Prof.

Gantasala Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
QUESTION BANK
UNIT-1: STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS
Q No. Questions Marks

Theory:
1. Briefly explain differences between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis. 06
2. Explain superposition method.
3. With neat sketches state the conditions for a member to be in static equilibrium: 12
i. When two forces act.
ii. When three forces act.
iii. When two forces and a torque act.
iv. When four forces act.
4. Define “Free body diagram”. What are the advantages of free body diagrams? 04
5. Explain Principle of virtual work. 10

Problems:
6. In fig. slider-crank mechanism is shown. The value of force applied on slider4 is 10
3000N. Determine the forces on various links. Also calculate the driving torque T 2?

B
2 3
T2 300
mm
0

60° 4
10

A F =3000N
C
1
1

7. The fig. shows a four bar mechanism. Draw the free body diagrams and determine the 10
various forces on the links for the equilibrium of the system. Also calculate the
torque T2 , AB = 200mm; BC = 370mm; CD = 250mm; AD = 215mm; CE =
100mm; DAB = 110⁰?

370mm F=2000N
B 3 45°

E
T2 4 100mm
2
200mm 110°
250mm
1

215mm
A D

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[Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

8. A four bar mechanism under the action of two external forces is shown in [Link] 15
the torque to be applied on the link AB for static equilibrium. The dimensions of the
links are AB=50mm, BC=66mm, CD=55mm, AD=100mm, CE=25mm,CF=30mm,
BAD=60°.
Q=600N

60°
C P=500N
3 45°
B F
T
E
2 4

60°
A D
1

9. For the mechanism shown in fig. Find the required input torque for the static 10
equilibrium. The lengths OA and AB are 250mm and 650mm respectively. F=500N?
0N
50
F=
30°
C

A 35°
35°

3
2 650 30°
4
30°
0
25

60° B
50mm
O

1 1

10. In a four bar mechanism shown in fig. torques T3 and T4 have magnitudes of 3000Nm 15
and 2000Nm respectively. Take AD=800mm, AB=300mm, BC=700mm and
CD=400mm. For static equilibrium of mechanism, find the input torque on the crank.

11. For the static equilibrium of the mechanism shown in fig. below, determine the required 15
input torque. The link lengths are AB = 150mm, BC = AD = 500mm, DE = 400mm and
EF=450mm?

E
5
C 450
500 6
Fp =250 N
B 3
4
2 F 1
400 200
150 75°
A
500mm
1 D 1

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 [Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

12. For static equilibrium of the quick return mechanism shown in figure. Find the required 15
input torque T2 for a force of 300N on the slider D when the angle made by the crank is
=105°? AB=200mm, CD=300mm, OC=800mm

Additional Problems:
13. Slider- crank mechanism is shown below. The value of force applied on slider 4 is
1000N. Find the forces on various links. Also calculate the driving torque T 2?
(Similar to problem No.6)

B
3
T2 2 300
m m
0

60° 4
10

F =1000N
A C
1
1

14. A slider crank mechanism with the following dimensions is acted upon by a force
F=2KN at B as shown in fig. below OA=100mm and AB=450mm. Determine the input
torque T2 for the static equilibrium of the mechanism for the given configuaration.
(Similar to problem No.6)
A
2
3
T
2
120° B
4
F
O
1
1

15. The fig. shows a four bar mechanism. Draw the free body diagrams and determine the
various forces on the links for the equilibrium of the system. Also calculate the torque
T2. AB=400mm, BC=740mm, CD=500mm, AD=430mm, CE=200mm Angle at A is
110°, F=1500? (Similar to problem No.7)

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[Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

16. Four bar mechanism shown in [Link], determine the required input torque for the
static equilibrium. The lengths OA and AB are 500mm and 1300mm respectively
F=1000N . (Similar to problem No.9)

17. The four bar mechanism shown in fig, Calculate the magnitude and direction of input
torque T2 for the static equilibrium. Take AB=70mm, BC=150mm, BD=100mm and
CD=70mm, ABC=90°. Also determine the forces at pin joints A and B?

