice #2! Complete the sentences with the structure learned: WOULD + HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE

1) Humans __________________________(evolve) if they didn’t eat meat and other

fruits.
2) Technology ________________________ (to be) so advanced if humans weren’t so
curious.
3) Egyptians _______________________ (to build) the pyramids if they weren’t already
an organized society.
Don’t forget! The structure WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE shows a hypothetical form of
the past.
Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) Wouldn’t have evolved.

2) Wouldn’t have been.
3) Wouldn’t have built.
4)
It was also seen the structure HAVE YOU EVER (VOCÊ JÁ) PAST PARTICIPLE, in order to express
a question whether or not someone had the opportunity to do what you have asked. Also for
third person it’s necessary to use HAS (HE, SHE, IT) EVER + PAST PARTICIPLE.

Example:

“Have you ever cooked for 20 people?”

“Yes, I have. / No, you haven’t”.

“Has he ever eaten dog meat?”

“Yuck. No, he hasn’t”.

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 Let’s practice #3! Use HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + EVER + PARTICIPLE to create questions for the
answers?

1) ___________________________________?
Yes, I have already driven a bus.
2) ___________________________________?
Yuck. No, I have never drunk water straight from a river.
3) ___________________________________?
Yes, he has always bought presents.
Don’t forget! HAVE YOU EVER/ HAS (HE, SHE, IT) EVER + PARTICIPLE is used to ask “whether or
not” a person had the opportunity to do some activity.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Have you ever driven a bus?

2) Have you ever drunk water straight from a river?
3) Has he ever bought presents?
4)

Challenge! Answer the questions bellow! (Complete answers)

1) Have you ever eaten fried cat?

_________________________________________.
2) Has your Family ever visited China?
_________________________________________.
3) Have you ever cooked for the president of your country?
_________________________________________.
4) Have you ever made sandwiches at home?
_________________________________________.

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 Class #7
In this class it’s seen the expression WHAT IF, which means that, the one who uses the
expression needs to be referring to a possibility giving the other person an idea. If translated
the meaning of WHAT IF is E SE in Portuguese.

Example:

“What if we drank water instead of soda”. (subject/verb) = We could drink water instead of
soda.

“What if we had only 24 hours to live, what would you do?” (subject/verb) = If you had only 24
hours to live, what would you do?

Notice that WHAT IF has in its structure, after the subject, a verb in the SIMPLE PAST. It’s used
the SIMPLE PAST because the situation is hypothetical which means it’s only imagination.

Let’s practice #1! Rewrite the sentences using WHAT IF: (follow the example)

We could go to the beach.

WHAT IF we went to the beach?
1) We could play soccer tonight, not tomorrow.
________________________________________.
2) If cars could fly, would you drive one?
________________________________________.
3) We could call friends to tell them about the news.
________________________________________.

Don’t forget! when using WHAT IF, it’s necessary to use after the subject, SIMPLE PAST in
order to turn the sentences into a hypothetical situation.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) What if we played soccer tonight, not tomorrow?

2) What if cars could fly, would you drive one?
3) What if we called friends to tell about the news?

In this class you can see the expression IT HAS, that can be used to express what exists in a
certain place. The word IT can be replaced by the name of the place.

“My bedroom has an unusual style”. = There is an unusual style in this bedroom.

“The living room has a nice sofa in it”. = There is a nice sofa in this living room.

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 Let’s practice #2! Rewrite the sentences like the examples above:

1) There is an old couch in the living room.

_________________________________________.
2) There is a big picture on the bedroom wall.
_________________________________________.
3) There is a DVD player in the kitchen sink.
_________________________________________.

Don’t forget! There is expresses existence and IT HAS expresses possession of something.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) The living room has an old couch in it.

2) The bedroom wall has a big picture on it.
3) The kitchen sink has a DVD player in it.

“There is a cat in the bedroom”. = The bedroom (IT) has a cat in it.

In this class you can see the word WHICH as a connection in phrases. Well, WHICH is used to
connect phrases that talk about objects. It’s possible to use WHO too, but WHO requires a
context with a person involved.

Example:

Bob has a computer. The computer is old. = “Bob has a computer which is old”.

Bob has a girlfriend. She is boring and stupid. = “Bob has a girlfriend who is boring and stupid”.

As you can see in the examples, WHICH IS and WHO IS are used as connection in phrases.

Let’s practice #3! Rewrite the sentences using WHICH and WHO as connection. Follow the
examples above:

1) Chris lives in an apartment building. It is really tall.

________________________________________________.
2) Martha has a boyfriend. He is not very smart but is very handsome.
________________________________________________.
3) Jimi Works at company. It is a very rich company.
________________________________________________.
4) Anderson married a girl. She is the best soccer player ever.
________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! WHICH and WHO connect information. WHICH is used to connect sentences
involving things and WHO connects sentences involving people.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Chris lives in an apartment building which is really tall.

2) Martha has a boyfriend who is not very smart but is very handsome.
3) Jimi Works at a company which is very rich.
4) Anderson married a girl who is the best soccer player ever.

Challenge! Translate the sentences into English from Portuguese:

1) E se nós tomássemos uma cerveja hoje.

_____________________________________________.
2) Minha sala tem uma linda cortina.
_____________________________________________.
3) Shakur mora em uma cidade que é violenta a noite mas tranquila durante o dia.
_____________________________________________.

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 Class #8
Right in the beginning of this class we see the word “DESPITE THE FACT THAT”, which stands
for APESAR. It brings contrast to sentences exposing the difference between two situations.

