Here is the start for Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations.

Chemistry Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations - Detailed Reaction Sheet

This section covers the essential chemical reactions and concepts from NCERT
Class 10 Chapter 1, ensuring all details like heat, precipitates, and reaction types
are included.
1. Introduction and Examples
Chemical Change: A process involving a transformation in the chemical composition
of substances.
Example 1: Magnesium ribbon burning
• Reaction: 2Mg (Magnesium) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> 2MgO (Magnesium Oxide).
• Details: This is a Combination Reaction and an Exothermic Reaction (releases
heat and light). Magnesium burns with a dazzling white flame. The product,
Magnesium Oxide, is a white powder. It's crucial to clean the Mg ribbon
before burning to remove the protective layer of MgO.
• Board Exam Importance: Often asked as: "Why should a magnesium ribbon
be cleaned before burning in air?"
Example 2: Formation of Curd from Milk: A chemical change due to the action of
bacteria, changing the chemical composition of milk.
2. Types of Chemical Reactions
2.1 Combination Reactions
Definition: Two or more reactants combine to form a single product. (A + B ==> AB)
1. Burning of Coal (Element + Element)
o Reaction: C (Carbon/Coal) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> CO2 (Carbon Dioxide).
o Details: A Combination Reaction. The reaction is Exothermic (releases
heat).
2. Formation of Water (Element + Element)
o Reaction: 2H2 (Hydrogen) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> 2H2O (Water).
o Details: A Combination Reaction. Highly Exothermic.
3. Formation of Slaked Lime (Compound + Compound)
o Reaction: CaO (Quicklime/Calcium Oxide) + H2O (Water) ==> Ca(OH)2
(Slaked Lime/Calcium Hydroxide).
o Details: A Combination Reaction. The reaction is highly Exothermic
(releases a large amount of heat). Calcium Oxide reacts vigorously
with water.
o Usage: Slaked lime (Calcium Hydroxide) is used for white washing.
 4. Reaction of Slaked Lime with CO2
o Reaction: Ca(OH)2 (Slaked Lime) + CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) ==> CaCO3
(Calcium Carbonate) + H2O (Water).
o Details: Slaked lime on walls reacts slowly with atmospheric CO2 to
form a thin, shiny layer of Calcium Carbonate (limestone) after two to
three days. This is what gives a shiny finish to the walls.
o Board Exam Importance: Very frequent question: "Why does white-
washed wall acquire a shiny appearance after a few days?" (often
2012, 2014, etc.)

2.2 Decomposition Reactions

Definition: A single reactant breaks down to give simpler products. (AB ==> A + B).
Energy (heat, light, or electricity) is required for the breakdown, so these are
generally Endothermic reactions.
A. Thermal Decomposition (Decomposition by Heat)
1. Decomposition of Ferrous Sulphate
o Reaction: 2FeSO4 (Ferrous Sulphate) + Heat ==> Fe2O3 (Ferric Oxide)
+ SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide) + SO3 (Sulphur Trioxide).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction. The initial reactant,
Ferrous Sulphate crystals ($FeSO4 \cdot 7H2O$), are pale green.
When heated, the water of crystallization is lost, and the color changes
to white (anhydrous $FeSO4$). Further heating decomposes it. The
products include Ferric Oxide which is a reddish-brown solid, and the
gases Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphur Trioxide which have the
characteristic smell of burning sulphur.
o Board Exam Importance: Frequently asked to describe the changes
observed (color change, gas evolution, smell).
2. Decomposition of Limestone
o Reaction: CaCO3 (Limestone/Calcium Carbonate) + Heat ==> CaO
(Quicklime/Calcium Oxide) + CO2 (Carbon Dioxide).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction. Limestone is heated to
get quicklime.
o Usage: Quicklime (CaO) is an important industrial chemical used in
cement manufacture.
3. Decomposition of Lead Nitrate
o Reaction: 2Pb(NO3)2 (Lead Nitrate) + Heat ==> 2PbO (Lead Oxide) +
4NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) + O2 (Oxygen).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction. The initial reactant,
Lead Nitrate, is a white solid. The product Lead Oxide is a yellow
solid/residue. Nitrogen Dioxide is a brown fume released, and Oxygen
 gas is also released. The evolution of brown fumes is a key
observation.
o Board Exam Importance: Very frequently asked (e.g., 2010, 2016,
2019): "What happens when lead nitrate is heated? Write the balanced
equation and observation."
B. Electrolytic Decomposition (Decomposition by Electricity)
1. Electrolysis of Water
o Reaction: 2H2O (Water) + Electricity ==> 2H2 (Hydrogen) + O2
(Oxygen).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction (Electrolytic). Electricity
is passed through acidified water. Hydrogen gas is liberated at the
cathode (negative electrode), and Oxygen gas is liberated at the anode
(positive electrode). The volume of hydrogen collected is twice the
volume of oxygen collected (2:1 ratio by volume).
C. Photolytic Decomposition (Decomposition by Light)
1. Decomposition of Silver Chloride
o Reaction: 2AgCl (Silver Chloride) + Sunlight ==> 2Ag (Silver) + Cl2
(Chlorine).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction (Photolytic). Silver
Chloride is white. It decomposes in sunlight to form grey Silver metal
and Chlorine gas.
2. Decomposition of Silver Bromide
o Reaction: 2AgBr (Silver Bromide) + Sunlight ==> 2Ag (Silver) + Br2
(Bromine).
o Details: Endothermic Decomposition Reaction (Photolytic). Silver
Bromide is pale yellow. It decomposes to form grey Silver metal and
Bromine (reddish-brown liquid/vapour).
o Usage: Silver halides (AgCl, AgBr) are used in black and white
photography.