(Similar to problem No.9)

18. Four bar mechanism shown in fig. below. Torques T3 and T4 have magnitudes of
1500Nm and 1000Nm respectively. Take AD=400mm, AB=150mm, BC=350mm and
CD-200mm. For static equilibrium of mechanism, find the input torque on the crank.
(Similar to problem No.10)

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 [Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

Unit-2 (Part-ii): FLYWHEELS

Sl No Questions Marks

Theory:
1. What is the function of a flywheel? 2
2. Define the following terms: 2
i. Fluctuation of energy
ii. Maximum fluctuation of energy
iii. Coefficient of fluctuation of energy
iv. Max. Fluctuation of speed
v. Co-efficient of fluctuation of speed
vi. Coefficient of steadiness
3. Derive an expression for maximum fluctuation of energy for a flywheel. (OR) 10
E
Show that the coefficient of fluctuation of speed (Cs) in a flywheel is given by ,
I 2
where ∆E is the [Link] of energy, I is the moment of Inertia and ω is the
mean angular speed.
4. Derive an expression for hoop stress developed in the rim of a flywheel. (OR) 10
Obtain an expression for centrifugal stress developed in the rim of a flywheel.
5. Derive an expression for the maximum fluctuation of energy of flywheel used in 8
punching press.

Problems:
6. During one revolution of the crank of a multi cylinder engine, the areas above and 10
below the mean turning moment line taken in order are +0.36,-0.81, +0.75, -0.64,
+0.92, -0.58 cm2. Scale of the diagram, turning moment 1cm=7200N-m, Crank
angle 1cm=45⁰. The engine runs at 150rpm and the total fluctuation of speed is 2%
of the mean speed. Find i) Mass of flywheel ii)Area of cross-section of rim. Neglect
the effect of arms and boss and take the density of rim material as 7260kg/m 3.
Mean peripheral velocity of rim is 1000m/min?
7. The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a scale 10
1mm=600N-m vertically and 1mm=3 horizontally. The intercepted areas between
the output torque curve and the mean resistance line, taken in order from one end,
are as follows: +52, -124, +92, -140, +85, -72 and 107mm2, when the engine is

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[Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

running at a speed of 600rpm. If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed

1.5% of the mean, find the necessary mass of the flywheel of radius 0.5m?
8. A single cylinder single acting four stroke gas engine develops 18.4kw at 300rpm 10
with WD by the gases during the expansion stroke is 3 times the WD on the gases
during compression stroke. The WD during suction and exhaust being negligible and
the total fluctuation is 2% of mean. The TMD during expansion is assumed to be
triangular in shape. Find the moment of inertia of the flywheel.
9. The turning moment diagram for a four stroke gas engine may be assumed for 10
simplicity to be represented by four triangles, the areas of which from the line of zero
pressure are as follows:
Suction=3.5 cm2, Compression=14 cm2, Expansion=35.5 cm2, Exhaust=5 cm2
Each [Link] represents 295N-m of work. Assuming the resisting moment to be
uniform. Find the mass of the rim of the flywheel required to keep the mean speed
200rpm within ±2%of the mean speed. Radius of the rim may be taken as 75cm?
10. A shaft fitted with a flywheel rotates at 250rpm and drives a machine. The torque of 10
machine varies in a cyclic manner over a period of 3 revolutions. The torque rises
from 750N-m to 3000N-m uniformly during ½ revolution and remains constant for
the following revolution. If then falls uniformly to 750N-m during the next ½
revolution and remains constant for one revolution, the cycle being repeated
thereafter.
Determine the power required to drive the machine and percentage
fluctuation in speed, if the driving torque applied to the shaft is constant and the
mass of the flywheel is 500kg with radius of gyration of 600mm?
11. The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a scale 10
of 1mm to 500N-m torque and 1 mm to 6 of crank displacement. The intercepted
areas between output torque curve and mean resistance line taken in order from one
end, in [Link] are –30, +410, -280, +320, -330, +250, -360, +280, -260 [Link],
when the engine is running at 800rpm.
The engine has a stroke of 300mm and the fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 2%
of the mean speed. Determine a suitable diameter and cross-section of the flywheel
rim for a limiting value of the safe centrifugal stress of 7Mpa. The material density
may be assumed as 7200kg/m3. The width of the rim is to be 5 times the thickness?
12. A punching press is required to punch 40mm diameter holes in a plate of 15mm 10

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 [Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