Example:

“Despite the rain, she came anyway”.

A synonym for it is “IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT”, which has the same meaning.

“In spite of the rain, she came anyway”.

When using verbs, it’s necessary to use the verb with ING after OF.

“In spite of loving pizza, I didn’t like your pizza”.

Let’s practice #1! Use “DESPITE” and “IN SPITE OF” to rewrite the sentences:

1) She had many problems this year but she is thankful anyway.
_________________________________________________. (despite)
2) They hate cheeseburgers but they like my cheeseburger.
_________________________________________________. (in spite of)
3) I use computers every day but I still don’t know everything.
_________________________________________________. (in spite of)

Don’t forget! DESPITE THE FACT THAT and IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT have the same
meaning and it brings contrast to sentences.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Despite the fact that she has had many problems this year, she is thankful.
2) In spite of hating cheeseburgers, they love my cheeseburger.
3) In spite of using computers every day, I still don’t know everything.

In this class it’s also learned the word BEFORE. This word is used to express what is in the
future.

Example:

“We need to decide what is before us: peace or war”.

So, notice that after the word BEFORE it’s used an object pronoun to indicate what is to come.

Object pronouns: ME, YOU, HER, HIM, IT, US, THEM.

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Let’s practice #2! Complete the sentences with BEFORE and the appropriate object pronoun:

This man has a terrible future before him.

1) They have a rich future ____________.

2) These people have many parties

_____________________.

3) This man has_______________.

Don’t forget! We use BEFORE in this context to express what is to come.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Despite the fact that she has had many problems this year, she is thankful.
2) In spite of hating cheeseburgers, they love my cheeseburger.
3) In spite of using computers every day, I still don’t know everything.

In this class it was also seen some questions. Let’s get this time to learn how questions work.

“What do you do?”

“Where does he work?”

Notice that when we talk about the present in English and a question is the target it’s
necessary to use DO to I, YOU, WE and THET and DOES to HE, SHE and IT.

“What did you eat?”

Use DID in questions about the past.

“Where will you go?”

Use WILL in questions to talk about the future.

Let’s practice #3! Write questions to these answers. Pay attention to the verb tenses:

1) ___________________________________________?
I visited a nice place in Brazil on my last vacation.
2) ___________________________________________?
He will stay home and relax tonight.
3) ___________________________________________?
I cook for my costumers and serve them all on weekends.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) What did you do on your last vacation?

2) Where will he go tonight? / What will he do tonight?
3) What do you do on weekends?

Challenge! Answer the questions:

1) What did you do on your last vacation?

_____________________________________________________________.
2) Where will you go tonight? What will you do tonight?
_____________________________________________________________.
3) What do you do on weekends?
_____________________________________________________________.

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Class #9
In this class it’s seen the expression KIND OF or as in the video KINDA (this is only for spoken
language). This expression is used to say that something is not fully complete but has some
completion.

“I kind of like her”.

It means I don’t like her completely but I like her.

“She kind of hates chicken”.

That means she can eat chicken but it has to be unusually done.

Let’s practice #1! See the pictures and write sentences with KIND OF:

This woman is kind of happy. (happy)

(food)

____________________________________.
(good)

(hotel)

__________________________________. (fancy)

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 (math class)

________________________________________.
(difficult)

Don’t forget! KIND OF is used to express that something is not complete but is considerably
about to be.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) This food is kind of good.

2) This hotel is kind of fancy.
3) This math class is kind of difficult.

In this class the structure HAD + BEEN + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE is used to express something
that happened in the past. It is possible to express the same meaning with the PAST PERFECT.

PAST PERFECT

“A dog had eaten the cake”.

PAST PERFECT PASSIVE

“The cake had been eaten by the dog”.

So, we use the structure HAD + BEEN + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE when our sentence starts
with the subject that suffered the impact of an action. Use BY to indicate the subject that
commits the action.

Let’s practice #2! Write the sentences using the PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE:

1) A cat had eaten my mother’s fish.

___________________________________________.
2) A man had shot the bird right in the head.
___________________________________________.
3) The landlord had sold the house.
___________________________________________.
4) Bill had developed a new software.
___________________________________________.

Don’t forget! The structure HAD + BEEN + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE is used to express what
happened in the past before another action.

“A tiger had been killed by the hunters”. (Um tigre tinha sido morto por caçadores.)

32
Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) My mother’s fish had been eaten by a cat.

2) The Bird had been shot right in the head.
3) The house had been sold by the landlord.
4) A new software had been developed by Bill.

In this class it’s seen the word UNCOMFORTABLE which means that something is not
comfortable. Well, there are many words starting with UN. Let’s see a few:

(Unhappy, unbelievable, unfortunately, unappreciated, uncertain, uneasy, unusual)

Of course, there are plenty of other words that can be started with the prefix UN, but it was
put these ones just to name a few.

Let’s practice #3! Put the correct word to complete the sentences:

1) My teacher is _________________ because none of his students passed except for his
own daughter. Talk about a sad guy!
2) Eating cheese and chocolate is so ________________ that when I tasted I thought it
would be terrible but, believe me, it’s so good.
3) When I was 17 I didn’t know what to do of my life, everything was so
_________________ for me. I didn’t know what life was like!
4) My girlfriend is so _______________ by my parents that she’s not allowed to come
over and sleep here.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Unhappy
2) Unusual
3) Uncertain
4) Unappreciated

Challenge! Translate the following sentences:

1) Aquele homem tinha sido ferido por uma cobra.

