Yes, Chapters 1 and 2 responses contain everything requested, following all your
strict formatting rules:
1. Word-file pastable font: Plain running text used.
2. Simplified formulas: H2O, CO2, etc., used (no superscripts).
3. No special formatting: No boxes, no tables, no arrows ($\to$).
4. Reaction/Symbol arrow: Replaced with (==>).
5. Full explanation: Details on precipitate (color, type), reaction type, heat info
(Exothermic/Endothermic) are included.
6. Squeezed NCERT: All core NCERT reactions are present.
7. More reactions: Additional relevant reactions (like the excess CO2 test) were
added.
8. Important reactions marked: Key reactions are marked with Board Exam
Importance and potential questions/years mentioned.
I will now proceed with Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals, which will include the
reactivity series and extraction details as requested.
Chemistry Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals - Detailed Reaction Sheet
This section covers the essential chemical properties, reactions, the reactivity
series, and the extraction processes of Metals and Non-metals from NCERT Class 10
Chapter 3.
1. Reactivity Series
The arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity:
K (Potassium) ==> Na (Sodium) ==> Ca (Calcium) ==> Mg (Magnesium) ==> Al
(Aluminum) ==> Zn (Zinc) ==> Fe (Iron) ==> Pb (Lead) ==> H (Hydrogen) ==> Cu
(Copper) ==> Hg (Mercury) ==> Ag (Silver) ==> Au (Gold)
• Highly Reactive: K, Na, Ca, Mg (React vigorously, even with cold water/air).
• Medium Reactive: Al, Zn, Fe, Pb (React with steam/hot water, react with
acids).
• Least Reactive: Cu, Hg, Ag, Au (Do not react easily).
2. Chemical Properties and Reactions
2.1 Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (Air)
General: Metal + Oxygen ==> Metal Oxide
1. Potassium/Sodium: React so vigorously that they catch fire if kept in the open.
o Reaction: 4Na (Sodium) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> 2Na2O (Sodium Oxide).
o Details: These are stored in Kerosene oil to prevent reaction with air
and moisture.
2. Magnesium: Burns with a dazzling white flame (as seen in Chapter 1).
o Reaction: 2Mg (Magnesium) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> 2MgO (Magnesium
Oxide).
3. Aluminum, Zinc, Lead: Form a thin oxide layer on the surface that prevents
further oxidation (self-protecting).
o Details: Aluminum oxide is Amphoteric (reacts with both acids and
bases).
Amphoteric Oxide Reactions:
4. Aluminum Oxide with Acid
o Reaction: Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide) + 6HCl (Acid) ==> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
5. Aluminum Oxide with Base
o Reaction: Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide) + 2NaOH (Base) ==> 2NaAlO2
(Sodium Aluminate) + H2O
6. Copper: Does not burn but forms a black coating when heated.
o Reaction: 2Cu (Copper) + O2 (Oxygen) + Heat ==> 2CuO (Copper(II)
Oxide).
o Details: The black substance formed is Copper(II) Oxide.
2.2 Reaction of Metals with Water
General: Metal + Water ==> Metal Hydroxide/Oxide + Hydrogen Gas.
1. Potassium and Sodium (Highly Reactive): React violently with cold water.
o Reaction: 2Na (Sodium) + 2H2O (Cold Water) ==> 2NaOH (Sodium
Hydroxide) + H2 (Hydrogen Gas) + Heat
o Details: The reaction is so Exothermic that the Hydrogen gas produced
catches fire instantly.
o Board Exam Importance: Frequently asked observation.
2. Calcium (Reactive): Reacts less violently with cold water.
o Reaction: Ca (Calcium) + 2H2O (Cold Water) ==> Ca(OH)2 (Calcium
Hydroxide) + H2 (Hydrogen Gas)
o Details: Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of H2 gas stick to
its surface.