thickness at the rate of 30hole/min. It requires 6 N-m of energy per mm2 of

sheared area. If the punching takes 1/10 of a second and rpm of flywheel varies
from 160 to 140. Determine mass of flywheel having radius of gyration of 1metre?
13. A machine has to carryout punching at the rate of 12 holes per minute. It does 5N- 10
m of work per square millimeter of sheared area in cutting 30mm diameter hole in
20mm thick plate. A flywheel is fitted to the machine shaft which is driven by a
constant torque motor. The fluctuation of speed is between 200rpm and 225rpm.
The actual punching takes 2 sec. The frictional losses are equivalent to 1/5 of the
workdone during punching.
Find i. Power required to drive the punching machine.
ii. Mass of the flywheel, if the radius of gyration is 0.5m.
14. A punching machine punches 38mm holes in 32mm thick plate requires 7N-m/mm2 10
of sheared area and punches one hole in every 10sec. The mean speed of flywheel is
25m/sec. The punch has a stroke of 100mm. Find
i. Power required to drive the machine
ii. Mass of flywheel, if total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 3%
15. A riveting machine is driven by a constant torque 3KW motor. The moving parts 10
including the flywheel are equivalent to a mass 150kg at 0.6m radius of gyration.
One riveting takes one second and absobs 10,000joules of energy. The speed of
flywheel is 300rpm before riveting. Find i) [Link] rivets that can be closed per hour
ii) The reduction in speed after the riveting operation is over.
16. The torque delivered by a two stroke engine is represented by T=(1000+300 sin2θ- 10
500cos2θ)N-m where θ is the angle turned by the crank from inner dead center. The
engine speed is 250rpm. The mass of the flywheel is 400kg and radius of gyration is
400mm. Determine i) The power developed ii) The total percentage fluctuation of
speed. iii) The angular acceleration of flywheel when the crank has turned through
an angle of 60⁰ from IDC?

Additional problems:
17. The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a vertical
scale of 1mm=650N-m and a horizontal scale of 1mm=4.5. The areas above and
below the mean torque line are : -28,+380,-260, +310,-300,+242,-380, +265 and -
229mm2. The fluctuation of speed is limited to 1.8% of the mean speed which is
400rpm, Density of rim material is 7000kg/m 3 and width of the rim is 4.5times its

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[Link] Sreenivasulu
[Link] Mechanical engg,
UVCE, BANGALORE

thickness. The centrifugal stress in the rim material is limited to 6N/mm 2.

Neglecting the effect of boss and arms, determine the diameter and cross section of
the flywheel?
18. A machine shaft running at a mean speed of 200rpm requires at a torque, which
varies uniformly from 1200Nm to 3600Nm during the first half revolution, remains
constant for next one revolution, decrease uniformly to 1200Nm during the next one
revolution and then remains constant for the next two revolutions, thus completing a
cycle of operation. It is driven by a constant speed motor and a fly wheel of radius
of gyration 0.6m is fitted to this shaft. If the fluctuation of speed is ±2%of the mean
speed, find the mass of flywheel required.
19. The T.M.D of a single cylinder double acting engine consists of 2 isosceless triangles.
The maximum T.M are 2000Nm and 1500Nm respectively. When the engine works
against a uniform resistance at a mean speed of 240rpm,
find i. power ii. Maximum fluctuation of energy iii. Mass of flywheel
20. A single cylinder, single acting, four stroke cycle gas engine develops 22KW at
300rpm. The flywheel mass is 1000kg. Hoop stress developed is 5MPa. Density of
material of rim of flywheel is 8000kg/m 3. The speed variation on either side is one
percent of mean speed. Determine. Determine the ratio of workdone during
expansion and compression strokes, if workdone during suction and exhaust stroke
are negligible.
21. A punching machine carries out 6 holes per minute. Each hole of 40mm diameter in
35mm thick plate requires 8N-m energy/mm2 of the sheared area. The punch has a
stroke of 95 m . Find the power of the motor required if the mean speed of the
flywheel is 20m/s. If total fluctuation speed is not to exceed 3% of the mean speed.
Determine the mass of the flywheel.

8
 Prof.G Sreenivasulu
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

UNIT-3 part (i): GOVERNORS

Q No. Questions Marks

Theory:
1. What is the function of governor? What are the applications of governors? 5
2. What are the differences between centrifugal governor and Inertia governor? 5
3. Why Centrifugal governor called so? 2
4. What are the differences between flywheel and governor? 5
5. Classify the governors. 5
6. With neat sketch explain construction and working of centrifugal governor? 10

7. Derive an expression for speed of porter governor. 10

8. Derive an expression for stiffness of spring used in (Hartnell) spring controlled 10

governor.
9. Define the following w.r.t governors Each
02
i. Equilibrium speed
ii. Hunting
iii. Isochronous governor (or) Isochronism
iv. Stable governor
v. Unstable governor
vi. Sensitive governor
vii. Effort
viii. Power
ix. Controlling force
x. Controlling force diagram

Problems on Porter governor:

10. The arms of a porter governor are 300mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on 10
the axis of rotation and the lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a distance
of 35mm from the axis of rotation. The load on the sleeve is 540N and the mass
of each ball is 70N. Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of the balls
is 225mm. What will be the range of speed for this position, if the frictional
resistances to the motion of the sleeve are equivalent to a force 30N?
11. In a porter governor each of the four arms is 400mm long. The upper arms are 10
pivoted on the axis of the sleeve whereas the lower ends are attached to the
sleeve at a distance of 45mm from the axis. Each ball has a mass of 8 kg and
the load on the sleeve is 60 kg. What will be the equilibrium speeds for the 2

9
Prof.G Sreenivasulu
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

extreme radii of 250mm and 300mm of rotation of the governor balls?

