📘 REVIEW NOTES – Math 8 (Second Periodical)
Topics Covered:
1. Laws of Exponents
2. Multiplying & Dividing Algebraic Expressions
3. Polynomial Expansion (Distributive Property, FOIL)
4. Special Products
5. Word Problems (Area, Volume, Distance, Speed)
1. LAWS OF EXPONENTS
A. Product of Powers Rule
When multiplying with the same base:
aᵐ · aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ
Examples:
x3⋅x5=x3+5=x8x^3 \cdot x^5 = x^{3+5} = x^8x3⋅x5=x3+5=x8
3x⋅4x=12x23x \cdot 4x = 12x^23x⋅4x=12x2
B. Quotient of Powers Rule
When dividing with the same base:
aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ
Examples:
a7/a2=a5a^7 / a^2 = a^{5}a7/a2=a5
b6/b−2=b8b^6 / b^{-2} = b^{8}b6/b−2=b8
C. Power of a Power
Raise a power to another power:
(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ
Examples:
(m4)3=m12(m^4)^3 = m^{12}(m4)3=m12
(x5)(x3)/x4=x4(x^5)(x^3)/x^4 = x^{4}(x5)(x3)/x4=x4
D. Zero Exponent Rule
a⁰ = 1 (a ≠ 0)
Example:
y0=1y^0 = 1y0=1
E. Negative Exponents
Move the base across the fraction bar:
a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ
Examples:
2−3=1/82^{-3} = 1/82−3=1/8
3x−2=3/x23x^{-2} = 3/x^23x−2=3/x2
F. Power of a Product
(ab)n=anbn(ab)^n = a^n b^n(ab)n=anbn
Examples:
(2x)3=8x3(2x)^3 = 8x^3(2x)3=8x3
(3a2b)2=9a4b2(3a^2b)^2 = 9a^4b^2(3a2b)2=9a4b2
G. Power of a Quotient
(a/b)n=an/bn(a/b)^n = a^n / b^n(a/b)n=an/bn
2. MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Multiplication
Multiply coefficients
Add exponents of same base
Examples:
6x2⋅2x3=12x56x^2 \cdot 2x^3 = 12x^56x2⋅2x3=12x5
−2a⋅5b=−10ab-2a \cdot 5b = -10ab−2a⋅5b=−10ab
(−3x2)(−4x)=12x3(−3x^2)(−4x) = 12x^3(−3x2)(−4x)=12x3
Division
Divide coefficients
Subtract exponents
Examples:
12m3/3m=4m212m^3 / 3m = 4m^212m3/3m=4m2
(−20a4b2)/(4ab)=−5a3b(-20a^4b^2)/(4ab) = -5a^3b(−20a4b2)/(4ab)=−5a3b
15x3y2/5xy=3x2y15x^3y^2 / 5xy = 3x^2y15x3y2/5xy=3x2y
3. POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION
A. Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Examples:
2(x+3)=2x+62(x+3) = 2x + 62(x+3)=2x+6
−3(2a−5)=−6a+15-3(2a-5) = -6a + 15−3(2a−5)=−6a+15
B. FOIL Method (Binomials)
(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd
Examples:
(x+2)(x+3)=x2+5x+6(x+2)(x+3) = x^2 + 5x + 6(x+2)(x+3)=x2+5x+6
(2x+1)(x+4)=2x2+9x+4(2x+1)(x+4) = 2x^2 + 9x + 4(2x+1)(x+4)=2x2+9x+4
C. Binomial × Monomial/Others
Multiply each term carefully.
Example:
2x(3x−7)=6x2−14x2x(3x - 7) = 6x^2 - 14x2x(3x−7)=6x2−14x
4. SPECIAL PRODUCTS
A. Square of a Binomial
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
Examples:
(x+3)2=x2+6x+9(x+3)^2 = x^2 + 6x + 9(x+3)2=x2+6x+9
(a−7)2=a2−14a+49(a-7)^2 = a^2 - 14a + 49(a−7)2=a2−14a+49
B. Difference of Squares
(a+b)(a−b)=a2−b2(a+b)(a-b) = a^2 - b^2(a+b)(a−b)=a2−b2
Examples:
(x+5)(x−5)=x2−25(x+5)(x-5) = x^2 - 25(x+5)(x−5)=x2−25
(3x+2)(3x−2)=9x2−4(3x+2)(3x-2) = 9x^2 - 4(3x+2)(3x−2)=9x2−4
C. Trinomial Expansion (3 Factors)
Multiply step-by-step.