3. Magnesium (Medium Reactive): Reacts only with hot water.
o Reaction: Mg (Magnesium) + 2H2O (Hot Water) ==> Mg(OH)2
(Magnesium Hydroxide) + H2 (Hydrogen Gas)
4. Aluminum, Zinc, Iron (Medium Reactive): React only with steam.
o Reaction: 2Al (Aluminum) + 3H2O (Steam) ==> Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)
+ 3H2 (Hydrogen Gas)
o Reaction: 3Fe (Iron) + 4H2O (Steam) ==> Fe3O4 (Iron(II,III) Oxide) +
4H2 (Hydrogen Gas)
5. Lead, Copper, Silver, Gold: Do not react with water or steam.
2.3 Reaction of Metals with Acids
General: Metal + Dilute Acid ==> Salt + Hydrogen Gas.
1. Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid (Review from Ch 2)
o Reaction: Zn (Zinc) + 2HCl (Acid) ==> ZnCl2 (Zinc Chloride) + H2
(Hydrogen Gas).
o Details: Vigorous reaction, H2 gas evolved.
2. Reaction with Nitric Acid ($HNO3$)
o Details: $HNO3$ is a strong Oxidizing Agent. It oxidizes the $H2$
produced to $H2O$. Therefore, $H2$ gas is usually not liberated when
a metal reacts with $HNO3$.
o Exception: Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn) react with very dilute
$HNO3$ to produce $H2$ gas.
o Reaction: Mg (Magnesium) + 2HNO3 (very dilute) ==> Mg(NO3)2 + H2
2.4 Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions (Displacement)
General: More Reactive Metal + Less Reactive Metal Salt Solution ==> More Reactive
Metal Salt Solution + Less Reactive Metal.
1. Iron with Copper Sulphate (Review from Ch 1)
o Reaction: Fe (Iron) + CuSO4 (Copper Sulphate, Blue) ==> FeSO4
(Ferrous Sulphate, Green) + Cu (Copper, Red-brown deposit).
o Details: Iron displaces Copper because Iron is higher in the reactivity
series.
2.5 Reaction between Metals and Non-metals (Ionic Compound Formation)
Ionic Bonds: Formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal (loses electrons to
form cations) to a non-metal (gains electrons to form anions).
1. Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
o Process: Sodium (Valence 1) loses 1 electron. Chlorine (Valence 7)
gains 1 electron.
o Reaction: 2Na (Metal) + Cl2 (Non-metal) ==> 2NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
2. Formation of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
o Process: Magnesium (Valence 2) loses 2 electrons. Two Chlorine
atoms each gain 1 electron.
o Reaction: Mg (Metal) + Cl2 (Non-metal) ==> MgCl2 (Magnesium
Chloride).
3. Formation of Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
o Process: Magnesium (Valence 2) loses 2 electrons. Oxygen (Valence 6)
gains 2 electrons.
o Reaction: 2Mg (Metal) + O2 (Non-metal) ==> 2MgO (Magnesium Oxide).
o Details: Ionic compounds are generally solid, have high melting/boiling
points, and are good conductors of electricity in molten state or in
aqueous solution, but not as a solid.
3. Metallurgy (Extraction of Metals)
Ore: Naturally occurring mineral from which a metal can be profitably extracted.
Gangue (Matrix): Impurities (like soil, sand, rocks) present in the ore.
3.1 Highly Reactive Metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al)
• Method: Electrolytic Reduction (Extraction by electricity).
• Example: Extraction of Sodium/Magnesium:
o Process: Electrolysis of their molten chlorides (e.g., $NaCl$).
o At Cathode (-ve electrode): Metal ions are reduced (Gain electrons).
▪ Reaction: Na+ + e- ==> Na
o At Anode (+ve electrode): Non-metal ions are oxidized (Loss electrons).
▪ Reaction: 2Cl- ==> Cl2 + 2e-
• Example: Extraction of Aluminum: Electrolysis of molten $Al2O3$ mixed with
cryolite.
3.2 Medium Reactive Metals (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu)
• Ores: Usually found as Sulphide ores or Carbonate ores.
• Step 1: Conversion to Oxide (Easier to reduce metal oxides).
o A. Roasting (For Sulphide ores): Heating strongly in the presence of
air.