12. In Porter governor the links and arms are each 300mm long. Each ball a mass of 10
2.5kg and the central load is 25kg. For the lowest and highest of the sleeve, the
arms are inclined 30 and 40 respectively to the vertical. The friction at the
governor and the mechanism connecting it to the valve is equivalent to a force of
25N at the sleeve. Assuming that the links and arms intersect on the axis,find

i. The travel of the sleeve

ii. Min. ascending speed
iii. Max. descending speed
iv. Range of speed of governor
13. The length of upper arm and lower arms of a porter governor are 200mm and 10
250mm respectively. Both the arms are pivoted to the axis of rotation. The
central load is 150N, the weight of each ball is 20N and the friction of the sleeve
together with the resistance of the operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30N
at the sleeve. If the limiting inclinations of the upper arm to the vertical are 30⁰
and 40⁰, determine the range of speed of the governor?

14. The arms of a porter governor are 300mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on
the axis of rotation and the lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a distance
of 35mm from the axis of rotation. The mass of sleeve is 54kg and the mass of
each ball is 7kg. Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of the ball
is225mm. What will be the range of speed for this position, if the frictional
resistance to the motion of the sleeve is equivalent to a force of 30N at the
sleeve.
15. A Porter governor has equal arms each 250mm long and pivoted on the axis of 10
rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of central load on the sleeve
is 15kg. The radius of rotation of balls is 150mm when the governor begins to
lift and 200mm when the governor is at [Link]. Find minimum and
[Link] and range of speed of governor? If the friction at the sleeve is
equivalent of 20N of load at the sleeve, determine how speed range is modified?
16. The upper arms of a Porter governor has lengths 350mm and are pivoted on the 10
axis of rotation and the lower arms have lengths 300mm and are attached to the
sleeve at a distance of 40mm from the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of
4kg and mass on the sleeve is 45kg. Determine the equilibrium speed for radius
of rotation of 200mm and find the effort and power of the governor for 1% speed
change?

10
 Prof.G Sreenivasulu
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

Additional problems on Porter governor:

17. The arms of a porter governor are each 300mm long and are hinged on the axis 10
of rotation. The of mass of each ball is 5kg. The radius of rotation of the ball is
200mm when the governor begins to lift and 250mm at the maximum speed.
Determine the maximum and minimum speeds, if the mass of the sleeve is 15kg.
Also find the range of speed if the frictional force at the sleeve is 30N.
18. A porter governor has all four arms 300mm long. The upper arms are attached 10
on the axis of rotation and the lower arms are fixed to the sleeve at a distance of
30mm from the axis of rotation. The mass of each ball is 4kg and the sleeve has
a mass of 60kg. The extreme radii of rotation are 160mm and 200mm.
Determine the range of speed of governor.
19. A Porter governor has equal arms each 250mm long and pivoted on the axis of 10
rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of central load on the sleeve
is 25kg. The radius of rotation of balls is 150mm when the governor begins to
lift and 200mm when the governor is at [Link]. Find range of speed, sleeve
lift, governor effort and power of governor in the following cases.
i) When the friction at the sleeve is neglected

ii) When the friction at the sleeve is equivalent to 10N

20. A Porter governor has all the four arms of 300mm each. The upper arms as well 10
as the sleeve arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The mass of each
governor ball is 1 kg and the mass of sleeve is 20kg. Find the speed of rotation
when the balls rotate at a radius of 150mm. If the friction force between sleeve
and spindle is 50N, find the speed range during which governor is in sensitive at
radius (of rotation of balls)=150mm. If sleeve moves up by 300mm, what is the
equilibrium speed.
21. The arms a Porter governor are each 200mm long. The weight of each ball is 40N 10
and that of the sleeve is 200N. The radius of rotation of balls is 125mm when
the sleeve begins to rise and reaches a value of 150mm for [Link].
i. Determine the speed range of governor (neglect friction)
ii. If the friction is equivalent to 20N at the sleeve, determine the speed
range of the governor.
22. The arms of a porter governor are 250mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on
the axis of rotation and the lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a distance
of 50mm from the axis of rotation. The load on the sleeve is 600N and the mass
of each ball is 80N. Determine the equilibrium speed when the radius of the balls

11
 Prof.G Sreenivasulu
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

is 150mm. What will be the range of speed for this position, if the frictional
resistances to the motion of the sleeve are equivalent to a force 25N?

