CHEMISTRY LAB RECORD
SESSION: 2024-26
PRACTICAL FILE
Subject: CHEMISTRY
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Chemistry Faculty Ritik Ranjan
Roll No: 21
Class: 12th
Page 1
ACTIVITY-1
AIM
Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf
values.
APPARATUS
Whatman filter paper No. 1, Chromatography jar, Fine capillary tube, Mortar and pestle, Spinach
leaves/Flowers, Acetone and Petroleum ether.
THEORY
1. Principle: Paper chromatography is a type of partition chromatography based on differential adsorption.
2. Rf Value = (Distance travelled by component) / (Distance travelled by solvent front)
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare extract by grinding leaves in acetone.
2. Apply spot on filter paper line.
3. Suspend paper in jar with solvent.
4. Mark solvent front and spots after development.
OBSERVATIONS
Component Dist Spot (A) Dist Solvent (B) Rf Value
Carotene 9.2 10.0 0.92
Xanthophyll 7.5 10.0 0.75
Chlorophyll a 6.3 10.0 0.63
Chlorophyll b 4.8 10.0 0.48
RESULT
Rf values calculated: Carotene(0.92), Xanthophyll(0.75), Chl-a(0.63), Chl-b(0.48).
PRECAUTIONS
1. Spot should be small.
2. Paper must not touch jar sides.
Page 2
ACTIVITY-2
AIM
To identify functional groups: Carboxylic acid, Alcohol, Aldehyde/Ketone, and Amine.
EXPERIMENT TABLE
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Carboxylic Group
NaHCO3 Test Brisk effervescence -COOH Confirmed
2. Alcoholic Group
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Pink/Red color -OH Confirmed
3. Aldehyde Group
Tollens' Test Silver Mirror -CHO Confirmed
4. Amine Group
Azo Dye Test Orange Dye -NH2 Confirmed
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1. R-COOH + NaHCO3 -> R-COONa + H2O + CO2
2. R-CHO + 2Ag[(NH3)2]+ -> R-COO- + 2Ag (Mirror)
RESULT
Functional groups identified successfully.
Page 3
ACTIVITY-3
AIM
To prepare a pure sample of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr's salt).
THEORY
Mohr's salt is a double salt (FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O) prepared by crystallizing equimolar mixture of ferrous
sulphate and ammonium sulphate.
PROCEDURE
1. Dissolve 7g FeSO4 and 3.5g (NH4)2SO4 in water with dilute H2SO4.
2. Boil, filter, and concentrate solution.
3. Cool slowly to get crystals.
RESULT
Light green crystals of Mohr's salt obtained.
Page 4
ACTIVITY-4
AIM
To study simple characteristic tests of carbohydrates and proteins.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Test Observation Inference
A. Carbohydrates
Molisch Test Violet Ring Carbohydrate Confirmed
Fehling Test Red Ppt Reducing Sugar Confirmed
B. Proteins
Biuret Test Violet Color Protein Confirmed
Xanthoproteic Test Yellow Ppt Protein Confirmed
RESULT
Tests for carbohydrates and proteins were positive.
Page 5
ACTIVITY-5
AIM
To prepare a sample of Acetanilide from Aniline.
THEORY
Acetanilide is prepared by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride in presence of glacial acetic acid.
CHEMICAL REACTION
C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O -> C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH
PROCEDURE
1. Reflux aniline + acetic anhydride + acetic acid + Zn dust for 20 mins.
2. Pour in ice cold water.
3. Filter white crystals.
RESULT
White crystals of Acetanilide prepared.
Page 6
ACTIVITY-6
AIM
To prepare a pure sample of Dibenzal Acetone.
THEORY
Prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of Benzaldehyde and Acetone in presence of NaOH.
CHEMICAL REACTION
2 C6H5CHO + CH3COCH3 -> C6H5CH=CH-CO-CH=CH-C6H5 + 2H2O
PROCEDURE
1. Mix benzaldehyde and acetone.
2. Add to cold NaOH solution.
3. Shake vigorously for 20 mins.
4. Filter pale yellow precipitate.
RESULT
Pale yellow crystals of Dibenzal Acetone prepared.
Page 7