Example:
(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)=x3+6x2+11x+6(x+1)(x+2)(x+3) = x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6(x+1)
(x+2)(x+3)=x3+6x2+11x+6
5. WORD PROBLEMS
A. Area of Rectangle
A=l·w
Examples:
Garden: 3x by 4x → 12x212x^212x2
Plot: (x+3)(x+5)=x2+8x+15(x+3)(x+5) = x^2 + 8x + 15(x+3)(x+5)=x2+8x+15
B. Area of a Square
Side = 5m×2n=10mn5m \times 2n = 10mn5m×2n=10mn
Area = side² = 100m2n2100m^2n^2100m2n2
C. Volume of a Rectangular Prism
V=l·w·h
Example:
Box: 2a⋅3a⋅5a=30a32a · 3a · 5a = 30a^32a⋅3a⋅5a=30a3
D. Distance, Rate, Time
Distance = Rate × Time
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Examples:
Car: 5x25x^25x2 km/hr for 2x2x2x hrs → 10x310x^310x3 km
Speed: 20x4/5x2=4x220x^4 / 5x^2 = 4x^220x4/5x2=4x2
E. Division Word Problems
Just apply exponent rules.
Example:
Wire: 18x5/3x2=6x318x^5 / 3x^2 = 6x^318x5/3x2=6x3
📘 REVIEWER – Math 8 Second Periodical Exam (Based on Answer Key)
✨ I. Laws of Exponents (Items 1–12)
Product of Powers
Add exponents when multiplying with same base.
✔ 1. x3⋅x5=x8x^3 \cdot x^5 = x^8x3⋅x5=x8
✔ 9. (x5)(x3)/x4=x4(x^5)(x^3) / x^4 = x^4(x5)(x3)/x4=x4
Quotient of Powers
Subtract exponents.
✔ 2. a7/a2=a5a^7 / a^2 = a^5a7/a2=a5
✔ 7. b6/b−2=b8b^6/b^{-2} = b^8b6/b−2=b8
Power of a Power
Multiply exponents.
✔ 3. (m4)3=m12(m^4)^3 = m^{12}(m4)3=m12
Zero Exponent
✔ 4. y0=1y^0 = 1y0=1
Negative Exponents
✔ 5. 2−3=1/82^{-3} = 1/82−3=1/8
✔ 12. 3x−2=3/x23x^{-2} = 3/x^23x−2=3/x2
Power of a Product
✔ 6. (2x)3=8x3(2x)^3 = 8x^3(2x)3=8x3
✔ 8. (3a2b)2=9a4b2(3a^2b)^2 = 9a^4b^2(3a2b)2=9a4b2
Power of a Quotient
✔ 11. (a/b)3=a3/b3(a/b)^3 = a^3 / b^3(a/b)3=a3/b3
✨ II. Multiplying & Dividing Algebraic Expressions (Items 13–22)
Multiplying Monomials
✔ 13. 3x⋅4x=12x23x \cdot 4x = 12x^23x⋅4x=12x2
✔ 14. −2a⋅5b=−10ab-2a \cdot 5b = -10ab−2a⋅5b=−10ab
✔ 16. 6x2⋅2x3=12x56x^2 \cdot 2x^3 = 12x^56x2⋅2x3=12x5
✔ 18. (−3x2)(−4x)=12x3(-3x^2)(-4x) = 12x^3(−3x2)(−4x)=12x3
✔ 20. 12x⋅8x2=4x3\frac12 x \cdot 8x^2 = 4x^321x⋅8x2=4x3
✔ 22. 2a2b⋅3ab2⋅c=6a3b3c2a^2b \cdot 3ab^2 \cdot c = 6a^3b^3c2a2b⋅3ab2⋅c=6a3b3c
Dividing Monomials
✔ 15. 12m3/3m=4m212m^3 / 3m = 4m^212m3/3m=4m2
✔ 17. −20a4b2/4ab=−5a3b-20a^4b^2 / 4ab = -5a^3b−20a4b2/4ab=−5a3b
✔ 19. 15x3y2/5xy=3x2y15x^3y^2 / 5xy = 3x^2y15x3y2/5xy=3x2y
✔ 21. −18m5n3/6m2n=−3m3n2-18m^5n^3 / 6m^2n = -3m^3n^2−18m5n3/6m2n=−3m3n2