Problems on Hartnell governor:

23. In a Hartnell governor, the extreme radii of rotation of the balls are 60mm and
100mm. The ball arm and sleeve arm of the bell crank lever are equal in length.
The mass of each ball is 5kg. If the speeds at the two extreme positions are 350
and 400 rpm. Find
i. Initial compression of the spring?
ii. Spring constant?
24. A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right angled bell
crank levers moves betweei.n 290rpm and 310rpm for a sleeve lift of 15mm.
The sleeve arms and ball arms are 80mm and 120mm respectively. The livers
are pivoted at 120mm from the governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5kg.
The ball arms are parallel to the governor axis at the lowest equilibrium speed.
Determine
i. Load on the spring at the lowest and highest equilibrium speeds?
ii. Stiffness of the spring?

25. The mass of each ball of a spring controlled governor is 1.4kg. The bell crank
lever has its vertical arm 90mm and horizontal arm 40mm. The distance of
fulcrum from axis of rotation is 45mm. The sleeve has a mass of 7.5kg. The
sleeve begins to rise at 220 rpm. The rise of the sleeve for 6% rise in speed is
8mm. Find the initial thrust on the spring and its stiffness?

26. The mass of each ball of a Hartnell type governor is 1.4kg. The length of ball arm
of the bell crank lever is 100mm where as the length of arm towards sleeve is
50mm. The distance of the fulcrum of bell crank lever from the axis of rotation is
80mm. The extreme radii of rotation of the balls are 75mm and 112.5mm The
maximum equilibrium speed is 6% greater than the minimum equilibrium speed
which is 300rpm. Determine i) Stiffness of the spring and ii) Equilibrium speed
when radius of rotation of the ball is 90mm. Neglect the obliquity of the arms.
27. The radius of rotation of the balls of a Hartnell governor is 100mm at the
minimum speed of 300rpm. Neglecting gravity effects, determine the speed after
the sleeve is lifted by 50mm. Also determine the initial compression of the
spring, governor effort and the power. Weight of each is 40N and stiffness of
spring 25N/mm?

12
Prof.G Sreenivasulu
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

28. A spring-loaded governer of the Hartnell type has arms of equal length. The
masses rotate in a circle of 130mm diameter when the sleeve is in mid-position
and the ball arms are vertical. The equilibrium speed for this position is 450rpm-
neglecting friction. The maximum sleeve movement is to be 25mm and the
maximum variation of speed, taking friction into account is to be  5 % of the
mid position speed. The mass of the sleeve is 4kg and the friction may be
considered equivalent to 30N at the sleeve. The power of the governer must be
sufficient to overcome the friction by a one percent change of speed either way
at mid position.
Determine by neglecting the obliquity of arms,

i. The value of each rotating mass

ii. The spring stiffness

iii. The initial compression of spring

29. A Hartnell governor operates between 280rpm and 320rpm for a sleeve lift 3cm.
The sleeve arms and ball arms are 10 and 14cm respectively. The levers are
pivoted at 12cm from the governor axis and the mass of each ball is 3kg. The
space restriction imposes the condition that the maximum radius of rotation of
the fly balls is not to exceed 15cm. Calculate
i. Loads on the spring at the lowest and highest equilibrium
speeds
ii. Stiffness of the spring?
30. A Hartnell governor having equal arms has its balls rotate at 500rpm in 15 cm
diameter circle, when the sleeve is in the mid position and the arms are vertical.
The [Link] movement is 3 cm and the [Link] of speed taking into
account of friction should be 5% of mid position speed. The mass of sleeve is
5kg and friction force may be considered to rise out of an equivalent 3kg mass at
the sleeve. The power of the governor must be sufficient to overcome the
friction by 1% change of speed either way from mid-position? Determine: i.
Rotating mass
ii. S iii. Initial compression of the spring , neglect obliquity effect of the arms.