__________________________________________.
2) Sua casa tinha sido destruída por um tornado.
__________________________________________.
3) O leão tinha sido encontrado por pessoas da cidade.
__________________________________________.

33
 Class #10
In this class it was seen the sentence COULD HAVE BEEN which has the structure COULD +
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. This structure is responsible for a possibility that didn’t happen but
had the possibility to.

Example:

“The World War II could have been avoided”.

“Brazil could have had a better economy if the people chose their leaders better”.

All of these two sentences have a possibility in the past that didn’t happen.

So, COULD HAVE will always appear in sentences related to possibility and VERB IN THE
PARTICIPLE is the action that could happen.

Let’s practice #1! Translate the following sentences:

1) Todos eles poderiam ter comido pizza ontem.

____________________________________________.
2) A casa poderia ter sido construída na montanha.
____________________________________________.
3) O computador poderia ter feito este desenho.
____________________________________________.
4) O celular poderia ter sido arrumado.
____________________________________________.

Don’t forget! COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE is the structure that indicates a possibility that
didn’t happen.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

4) All of them could have eaten pizza yesterday.

5) The house could have been built on the mountain.
6) The computer could have made this drawing.
7) The cell phone could have been fixed.

In this class we see the structure WILL BE + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE. This structure talks about
something that will happen in the future in a specific time.

Example:

“The lunch will be served at 1:00 in the afternoon”.

“People will be waited until 12:59 tomorrow, who arrives late doesn’t get in”.

34
 Let’s practice #2! Use the structure learned above to translate the sentences bellow:

1) As bebidas serão tomadas hoje a noite.

_______________________________________.
2) Os uniformes serão lavadas após o jogo.
_______________________________________.
3) Todos os celulares serão devolvidos após a aula.
_______________________________________.

Don’t forget! The structure WILL + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE is used to express something that
will happen in the future with a specific time.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) The beverages will be drunk tonight.

2) The uniforms will be washed after the match.
3) All cell phones will be returned after the class.

It’s also seen the structure AS + ADJECTIVE + AS. This structure is used to equalize people and
things. Let’s a few examples:

“Sometimes math is as difficult as physics”.

“Unfortunately, Brazil is as underdeveloped as many other countries”.

Notice that when using AS + ADJECTIVE + AS the sentence is understood as an equality.

Let’s practice #3! Follow the examples above to translate the sentences bellow:

1) Um tablet pode ser tão bom quanto um laptop.

_______________________________________.
2) Um quilo de ouro é tão pesado quanto um quilo de penas.
_______________________________________.
3) Uma escola pública pode ser tão boa quanto uma escola particular.
_____________________________________________________.
Don’t forget! When you want to equalize two things just use AS + ADJECTIVE + AS to do it.

35
Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) A tablet can be as good as a laptop.

2) A kilo of gold is as heavy as a kilo of feathers.
3) A public school can as good as a private school.

Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow:

1) Uma mulher pode ser tão forte quanto um homem.

_____________________________________________.
2) Os presentes serão entregues a partir das 7 horas da noite.
_____________________________________________.
3) Ela poderia ter dito que ela não estava em casa.
_____________________________________________.

36
 Class #11
In this class it was seen the Present Perfect tense. The Present Perfect tense is used to express
what happened and what was done in a moment in the past.

“It has rained a lot lately”.

“Brazil has changed throughout the years”.

“We have done so much until now”.

Notice that the structure has: HAVE/HAS + VERB IN THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Let’s practice #1! Write what each person has done in their lives:

1) Pelé /scored more than 1200 times.

Pelé has scored more than 1200 times.
2) Neil Armstrong /went to the moon once.
_____________________________________________________.
3) Bill gates/ founded Microsoft.
_____________________________________________________.
4) Bob Marley and his friends/ wrote many songs.
_____________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE is used to express what happened and what was
done by someone.

Answer key!
Let’s practice #1!
2) Neil Armstrong has gone to the moon once.
3) Bill Gates has founded Microsoft.
4) Bob Marley and his friends have written many songs.

In this class it was also seen the expression TO BE CAPABLE OF. It expresses ability to do
something.

“Some washing machines are capable of washing and drying”.

“Some apps are capable of detecting viruses”.

Let’s practice #2! Write what each thing is capable of:

1) A PlayStation 4/ read CD’s, DVD’s and blue-ray.

________________________________________________.
2) A microwave oven/ heating, cooking and defrosting.
________________________________________________.
3) A TV/ broadcasting TV programs.
________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! After using CAPABLE OF the verb needs to be used in the gerund form.

37
Answer key!

Let’s practice #2!

1) A PlayStation 4 is capable of reading CD’s, DVD’s and blue-ray.

2) A microwave oven is capable of heating, cooking and defrosting.
3) A TV is capable of broadcasting TV programs.

In this class it was seen the verb WILL. WILL in this case is used to express what the future
surely holds. The negative form is WON’T.

“Taxes will be very expensive in the next ten years”.

“Cash will no longer exist with the coming of new technologies”.

Let’s practice #3! Write the sentences with WILL:

1) Cars/ fly in the future.

______________________________________________.
2) Humans/ live longer.
______________________________________________.
3) Money/ be digital for everybody.
______________________________________________.

Don’t forget! Will is used to express a certain future and must be placed before the verb.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Cars will fly in the future.

2) Humans will live longer.
3) Money will be digital for everybody.

