Q1.(a)Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’?
(Delhi 2014)
(b) What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Given
an example. (Delhi) 2015
Answer:
The liquid mixture having a definite composition and boiling like a pure liquid without
change in composition is called as azeotrope..
In positive deviations from Raoult’s law, minimum boiling point azeotropic mixture is
formed. For example, 95% ethanol + 5% water
Q2. What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol
and acetone? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Solute-solvent dipolar interactions exist in the pair of methanol and acetone.
Q3. Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of
change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is
temperature dependent.
M = ω×1000/ [Link] ×V
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.
m = ω×1000/M2×W
Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of
temperature because volume depends on temperature and mass does not.
Q4. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s
law. What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example
for each type. (Delhi 2010)
Answer
Non-ideal solutions exhibit positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law
because of unequal intermolecular attractive forces between solute-
solvent, solute-solute, and solvent-solvent molecules.
A non-ideal solution is a solution that doesn't follow Raoult's law across its
entire concentration range. The vapor pressure of a non-ideal solution can
be either higher or lower than what Raoult's law predicts:
• Positive deviation
The vapor pressure is higher than predicted. Examples of positive deviation
include mixtures of ethanol and acetone, and carbon-disulfide and acetone.
• Negative deviation
The vapor pressure is lower than predicted. Examples of negative deviation
include mixtures of chloroform and acetone, and nitric acid and water.
[Link] the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.
What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative
properties for the determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions? (All India
2010)
Answer
Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to
the solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
through a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the
solution to prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the
semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities instead of
molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.
Q6. Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution (Delhi 2012)
Ans.
(i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to
the total number of moles in a mixture.
(ii) Isotonic solution : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature are called Isotonic solutions.
(iii) van’t Hoff factor : van’t Hoff factor is expressed as :
i = normal molar mass abnormal molar mass
(iv) Ideal solution : The solution which obeys Raoult’s law under all conditions is
known as an ideal solution.
Q7. Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in
warm water. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Aquatic species need dissolved oxygen for breathing. As solubility of gases
decreases with increase of temperature, less oxygen is available in summer in the
lake. Hence the aquatic species feel more comfortable in winter (low temperature)
when the solubility of oxygen is higher.
[Link] Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes?
(Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Or
State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the
similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?
[Link] Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications. (Comptt. All India
2012)
Answer:
Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase
is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution “, Applications of
Henry’s law :
• To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle
is sealed under high pressure.
• To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use
oxygen diluted with less soluble helium gas
Q10. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases.
What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What
change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give
reason. (All India 2015)
Answer:
(i) Volume decreases by mixing X and Y. It shows negative deviations from Raoult’s
law. There will be rise in temperature. (∆Hmix < 0)
(ii) Blood cell will swell due to osmosis as water enters the cell.
Q11. Question 31.
(i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas
(B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value
of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes? (All India 2016)
Answer:
(i) Gas (B) will have higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) than Gas (A) at the same
temperature because lesser the solubility of a gas in a given solvent, higher will be
the value of KH for a gas.
KH = Partial pressure of gas Mole fraction of gas in the solution
(ii) Negative deviations from Raoult’s law show the formation of maximum boiling
azeotropes.
Q12. Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions. (All India
2017)
Answer