▪ Reaction (Zinc Sulphide): 2ZnS (Zinc Sulphide) + 3O2 (Oxygen) +
Heat ==> 2ZnO (Zinc Oxide) + 2SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide).
o B. Calcination (For Carbonate ores): Heating strongly in limited/no air.
▪ Reaction (Zinc Carbonate): ZnCO3 (Zinc Carbonate) + Heat ==>
ZnO (Zinc Oxide) + CO2 (Carbon Dioxide).
• Step 2: Reduction to Metal
o Method: Using Carbon (Coke) as a reducing agent (Smelting).
▪ Reaction: ZnO (Zinc Oxide) + C (Carbon/Coke) + Heat ==> Zn
(Zinc) + CO (Carbon Monoxide).
o Alternative (Highly Reactive Metal Displacement): For very reactive
metals like Manganese, Aluminum can be used for reduction (highly
Exothermic reaction).
▪ Reaction (Thermite Reaction - for Fe): Fe2O3 (Iron Oxide) + 2Al
(Aluminum) + Heat ==> 2Fe (Molten Iron) + Al2O3 (Aluminum
Oxide).
▪ Details: The heat generated is so high that the iron is produced
in a molten state. Used for joining railway tracks or cracked
machine parts.
▪ Board Exam Importance: The Thermite reaction is very
frequently asked for its equation, use, and nature (highly
Exothermic).
3.3 Least Reactive Metals (Cu, Hg, Ag, Au)
• Ores: Usually found as Sulphides (often easily reduced by simple heating).
• Example: Cinnabar (HgS - Mercury Sulphide)
o Step 1: Roasting:
▪ Reaction: 2HgS (Mercury Sulphide) + 3O2 (Oxygen) + Heat ==>
2HgO (Mercury Oxide) + 2SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide).
o Step 2: Reduction (by heat alone):
▪ Reaction: 2HgO (Mercury Oxide) + Heat ==> 2Hg (Mercury) + O2
(Oxygen).
• Example: Copper Sulphide (Cu2S)
o Details: Can be reduced by heating the Sulphide ore in air.
▪ Reaction: 2Cu2S + 3O2 ==> 2Cu2O + 2SO2
▪ Reaction: 2Cu2O + Cu2S ==> 6Cu + SO2
3.4 Refining of Metals
• Method: Electrolytic Refining (Most common for Cu, Zn, Sn, Ni, Ag, Au).
• Process: Impure metal is made the anode (+ve terminal). A thin strip of pure
metal is made the cathode (-ve terminal). The electrolyte is a solution of the
metal salt (e.g., $CuSO4$ for Copper refining).
o At Anode: Impure metal dissolves: M ==> M(n+) + n e-
o At Cathode: Pure metal is deposited: M(n+) + n e- ==> M
o Anode Mud: Soluble impurities go into the solution, and insoluble
impurities (like Gold and Silver) settle at the bottom near the anode.
4. Corrosion and Prevention
Corrosion (Review from Ch 1): Eating up of metals.
• Rusting (Iron): Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide (Fe2O3 $\cdot$ xH2O).
• Silver: Tarnishes black due to Silver Sulphide ($Ag2S$).
• Copper: Acquires a green coating of Copper Carbonate ($CuCO3$).
Prevention: Painting, oiling, greasing, galvanization, chrome plating, anodizing,
making alloys.
Galvanization: Coating Iron/Steel with a thin layer of Zinc. Zinc is more reactive than
Iron, so it protects the Iron even if the coating is broken (sacrificial protection).
Anodizing: A method of thickening the oxide layer on Aluminum (makes it more
corrosion resistant and allows it to be dyed).
Alloys: Homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.
• Purpose: Enhance desirable properties (e.g., corrosion resistance,
hardness).
• Examples:
o Steel: Iron + Carbon (C).
o Stainless Steel: Iron + Carbon + Nickel (Ni) + Chromium (Cr) (highly
corrosion resistant).
o Brass: Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn).
o Bronze: Copper (Cu) + Tin (Sn).
o Amalgam: An alloy of Mercury (Hg) with any other metal.
(This completes Chapter 3. Please confirm if you want me to proceed with Chapter 4:
Carbon and its Compounds).