Challenge! Translate the sentences:

1) Jimi Hendrix tocou em Montreux algumas vezes.

________________________________________________.
2) Um celular é capaz de ligar, tirar fotos e mandar mensagens.
________________________________________________.
3) Uma mudança política mudará as leis do país.
________________________________________________.

38
Class #12
In this class, it was learned the expression TURN INTO. It means that something will become
another thing through the action of another factor.

“They turn paper into money”.

“They turn money into products”.

“They turn products into profits”.

You can notice that the subject must be between TURN and INTO.

Let’s practice #1! Write sentences using TURN INTO:

1)

Producers turn milk into cheese.

2)

Bacon producers ________________________________________________.

3)

Sugar producers _________________________________________________.

Sugar producers ________________________________________________.

4)

Bread makers

_____________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! TURN INTO means to transform one thing into another.

39
Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Bacon producers turn pigs into bacon.

2) Sugar producers turn sugar cane into sugar.
3) Bread makers turn flour into bread.

Let’s analyze: “You don’t need to do nothing”. This sentence is grammatically wrong but very
used among natives. Well, properly speaking, sentences can’t have two negatives. So, let’s see
how it works:

“You don’t need to do anything”.

So, use any in phrases that require a second negative context.

“You didn’t have to eat anything”.

“They didn’t need to go anywhere”.

Let’s practice #2! Translate the following sentences:

1) Os meninos não compraram nada.

___________________________________________.
2) Os frangos não foram a lugar nenhum.
___________________________________________.
3) Ela não ligou para ninguém hoje.
___________________________________________.
4) Eles não têm bebida nenhuma.
___________________________________________.

Don’t forget! In English, it’s not proper the use of two negatives in a sentence. However, it’s
used a lot in spoken language and songs.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) The boys didn’t buy anything.

2) The chickens didn’t go anywhere.
3) She didn’t call anybody today.
4) They don’t have any drinks.

It’s also possible to notice the presence of WOULD not as an auxiliary verb for hypothetical
phrases but as an auxiliary verb for talking about a habit in the past. It’s possible to use
WOULD for almost all verbs except for BE, LIKE, HAVE and LIVE.

Example:

“We would play outside all day”.

40
 “My friends and I would hunt insects for Science class”.

When talking about BE, LIKE, HAVE and LIVE, it’s necessary to use USED TO.

“We used to be very naughty”.

“I used to live in the country side”.

Let’s practice #3! Complete the sentences bellow with WOULD, USED TO or BOTH:

1) My friends and I as kids _____________ cook a few things for us to eat.

2) Morgan _______________ live in Miami.
3) Kids ______________ stay a long time outside.
4) Honestly, I _____________ be very angry.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Would/used to
2) Used to
3) Would/used
4) Used

Don’t forget! WOULD can be used to talk about past habits except for LIVE, BE, HAVE and LIKE.
USED TO can be used to all verbs when talking about past habits.

Challenge! Answer the questions bellow:

1) Where did you use to live as a kid?

______________________________________.
2) Would you eat very much as a teen?
______________________________________.
3) Did you use to be angry as a kid?
______________________________________.

41
 Class #13
As an important thing that can’t be forgotten, GET USED TO, is an expression used to talk
about something someone isn’t used to but in the future will get used to.

Example:

“I can’t forget that girl but, I’ll get used to it”.

“I’m not used to driving all night but, I’ll get used to”.

“Tina is going to get used to living here”.

So, GET USED TO is used to talk about future habit or ability, while USED TO is used to talk
about the past.

Let’s practice #1! Write the correct option for each situation: GET USED TO or USED TO:

1) Napoleon _____________ live in Miami. He hates living in small cities.

2) Queen ______________ cooking for friends at her new home. Here she never had to
cook.
3) Eliot _______________ be sad when he was a student.
4) Dan never drove in big cities. In no time he ________________ it.

Don’t forget! USED TO is used to talk about the past while WILL/TO BE GOING TO GET USED
TO is used to talk about the future.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Used to
2) Will get used to
3) Used to
4) Will get used to

In this class, it is important to highlight the sentence seen in the video: LIKE NAMING. Well, this
sentence shows us that it’s possible to use gerunds that are easily known and recognized as
the ING verbs, after LIKE.

Example:

“Jimi likes playing with his kids”.

Not only the verb like allows us to use ING. It also can happen to START, STOP, HATE, LOVE
etc... there are others but, let’s stick on these.

42
 Let’s practice #2! Write sentences according to the pictures bellow:

She loves working a lot. (to love/to work)

1)

______________________________. (to hate/to study)

2)

_______________________________. (to stop/to smoke)

3)

_______________________________. (to like/ to dance)

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1)He likes studying.

2)He will stop smoking.

3)They like dancing.

43
In this video class it’s possible to see the word LIKE not with a preference meaning but having
a similarity meaning. Well, the difference between LIKE as a similarity and LIKE for preference
is that when talking about similarity it’s necessary to use the verb to be. When talking about
preference it’s not necessary to use the verb to be.

“She is like her mother”. = similarity

“She likes her mother”. = preference

“They are like professional players”. = similarity

“They like professional players”. = preference

Let’s practice #3! Check S for similarity or P for preference and complete the sentences bellow
with LIKE in the appropriate form:

1) (S/P) She ______________________ her mom.

2) (S/P) She ________________________ cakes.

3) (S/P) This cake ____________________a book.

44
 4) (S/P) This boy ________________ books a lot.