13
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

UNIT-4 Part (i): BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

Q No. Questions Mar
ks

Theory:
1. Why balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines? 04
2. Explain “Static Balance” and “Dynamic Balance” as applied to revolving masses in 04
different planes?
3. Explain why two balance masses are required to balance a given revolving mass 04
when the balancing mass is to be placed in plane other than plane where the
given mass revolves?
4. Explain the procedure for balancing several masses rotating in the same plane. 10
(OR)
Explain how masses mi (i=1 to n) rotating in the same plane with radii ri (i=1 to
n) with same angular speed ω rad/sec can be balanced.
5. Explain the procedure for balancing several masses rotating in different planes. 10

Problems:
6. Four masses m1,m2,m3,m4 are 200kg, 300kg, 240kg, 260kg respectively. The 15
corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2m, 0.15m, 0.25m, 0.3m respectively and
the angles between successive masses are 45, 75, 135. Find magnitude and
position of balance mass required, if its radius of rotation is 0.2m?
7. A shaft carries four masses A, B, C, D of magnitude 200kg, 300kg, 400kg, 200kg 15
respectively and revolving at radii 80mm, 70mm, 60mm, 80mm in planes
measured from A at 300m, 400mm, 700mm. The angles between the cranks
measured anticlockwise are A to B 45, B to C 70, C to D 120. The balancing
masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The distance between the planes A
and X is 100mm, between X and Y is 400mm, between Y and D is 200mm. If the
balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100mm, find their magnitudes and
angular positions?
8. A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C, D in this order along its 15
length. The masses at B and C are 18kg and 12.5kg respectively and each has an
eccentricity of 60mm. The masses at A and D have an eccentricity of 80mm. The
angle between the masses at B and C is 100º and that between the masses at B
and A is 190º, both being measured in the same direction. The axial distance
between the planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is 200mm. If
the shaft is in complete dynamic balance. Determine
i) The magnitude of the masses at A and D?

14
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

ii) Distance between planes A and D?

iii) Angular position of the mass at D?
9. A, B, C and D are 4 masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 100,125,200 and 15
150mm respectively. The planes in which the masses revolve are spaced 600mm
apart and the mass of B,C and D are 10kg, 5kg and 4kg respectively. Find the
required mass A and the relative angular settings of the four masses so that the
shaft shall be in complete balance?
10. Four masses A, B, C and D as shown below are to be completely balance. 15

A B C D
MASS (Kg) --- 30 50 40
RADIUS (mm) 180 240 120 150
The planes containing masses B and C are 300mm apart. The angle between
planes containing B and C is 90º, B and C make angles of 210º and 120º
respectively with D in the same sense. Find:
i. Magnitude and angular position of mass A?
ii. Position of planes A and D?
11. Four masses of magnitude 5, 6, M and 8kg revolve in planes A, B,C and D 15
respectively. The planes B, C, D are placed at a distance 0.3m, 1.2m and 2.0m
respectively from A. The masses are at same radii of 0.3. Find the magnitude of
M and relative angular position of all masses for complete balance.

Additional problems:
12. A rotating shaft carries four masses 1,2, 3 and 4 which are radially attached to it. 15
The mass centres are 30mm, 38mm, 40mm and 35mm respectively from the axis
of rotation. The masses 1, 3 and 4 are 7.5, 5 and 4kg respectively. The axial
distance between the planes 1 and 2 is 400mm, 2 and 3 is 500mm. The masses
1 and 3 are at right angles to each other. Find for complete balance i) Angle
between 1,2 and 1,4 ii)Axial distance between 3 and 4. iii) Magnitude of mass 2
13. Four masses A, B, C and D revolve at equal radii and are equally spaced along the 15
shaft. The mass B is 6kg and the radii of C and D make 90º and 240º w.r.t B.
Find the magnitude of the masses A, C and D and the angular position of A so
that the system may be completely balanced.

15
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

14. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along the axis. 15
The mass A may be assumed to be concentrated at 160mm radius, B at 180mm,
C at 200 mm and D at 120mmm radius. The masses B, C and D are 40, 30 and
50kg respectively. The planes containing B and C are 300 apart. The angular
spacings of C and D are 90º and 210º respectively w.r.t B measured in the same
direction. If the shaft and masses are to be in complete dynamic balance,
determine i) Mass and angular position of A ii) Position of planes A and D.
15. A shaft carries four masses A,B,C and D placed in parallel planes perpendicular to 15
the shaft axis and in this order along the shaft. The masses B and C are 40kg
and 28kg and both are at 160mm radius. While the masses in planes A and D are
200mm radius. Angle between B and C is 100º, B and A is 190º, both angles
being measured in the same sense. Planes A and B are 250mm apart, B and C
are 500mm apart. If the shaft is to be in complete balance, determine i) Masses
in planes A and D ii) Distance between planes C
16. Four masses rotating in different planes are to be arranged to give complete 15
balance. Planes containing Q and R re 450mm apart. The masses Q and R are at
right angles to each other. S makes 140º and 230º respectively with respect to Q
and R in the same sense. Find where the planes containing P and S should be
placed and also the magnitude angular position of mass P.
Plane Mass in kg Radius in meter
P Mp 0.3
Q 200 0.5
R 300 0.2
S 225 0.4

