Class 10 Science - Chapter 7: How Do Organisms Reproduce?
(Crash
Revision Notes)
These are one-night-before exam notes for quick revision. They include all key definitions,
diagrams, and important board questions. Perfect for fast learning and recall.
🌱 What is Reproduction?
Definition: Process by which living organisms produce new individuals of their own
kind.
Importance: Ensures continuity of species and transfer of genetic information.
Types of Reproduction:
1. Asexual reproduction – involves a single parent, no gamete formation.
2. Sexual reproduction – involves male and female gametes, leads to variation.
🧫 Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission – Amoeba, Bacteria: Cell divides into two equal halves.
Multiple Fission – Plasmodium: Many daughter cells form inside a cyst.
Budding – Yeast, Hydra: Bud grows on parent body and detaches.
Fragmentation – Spirogyra: Body breaks into parts, each forms new organism.
Regeneration – Planaria: Lost body parts regenerate.
Spore Formation – Rhizopus: Spores develop inside sporangia.
Vegetative Propagation – Potato, Bryophyllum: Reproduction through roots, stems, or
leaves.
🌸 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Flower is the reproductive organ.
Stamen – Male part (anther + filament) → pollen grains (male gametes).
Carpel/Pistil – Female part (stigma + style + ovary) → ovules (female gametes).
Pollination – Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma:
• Self-pollination – same flower/plant.
• Cross-pollination – between two plants of same species.
Fertilisation – Fusion of male and female gametes → zygote.
Post-fertilisation changes: Ovule → seed, Ovary → fruit.
👶 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Male: Testes, Vas deferens, Seminal vesicle, Prostate gland, Penis.
• Testes produce sperms and testosterone.
Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina.
• Ovaries produce ova; fertilisation occurs in fallopian tube.
• Embryo implants in uterus and develops into foetus.
Menstrual Cycle: 28-day cycle – ovulation on day 14, bleeding if no fertilisation.
🩸 Fertilisation & Development
Fertilisation: Fusion of sperm and egg → zygote.
Zygote → Embryo → Foetus → Baby.
Takes place in fallopian tube in humans.
🧬 Variation & Reproduction
Asexual reproduction → identical offspring, no variation.
Sexual reproduction → genetic variation due to gamete fusion.
Variation ensures survival in changing environment.
🧠 Contraceptive Methods & Reproductive Health
Barrier: Condoms – prevent sperm entry.
Chemical: Pills – stop ovulation.
Surgical: Vasectomy (men), Tubectomy (women).
Natural: Safe period, withdrawal method.
Reproductive Health: Awareness about STDs (AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea), safe sex,
hygiene.
📚 Most Expected Board Questions
1. Define fertilisation and distinguish between internal and external fertilisation.
2. Explain differences between asexual and sexual reproduction with examples.
3. Draw and label the female reproductive system.
4. State the functions of placenta in human female.
5. What is pollination? Name its types.
6. Describe binary fission and budding with diagrams.
7. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
8. How does use of contraceptives help population control?