2.3 Displacement Reactions

Definition: A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its
compound. (A + BC ==> AC + B).
1. Iron nail dipped in Copper Sulphate solution
o Reaction: Fe (Iron) + CuSO4 (Copper Sulphate) ==> FeSO4 (Iron(II)
Sulphate/Ferrous Sulphate) + Cu (Copper).
o Details: Iron is more reactive than Copper. Copper Sulphate solution is
initially blue. After the reaction, the solution turns light green (due to
 Ferrous Sulphate formation). A reddish-brown coating of Copper metal
is deposited on the iron nail.
o Board Exam Importance: High importance, frequently asked with
observations and equation.
2. Zinc reacting with Copper Sulphate
o Reaction: Zn (Zinc) + CuSO4 (Copper Sulphate) ==> ZnSO4 (Zinc
Sulphate) + Cu (Copper).
o Details: Zinc is more reactive than Copper. The blue Copper Sulphate
solution becomes colorless (due to Zinc Sulphate formation), and a
reddish-brown coating of Copper is formed.
3. Lead reacting with Copper Chloride
o Reaction: Pb (Lead) + CuCl2 (Copper Chloride) ==> PbCl2 (Lead
Chloride) + Cu (Copper).
o Details: Lead is more reactive than Copper.

2.4 Double Displacement Reactions

Definition: An exchange of ions between the two reactants. (AB + CD ==> AD + CB).
1. Reaction of Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride (Precipitation Reaction)
o Reaction: Na2SO4 (Sodium Sulphate) + BaCl2 (Barium Chloride) ==>
BaSO4 (Barium Sulphate) + 2NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
o Details: This is a Double Displacement reaction and a Precipitation
reaction. Barium Sulphate ($BaSO4$) is formed as a white insoluble
precipitate.
o Board Exam Importance: Very common question: "Give an example of
a precipitation reaction."
2. Reaction of Lead Nitrate and Potassium Iodide (Precipitation Reaction)
o Reaction: Pb(NO3)2 (Lead Nitrate) + 2KI (Potassium Iodide) ==> PbI2
(Lead Iodide) + 2KNO3 (Potassium Nitrate).
o Details: This is a Double Displacement reaction and a Precipitation
reaction. Lead Iodide ($PbI2$) is formed as a yellow insoluble
precipitate.
o Board Exam Importance: Frequently asked for the color of the
precipitate.
3. Acid-Base Reaction (Neutralization Reaction)
o Reaction: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide/Base) + HCl (Hydrochloric
Acid/Acid) ==> NaCl (Sodium Chloride/Salt) + H2O (Water).
o Details: This is a Double Displacement reaction and a Neutralization
reaction. The reaction is typically Exothermic.
2.5 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
Oxidation: Gain of Oxygen or Loss of Hydrogen or Loss of electrons.
Reduction: Loss of Oxygen or Gain of Hydrogen or Gain of electrons.
Redox Reaction: A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously.
1. Heating Copper Powder
o Reaction: 2Cu (Copper) + O2 (Oxygen) + Heat ==> 2CuO (Copper(II)
Oxide).
o Details: Copper powder (brown) on heating forms Copper(II) Oxide
(black substance). Copper is oxidized (gains oxygen).
2. Reducing Copper Oxide with Hydrogen
o Reaction: CuO (Copper(II) Oxide) + H2 (Hydrogen) + Heat ==> Cu
(Copper) + H2O (Water).
o Details: When Hydrogen gas is passed over heated Copper(II) Oxide
(black), the black coating turns brown (Copper metal is formed).
o Analysis:
▪ CuO is reduced to Cu (Loss of oxygen).
▪ H2 is oxidized to H2O (Gain of oxygen).
▪ CuO is the oxidizing agent.
▪ H2 is the reducing agent.
o Board Exam Importance: Frequently asked to identify the substance
oxidized, reduced, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent.
3. Effects of Oxidation in Everyday Life
A. Corrosion
Definition: The eating up of metals layer by layer by the action of air, moisture, or a
chemical on their surface.
1. Rusting of Iron
o Reaction: 4Fe (Iron) + 3O2 (Oxygen) + 2xH2O (Water/Moisture) ==>
2Fe2O3 $\cdot$ xH2O (Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide / Rust).
o Details: Iron is oxidized to rust (a reddish-brown flaky substance). This
is a major economic problem.
2. Corrosion of Copper
o Details: Copper objects slowly lose their shiny brown surface and
acquire a green coating of Copper Carbonate ($CuCO3$) and Copper
 Hydroxide ($Cu(OH)2$) due to reaction with moist CO2 and O2 in the
air.
3. Tarnishing of Silver
o Details: Silver articles turn black due to the formation of Silver
Sulphide ($Ag2S$) on reaction with Sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S gas)
in the air.
B. Rancidity
Definition: The oxidation of fats and oils in food when exposed to air, leading to an
unpleasant smell and taste.
Prevention:
1. Adding Antioxidants (substances that prevent oxidation).
2. Packaging food in a nitrogen environment (e.g., chips packets, as Nitrogen is
an inert gas).
3. Refrigeration.
4. Storing food in air-tight containers.