17. Particular of a system of revolving masses attached to the shaft are given below: 15
Plane Mass in kg Radius Distance from Angular
in mm A in mm position
A 12 40 0 0º
B 10 50 65 60 º
C 18 60 160 135 º
D 15 30 240 270 º
Find the magnitude and angular position of 2 balancing masses revolving at
50mm radius in planes L and M. The first between A and B, 30mm from A, the
second between C and D, 70mm from C.

16
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

18. Three masses 10kg,12kg and 8kg are revolving at radii 60mm,70mm and 80mm 15
in three parallel planes A,B and C respectively of a shaft. Planes B and C are at a
distance of 0.5m from A on either side of A(B is on left side). The three masses
are placed in such a way that they are statically balanced. Find the unbalanced
couple in a plane mid-way between A and B if the shaft revolves at 1000rpm.
19. Four masses of magnitude 5,6,7 and M kg revolve in planes A,B,C and D 15
respectively. The planes are spaced A to B 0.8m, A to C 1.2m and A to D 2m.
The masses are all at the same radius. Find magnitude of M and the relative
angular position for complete balance.

Unit-4 part (ii): BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES

Theory:
1. Explain the tractive force w.r.t locomotives. 05
2. Explain the swaying couple w.r.t locomotives. 05
3. What are V-engines? How do they differ from rest of the reciprocating engines? 05
4. Explain the hammer blow w.r.t locomotives 05
5. Define In-line engines? 02
6. With neat sketches explain direct and reverse crank method of analysis of radial 10
engines.
7. Derive an expression for the unbalanced secondary force in a V-engines. 10

Problems:
8. An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder center lines 0.7m apart and has a 15
stroke or 0.6m. The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150kg at the
crank pin and the reciprocating masses per cylinder to 180kg. The wheel center
lines are 1.5m apart. The cranks are at right angles.
The whole of the rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocatin masses are to be balanced
by masses placed at a radius of 0.6m. Find

i. Magnitude and direction of balancing masses.

ii. Fluctuation in rail pressure under one wheel.

iii. Variation of tractive effort .

iv. The magnitude of swaying couple at a crank speed of 300rpm.

9. Three cranks of three cylinder locomotive are all on the same axle and are set 15
at 120. The pitch of the cylinders is 1metre and stroke of each piston is 0.6m.

17
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

The reciprocating masses are 300kg for inside cylinder and 260kg for each
outside cylinder and planes of rotation of balance masses are 0.8m from inside
crank. If 40% of reciprocating parts are to be balanced. Find
i. Magnitude and position of balancing masses required at a radius of 0.6m

ii. Hammer blow per wheel when axles makes 6rps.

10. Multi cylinder engines: 15
In a four-cylinder engine the 2 outer cranks are set at 120º to each other and
their reciprocating masses are 100kg each. The distance between the planes of
rotation of adjacent cranks are 450mm, 750mm and 450mm. Length of each
crank is 300mm and length of each connecting rod is 1.2m. Speed of the
engine is 240rpm. Find
i. Reciprocating masses and relative angular positions for each of the inner
crank
ii. Unbalanced secondary force?
11. A four crank engine has the two outer cranks set at 120 to each other, and 15
their reciprocating masses are each 400kg. The distance between the planes of
rotation of adjacent cranks are 450, 750, 600mm. If the engine is in complete
primary balance, find the reciprocating mass and the relative angular position
for each of inner cranks. If the length of each crank is 300mm, the length of
each connecting rod is 1.2m and speed of rotation is 240rpm. What is the max.
secondary unbalanced force?
12. The cranks and connecting rods of a four cylinder In-line engine running at 15
1800rpm are 60mm and 240mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced
150mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one end,
the cranks appear at intervals of 90 in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3. The
reciprocating mass corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5kg. Determine:
i. Un balanced primary and secondary forces, if any

[Link] balanced primary and secondary couples with reference to central

plane of the engine?
13. A five cylinder In-line engine running at 750rpm has successive cranks 144 15
apart, the distance between the cylinder centre lines being 375mm. The piston
stroke is 225mm and ratio of connecting rod to crank is 4. Examine the engine
for balance of primary and secondary forces and couples. Find max. values of
these and the position of the central crank at which these values occur. The
reciprocating mass for each cylinder is 15kg?
14. Radial engines: 15