Don’t forget! Verb to be + like is about similarity and LIKE alone

with no to be is all about preference.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) S- She is like her mom.

2) P- She likes cakes.
3) S- This cake is like a book.
4) P- This boy likes books a lot.

Challenge! Translate the sentences:

1) Meus amigos são como meus irmãos.

_________________________________________.
2) Eu gosto de estudar sozinho a noite.
_________________________________________.
3) Eu vou me acostumar com minha vida nova.
_________________________________________.

45
 Class #14
In this class it’s possible to notice the word “pretty” which brings to the following adjective a
stronger weight. What does it mean? Well, whenever you add pretty before an adjective, the
adjective will have a specific and heavier meaning.

“Michael Jordan is pretty tall”.

“Physics is pretty hard”.

“São Paulo is pretty large”.

Easy, right?

Let’s practice #1! Write sentences using “pretty” in order to intensify the adjective:

Killing a snake- hard: Killing a snake is pretty hard.

Apple software- easy to use: _______________________________________.

Walking at night- dangerous: _______________________________________.

Finding a 4-leaf clover- rare: ________________________________________.

Parachuting – awesome: __________________________________________.

Don’t forget! PRETTY intensifies the adjective.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

Apple software is pretty easy to use.

Walking at night is pretty dangerous.

Finding a 4 leaf clovers is pretty rare.

Parachuting is pretty awesome.

In this class you could see the word “whoever” which means someone or anyone who
did/does something. Well, there are other words ending in ever that should be considered.

Whatever: What happens doesn’t matter and has no difference.

Whenever: Every time that something happens.

46
 Let’s practice #2! Write the correct ever ending word according to the correct context:

“I’ll call all my friends to have dinner at my home this weekend. Well, there are some
recommendations I’d like to place: ___________________ arrives first, has to help fixing the
table and placing some decoration. Another thing, everybody ought to bring a dish.
______________ you bring is accepted as long as it doesn’t have peanuts, because a few
people here are allergic. For last but not least, I’d like a little help for doing the dishes. That’s
what friends are for, _______________ you need me you call me. Hope I can count on you,
too”.

Don’t forget! Whoever: it means anyone who does something.

Whatever: anything that happens brings no difference to the state things are already.

Whenever: Anytime something happens.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) Whoever
2) Whatever
3) Whenever

In this class it was also seen the word WHILE starting sentences. Well, WHILE means that
something is happening at the same time another thing is occurring.

“While I work they drink, eat and sleep”.

“While she is awake I take a nap”.

Let’s practice #3! See the pictures and write what happens at the same time:

Work hard have fun

While I work hard they have fun.

47
 Birds fly chickens don’t get to do it.

__________________________________________________.

Dogs bark a lot people talk a lot.

_______________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! While is used to express something that is occurring at the same time.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) While birds fly, chickens don’t fly.

2) While dogs bark a lot, people talk a lot.

Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow:

1) Pescar pode ser muito difícil.

___________________________________________.
2) Sempre que você precisar eu estarei aqui.
___________________________________________.
3) Enquanto uns comem comida simples outros comem comidas caras.
___________________________________________.

48
Class #15
In this class, it is seen how to express yourself in a passive way. It means that the sentences
when are passive, start with the subject that suffers the impact of the action.

Let’s see how the verb to be is expressed in the passive form:

“Thousands of birds were killed due to illegal hunting”.

“A gorilla was rescued after getting away from the zoo of the town”.

Notice the way the verb to be is applied. For plurals, we use WERE and for singular we use
WAS. We can’t forget to use the past participle.

Let’s practice #1! Write sentences using the verb to be in the passive form:

1) What happened to the cake?

____________________________________.

2) What happened to the woman?

____________________________________.

3) What happened to the banks?

__________________________________.

Don’t forget! When using the verb to be in the past for creating a sentence in the passive
form, we should always remember about WAS/WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE.

49
Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) The cake was eaten.

2) The girl was kissed.
3) The banks were stolen.

In this class the word “rather” is shown. Well, rather is a synonym for prefer. But, when using
prefer it’s necessary to use “to” after it. When using rather, “to” isn’t proper to be used.

“I rather eating chicken instead of beef”.

“I prefer to eat chicken instead of beef”.

Notice that the sentences have the same meaning.

Let’s practice #2! Write sentences using “rather” and “prefer to”:

1) Monkeys _____________ eat bananas. They also _____________ to eat leaves.

2) Chefs ________________ cook but they also care for eating it!
3) I really _______________ to have dogs.
4) Bob and Carla ________________ dance, not play.

Don’t forget! When using “prefer” it’s necessary to use “to”. When using “rather” it’s not
correct to use “to”.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) Rather/ prefer
2) Rather
3) Prefer
4) rather
5)

50
And we also saw the word “among” which means surrounded by something. Another word
that can’t be forgotten is “between” which means to be in an intermediate position, space and
time.

“The boy is among trees”.

“The bunny is between two trees”.

Let’s practice #3! Choose the correct option:

1)

The girl is between/among beautiful flowers.

2)

This man is between/among two ways.

51
 3)
They are between/among good friends.

4)

Poor boy! He is between/among living with his mom

or dad.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Among
2) Between
3) Among
4) Between
5)

Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow:

1) Alguns pássaros raros foram mortos ontem a noite.

____________________________________________.
2) Elas preferem flores ao invés de chocolates.
____________________________________________.
3) Não fique tão triste na reunião. Nós estamos entre amigos.
____________________________________________.