✨ III. Expanding Expressions (Items 23–32)
Using Distributive Property
✔ 23. 2(x+3)=2x+62(x + 3) = 2x + 62(x+3)=2x+6
✔ 24. −3(2a−5)=−6a+15-3(2a - 5) = -6a + 15−3(2a−5)=−6a+15
✔ 25. x(x+4)=x2+4xx(x + 4) = x^2 + 4xx(x+4)=x2+4x
✔ 26. 2x(3x−7)=6x2−14x2x(3x - 7) = 6x^2 - 14x2x(3x−7)=6x2−14x
✔ 27. −a(2a+3b)=−2a2−3ab-a(2a + 3b) = -2a^2 - 3ab−a(2a+3b)=−2a2−3ab
FOIL (Binomial × Binomial)
✔ 28. (x+2)(x+3)=x2+5x+6(x+2)(x+3) = x^2 + 5x + 6(x+2)(x+3)=x2+5x+6
✔ 29. (2x+1)(x+4)=2x2+9x+4(2x+1)(x+4) = 2x^2 + 9x + 4(2x+1)(x+4)=2x2+9x+4
✔ 30. (x−5)(x+2)=x2−3x−10(x - 5)(x + 2) = x^2 - 3x - 10(x−5)(x+2)=x2−3x−10
Special Binomial Products
✔ 31. (x+5)(x−5)=x2−25(x+5)(x-5) = x^2 - 25(x+5)(x−5)=x2−25 (Difference of Squares)
✔ 32. (x+3)2=x2+6x+9(x+3)^2 = x^2 + 6x + 9(x+3)2=x2+6x+9 (Square of Binomial)
✔ 33. (2a−4)2=4a2−16a+16(2a - 4)^2 = 4a^2 - 16a + 16(2a−4)2=4a2−16a+16
✔ 34. (3x+2)(3x−2)=9x2−4(3x+2)(3x-2) = 9x^2 - 4(3x+2)(3x−2)=9x2−4
✔ 35. (a−7)2=a2−14a+49(a - 7)^2 = a^2 - 14a + 49(a−7)2=a2−14a+49
✨ IV. Higher Polynomial Expansion (Items 36–40)
✔ 36. −2(x+3)(x−1)=−2x2−4x+6-2(x+3)(x-1) = -2x^2 - 4x + 6−2(x+3)(x−1)=−2x2−4x+6
✔ 37. (x+2)(x2+3x+1)=x3+5x2+5x+2(x+2)(x^2 + 3x + 1) = x^3 + 5x^2 + 5x + 2(x+2)(x2+3x+1)=x3+5x2+5x+2
✔ 38. (x+1)(x+2)(x+3)=x3+6x2+11x+6(x+1)(x+2)(x+3) = x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)=x3+6x2+11x+6
✔ 39. (2a−3b)(a2+2ab+b2)(2a - 3b)(a^2 + 2ab + b^2)(2a−3b)(a2+2ab+b2)
→ Final answer: 2a3+4a2b+2ab2−3a2b−6ab2−3b32a^3 + 4a^2b + 2ab^2 - 3a^2b - 6ab^2 -
3b^32a3+4a2b+2ab2−3a2b−6ab2−3b3
✔ 40. x(x+1)(x−1)=x3−xx(x+1)(x-1) = x^3 - xx(x+1)(x−1)=x3−x
✨ V. Geometry & Word Problems (Items 41–50)
Area
✔ 41. Garden: 3x⋅4x=12x23x \cdot 4x = 12x^23x⋅4x=12x2
✔ 45. Plot: (x+3)(x+5)=x2+8x+15(x+3)(x+5) = x^2 + 8x + 15(x+3)(x+5)=x2+8x+15
✔ 46. Garden: (a+2)(a−1)=a2+a−2(a+2)(a-1) = a^2 + a - 2(a+2)(a−1)=a2+a−2
✔ 43. New square: side = 10mn10mn10mn
→ Area = 100m2n2100m^2n^2100m2n2
✔ 44. Width = 24a5b4/6a2b=4a3b324a^5b^4 / 6a^2b = 4a^3b^324a5b4/6a2b=4a3b3
Volume
✔ 42. Box volume: 2a⋅3a⋅5a=30a32a \cdot 3a \cdot 5a = 30a^32a⋅3a⋅5a=30a3
Distance / Time / Speed
✔ 47. Distance = rate × time = 5x2⋅2x=10x35x^2 \cdot 2x = 10x^35x2⋅2x=10x3
✔ 48. Wire: 18x5/3x2=6x318x^5 / 3x^2 = 6x^318x5/3x2=6x3
✔ 49. Water per container: 24m6/4m3=6m324m^6 / 4m^3 = 6m^324m6/4m3=6m3
✔ 50. Speed = distance/time = 20x4/5x2=4x220x^4 / 5x^2 = 4x^220x4/5x2=4x2