18
GANTASALA SREENIVASULU, [Link](PhD)
Dept of Mech engg.,
UVCE, Bengaluru

The 3 cylinders of an air compressor have their axes 120º to one another and
their Connecting rods are coupled to a single crank. The stroke is 100mm and
the length of each connecting rod is 150mm. The mass of reciprocating parts
per cylinder is 1.5kg. Find the maximum primary and secondary forces acting
on the frame of the compressor when running at 3000rpm. Describe clearly a
method by which such forces may be balanced?
15. V-engines: 15
A Vee-twin engine has the cylinder axes at right angles and the connecting rods
operate a common crank. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 11.5kg and
the crank radius is 75mm. The length of connecting rod is 0.3m. Show that
engine may be balanced for primary forces by means of a revolving balancing
mass. If the engine speed is 500rpm. What is the value of max. resultant sec.
force?

Additional problems:
16. A single cylinder engine runs at 250rpm and has a stroke of 180mm. The 15
reciprocating parts have a mass of 120kg and the revolving parts are equivalent
to a mass of 70kg at a radius of 90mm. A mass is placed opposite to the crank
at a radius of 150mm to balance the whole of the revolving mass and 2/3 of
reciprocating mass.
Determine magnitude of the balancing mass and the resultant residual
unbalance force when the crank has turned 30 from inner dead centre, neglect
the obliquity of connecting rod?
17. In a three cylinder radial engine all the connecting rods acts on a single crank. 15
The cylinder centre lines are set at 120⁰. Mass of reciprocating parts per
cylinder=2.5kg. Crank length=0.075m, connecting rod length=0.275m and
speed=1800rpm. Determine i) Maximum unbalanced primary force and the
balancing mass to be attached at 100mm radius to give primary balance. ii)
Maximum unbalanced secondary force and the balancing mass to be attached at
100mm radius to give secondary balance.
18. In a 5 cylinder radial engine the cylinders are equally spaced. Mass of 15
reciprocating parts per cylinder is 1kg stroke length is 0.1m and length of C.R
0.15m. When the engine rotates at 3000rpm find the maximum unbalanced
primary and secondary forces.

19
[Link] Sreenivasulu,
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru

UNIT-5: VIBRATIONS
UNDAMPED VIBRATIONS:

1) Define the following:

a. Vibrations
b. Natural frequency
c. Resonance
d. Phase difference
e. Degrees of freedom
f. SHM
g. Damping

2) What are the different types of vibrations?

(or)
Differentiate between
i. Free and Forced vibrations
ii. Linear and Non-linear vibrations
iii. Deterministic and Random vibrations
3) What are the different methods to reduce vibrations?
4) Derive an expression for natural frequency of a spring mass system by following
methods: i) Newton’s method ii) Energy method iii) Rayleigh’s method
5) Determine the natural frequency of a spring mass system where the mass of the
spring is also to be taken into account.
6) Derive an expression for natural frequency of torsional vibrations.
7) [Link] a spring mass system determine
i. Equivalent spring stiffness and
ii. Natural frequency of vibration of the system?

20
[Link] Sreenivasulu,
[Link] [Link].,
UVCE, Bengaluru
8) Determine the natural frequency of the system shown in fig.

VIBRATION ISOLATION, TRANSMISSIBILITY AND CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFTS:

9) Briefly explain vibration isolation and Transmissibility.
10) What is meant by critical speed of the shaft?
11) Derive an expression for critical speed of the shaft without considering air damping.
12) A steel shaft 25mm diameter, 1.5m long carries a disc of mass 5kg at its centre
and 2kg at 0.5m from left side support. Find the critical speed, if E=2x105 MN/m2.
13) A rotor of mass 12kg is mounted midway on a 25mm diameter horizontal shaft
supported at the ends of two bearings. The span between the bearings is 900mm.
Because of some manufacturing defect the cg of the rotor is 0.02mm away from
geometric centre of rotor. If the system rotates at 3000rpm, determine the
amplitude of steady state vibrations and the dynamic force on the bearings. Take
E=200GPa?
14) The following data relate to a shaft held in long bearings. Length of shaft=1.2m:
Diameter of shaft=14mm; Mass of rotor at mid point=16kg; Eccentricity of centre of
mass of rotor from centre of shaft=0.4mm;Modulus of elasticity of shaft
material=200GN/m2; Permissible stress in shaft material =70x10 6 N/m2; Determine
the critical speed of the shaft and the range of speed over which it is unsafe to run
the shaft. Neglect the mass of shaft?

21