52
 Class #16
In order to widen your understanding about “If clauses”, a review about it and maybe some
new thing will be revealed about this subject. Let’s see a few structures for it:

Present: PRESENT + PRESENT= If you cook fish, you are a cook. (it is Always true)

Past: SIMPLE PAST + WOULD VERB = If you cooked fish, you would be a cook. (hypothetical
situation)

Past perfect: HAD + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE + WOULD HAVE + VERB IN THE PARTICIPLE= If
you had cooked fish, you would have been a cook. (unreal situation)

Future: PRESENT + WILL VERB = If you cook fish, you will be a cook. (future possibility)

The structure of the sentences can be inverted.

If these structures are followed, the phrases will be understood clearly.

Let’s practice #1! Correct the sentences following the structures above:

1) If Charles had worked, he will have a better house.

2) If Kelly cleaned her house more often, it is clean and organized today.
3) If Josh saw what his wife did to him, he will get really amazed.
4) If Jesus didn’t die, he would have been alive for many years.

Don’t forget! Follow the structures to have a clear communication.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

4) If Charles had worked, he would have had a better house.

5) If Kelly cleaned her house more often, it would be clean and organized today.
6) If Josh saw what his wife did to him, he would get really amazed.
7) If Jesus hadn’t died, he would have been alive for many years.

In this class it’s possible to notice the expression “as well as”. Well, this expression is used to
express that not only one information of the sentence is true but also the second.

Example:

“A Ferrari is sophisticated as well as a Lamborghini”

It’s possible to notice that the information in the sentence is equalized by “as well as”.

“A new house in a big city is very expensive as well as a big house in a small city”.

53
 Let’s practice #2! Equalize the sentences using “as well as”:

1) Gina cooks like a pro. She manages very well.

Gina cooks like a pro as well as managing very well.
2) Michael Jordan used to be an excellent basketball player. He was a good baseball
player, too.
________________________________________________________________.
3) Airton Senna was a courageous man. He was also a very sensitive person.
________________________________________________________________.
4) Jimi Hendrix used to be a good musician. He was also a nice performer.
________________________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! As well as is used to equalize information in a sentence.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

2) Michael Jordan used to be an excellent basketball player as well as a good baseball player.
3) Airton Senna was a courageous man as well as a very sensitive person.
4) Jimi Hendrix used to be a musician as well as a nice performer.

In this class it was also possible to notice the use of the expression “such as”. The expression
“such as” works as a “like” for similarity.

Example:

“Denise can do things such as cooking and cleaning”. = “Denise can do things like cooking and
cleaning”.

“She never does things such as ironing and sweeping”. = “She never does things like ironing
and sweeping”.

Let’s practice #3! Use “such as” in the sentences and translate:

1) Minha irmã nunca faz coisas como você faz.

________________________________________.
2) Doug sempre traz coisas como doces e chocolates.
________________________________________.
3) Dana lembra de coisas como o dia em que ela nasceu.
________________________________________

54
Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) My sister never does things such as you do.

2) Doug always brings things such as candies and chocolates.
3) Dana remembers things such as the day she was born.

Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow:

1) Se eu tivesse estudado mais, eu teria passado no teste.

_________________________________________________.
2) Estas meninas sabem ler tão bem quanto escrever.
_________________________________________________.
3) Helen fala em coisas como a vida dela no Brasil.
_________________________________________________.

55
 Class #17
In this class the word “actually” is shown. It means doesn’t mean nowadays, it means that you
will talk about something that is real, showing what is real about the subject.

Example:

“My mom asked me if I had liked the food. I said yes, but actually, I didn’t”.

Notice that actually is used to show the real information showing what was real.

Actually = in reality

Let’s practice #1! Translate the sentence using “Actually”:

1) Bob escreveu muitas músicas, na verdade ele escreveu poucas.

____________________________________________________.
2) Carl leu 300 livros e 300 artigos. Na verdade ele leu mais do que 1000 documentos.
____________________________________________________.
3) O mundo mudou mas na verdade você mudou.
____________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! Actually is used to bring out the real information about a fact.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

8) Bob wrote many songs, actually he wrote a few.

9) Carl read 300 books and 300 articles. Actually, he read more than 1000 documents.
10) The world changed but actually you changed.

In this class it was also seen words with the prefix “OVER”. Words such as:

Overpopulate: too many people

Oversleep: slept more than the needed

Overact: acted exaggerated

Overburden: too many things to do or put up with

Overapproximate: got too close to something

So, the word OVER is used to emphasize. There are plenty of other words with the prefix
OVER. But we’re going to stick on these ones for a while. Remember to conjugate the verbs
with OVER according to the context, whether it is present, past or future.

56
Let’s practice #2! Use the prefix OVER to indicate what is happening. Remember to conjugate
the verbs:

1) Today is Monday. It’s her first day at her new job. She
was supposed to get up at 7. Now, it’s 9 o’clock.

She overslept.

2) This beach has too many people. There is

nowhere to you can go and there would be
nobody around, not to say touching you.
______________________________________.

3) She has been working a lot. The more she

works, the more she receives tasks. Actually,
she’s working for two. She can’t stand it
anymore!

_____________________________________.

4) This guy is a comedian. He works hard

but sometimes he commits a few
mistakes. As he acts in films, he also needs
to go through dramatic scenes sometimes.
There he’s not that expert. When he cries,
it’s too much crying. When he laughs, it’s
too much laughing...

_________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! The prefix OVER is used to emphasize the action.

57
Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

2) This beach is overpopulated.

3) She is overburdened.

4) he is overacting. / He overacts.

In this class some new vocabular was learned. Well, but our eyes will be on a verb tense called
passive voice, which is when the sentence starts with the subject that receives impact and
ends with the subject that provokes it.

Example:

Barry is singing a song . = “A song is being sung by Barry”.

Notice that the ING is replaced by BEING and the main verb is replaced by the verb in the
participle.

China is producing a lot of low cost products. = “A lot of low cost products are being produced
by China”.

Let’s practice #3! Write the passive form for the sentences bellow:

1) Jackie Chan is producing the last movie.

_______________________________________.
2) Germany is exporting beer these days.
_______________________________________.
3) Brazilians are learning new languages.
_______________________________________.

Don’t forget! When talking about the passive voice, it’s necessary to always pay attention to
the subjects and verbs. For the ING sentences, always use BEING when putting it to the passive
form.
Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) The last movie is being produced by Jackie Chan.

2) Beer is being produced by Germany these days.
3) New languages are being learned by Brazilians.

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Challenge! Translate the sentences bellow:

1) O planeta terra está superpopulado.

__________________________________________.
2) Petrobrás está sendo comprada por estrangeiros.
__________________________________________.
3) Muitos erros estão sendo cometidos.
__________________________________________.

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 Class #18
In this class we learn how to talk about obligations or/and expectations in the past. It’s very
simple and easy, however, it’s necessary attention. Example:

1) When we were kids, we had to be in bed at 9 pm.

Notice that had to is used to express the necessity or obligation.

2) When we were teens we were supposed to have good grades.

Notice that (to be in the past) supposed to, is used to express what was expected.

Let’s practice #1! Complete the sentences following the examples above:

1) In the 1800’s, kids at age 12, _________________ to be working. (expectation)

2) In the 1800’s, if you wanted to drink something really cold, you __________ to wait for
the winter. (necessity)
3) 1000 years ago, civilians ________________ to respect church laws in order to
continue alive. (obligation)
4) In the 1960’s, African americans ________________ to go to their own public places.
(expectation)

Don’t forget! For expectation use to be supposed to. When talking about obligation and
necessity use had to.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Were supposed
2) Had
3) Had
4) Were expected

In this class it’s also seen the word AWARE, which means that someone is conscious. Let’s see
some examples:
1) That girl is aware of what she will face in life.
2) Many men are unaware of how to make money and succeed.
So, notice that unaware can be used to talk about the lack of awareness (consciousness).

Let’s practice #2! Translate:

1) Gina não entende muitas coisas. As vezes acho que ela não está consciente das
responsabilidades.
________________________________________________________________.
2) O próximo presidente está ciente das mudanças.
_________________________________________________________________.
3) Gabriel não está ciente das obrigações de um professor.
_________________________________________________________________.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) Gina doesn’t understand many things. Sometimes I think she’s unaware of responsibilities.
2) The next president is aware of the changes.
3) Gabriel is unaware of the obligations of a teacher.

It’s also good to remember the difference between:

To speak: It’s all about language speaking. “I speak Portuguese”.

To talk: It’s about having a conversation. Exchanging information. “I’m talking on the phone”.

To tell: It’s about informing someone about an information. “I’ll tell you a story”.

Let’s practice #3! Use the verbs learned above in the correct form and answer the questions:

What is she doing?

________________________________________.

What is his language?

________________________________________.

What are the women doing at the coffee shop?

___________________________________________.

Don’t forget! To talk is when both parts express what they have to say.

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Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) She is telling a story.

2) He speaks Chinese.
3) They are talking at the coffee shop.

To speak is generally towards a language that is spoken by someone.

To tell is all about informing about something.

Challenge! Answer the questions bellow:

1) What are students expected to do when they don’t pass a test?

___________________________________________________.
2) What do story tellers like to do?
___________________________________________________.
3) What do you need to be aware of to be a firefighter?
___________________________________________________.

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 Class #19
In this class we learn about slangs and how it is so important to know a few of them in order to
keep our understanding clear and natural.

Shoot an elephant: It means to calm down.

Example: “My car isn’t working. I won’t be able to make it to the class”!

“Shoot the elephant! It was postponed”!

To be beat: It means to be tired/exhausted.

“Hey, Let’s go to the party with me?”

“Sorry, I’m beat. Maybe some other time”.

Hang out: It means to go out when you have a free time.

“What do you do when you have a free time?”

“I really like to hang out with some friends”.

To have a blast: It means to have a nice and fun time.

“Wow, Linda and Paul are having a blast in their honeymoon”.

Let’s practice #1! Complete with the appropriate slang for the situations bellow:

1) “Help, I’ve just hit my car and my leg hurts!!!”

“____________________, I’m a doctor and your leg is ok!”
2) “Hey girls, there is a nice night club across the city, Do you want to tag along?”
“Too bad, our boyfriends asked us to _____________ with them!”
3) “It’s been so long I haven’t had a _______________ like this one. It’s so fun tonight”.
4) “My sister won’t come because she’s _____________. She works at two companies
and she has a baby, too”.

Don’t forget! These expressions help us understand and be natural when talking to foreigners
who have English as their first language.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

1) Shoot the elephant...

2) Hang out...
3) Blast...
4) Beat...

In this class we see the use the expression “ABILITY TO”. When using expressions ending in
“to” it’s necessary to use “to” whenever there are more verbs after it. Example:

“Michael Jordan has the ability to play basketball, to play baseball and to act in movies”.

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 Notice that for all Michael Jordan’s abilities there is a “to” before the verb.

Let’s practice #2! Write the abilities necessary to have the professions bellow:

A teacher: A teacher needs to have ability to teach, to encourage and to be calm.

1) A soccer player: ___________________________________________________.

(play/concentrate/score goals)
2) A police officer: ___________________________________________________.
(shoot/drive/catch bandits)
3) A scientist: _______________________________________________________.
(study/research/test)

Don’t forget! When using the expression “ability to” and more than one ability is quoted, it’s
necessary to use “to” for the following verbs.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) A soccer player has ability to play, to concentrate and to score goals.

2) A police officer has ability to shoot, to drive and to catch bandits.
3) A scientist has ability to study, to research and to test.

In this class it was also seen the expression “SUFFER FROM”. Well, this expression means that
someone/ something suffers from something. Example:

“Many people with age between 60 and 80 suffer from heart and bone problems”.

“Brazilian citizens suffer from corruption and political unrest”.

Let’s practice #3! Rewrite the sentences bellow using “suffer from”:

1) Doug has heart problems.

________________________________________.
2) China is having troubles with pollution and overpopulation.
________________________________________.
3) São Paulo citizens are having lack of water problems and flooding issues.
________________________________________.
4) The population with TB problems has decreased.
________________________________________.

Don’t forget! When talking about a problem that someone or something is going through it’s
possible to use “suffer from”.

“I don’t suffer from any problem”.

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 “This city is suffering from criminal attacks”.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) Doug suffers from heart problems.

2) China is suffering from pollution and overpopulation.
3) São Paulo citizens are suffering from lack of water and flooding.
4) The population who suffer from TB has decreased. / The population suffering from TB has
decreased.

Challenge! Translate: (use the learned content)

1) Fique calmo! Seu dinheiro não foi roubado.

______________________________________________.
2) A maioria das grandes cidades sofrem por crimes e superpopulação.
______________________________________________.
3) Ninguém tem habilidade de tocar piano e cozinhar ao mesmo tempo.
______________________________________________.

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 Class #20
In this lesson, we see the word “by” to explain how something can be done. Well, let’s see
some examples:

“You can grow flowers indoors by planting and watering them every day”.

“One can cook fish by putting it in the oven”.

Notice that after “by” it’s necessary to add ING to the following verb.

Let’s practice #1! Explain how to do things using “by”:

1) How can someone meet new friends? (go to parties/talk to people)

You can meet new friends by going to parties or talking to people.
2) How can someone be a very good soccer player? (train hard)
_________________________________________________________.
3) How can a person have much money overnight? (play the lottery)
_________________________________________________________.
4) How can a student pass a really hard test? (study even harder)
_________________________________________________________.

Don’t forget! BY + VERB + ING is used to express how something is done.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #1!

4) Someone can be very good soccer player by training hard.

5) A person can have much money by playing the lottery.
6) A student can pass a really hard test by studying even harder.

In this class we also see phrasal verbs such as GET OUT, GET IN, GET ON, GET OFF... Well, these
phrasal verbs are very common in English. There are so many, but we’ll stick on these to
understand the difference.

Get out: to leave a place. “Let’s get out of here”.

Get in: to enter a place. “The cat got in the house and ate the fish”.

Get on: to enter a car or bus. “Before getting on the bus, take a shower”.

Get off: to let go. To stop. “Get off my face”.

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 Let’s practice #2! Rewrite the sentence with the appropriate phrasal verb:

1) Keep out of my land, you jerk!

_____________________________________________________.

2) Kids, you can come into the car but don’t mess up.
_______________________________________________.

3) Please, little bug, fly away and don’t come back.

_____________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #2!

1) Get off my land, you jerk. / Get out of my land, you jerk.
2) Kids, you can get in my car but don’t mess up.
3) Please, little bug, get out and don’t come back.
4)

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 In this class it’s also seen the superlative structure. But, what is a superlative structure? It’s
when we highlight the thing or person that most has relevance in an action. First, it’s necessary
to use adjectives and add EST to them and before the adjective there must be THE.

Example:

“The latest problem we had, was solved”.

“The best thing I ate there was their soup. How great”!

“The nicest thing about you is that you cook well and don’t brag”!

Well, there is also the long adjectives. For them, it’s necessary to use THE MOST + ADJECTIVE.

Example:

“The most important achievement of the people is to have the power to choose their leaders”.

“The most beautiful city I’ve seen is in the woods”.

Let’s practice #3! Use superlatives to answer the questions:

1) What’s the most intelligent animal on Earth: The pig, the parrot or the monkey?
_________________________________________________________________.
2) What’s the coldest place on Earth: the Sahara, Canada or Antarctida?
_________________________________________________________________.
3) What was the most relevant war on Earth: the Afeganistan war, the World War ll or
the Vietnam war?
_________________________________________________________________.

Answer key:

Let’s practice #3!

1) The most intelligent animal is the pig.

2) The coldest place on Earth is Antarctica.
3) The most relevant war on Earth was the World War ll.

Challenge! Write the translation: (Check what was learned in this class)

1) A pessoa mais estranha que conheço mora dentro de um carro.

___________________________________________________.
2) Saia da minha frente agora.
___________________________________________________.
3) Você pode aprender a dirigir treinando com um instrutor.
___________________________________________________.

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